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==History==
==History==
===2005–2009===
===Corporate===
Moderna was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in 2010, led by its cofounders, [[Derrick Rossi]], [[Timothy A. Springer]], [[Kenneth R. Chien]], [[Bob Langer]], and [[Noubar Afeyan]].<ref name="EltonNext2013">{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2013/02/26/moderna-therapeutics-new-medical-technology/ | date=March 2013 | title=The NEXT Next Big Thing | first=Catherine | last=Elton | work=[[Boston Magazine]] | archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154152/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2013/02/26/moderna-therapeutics-new-medical-technology/ | url-status=live}}</ref> The company's original name, "ModeRNA Therapeutics", derived from the combined terms "modified" and "RNA",<ref name="moderna-about">{{cite web |title=Moderna, Our story; Our big moments |url=https://www.modernatx.com/en-US/about-us/our-story |publisher=Moderna, Inc. |access-date=10 February 2023 |date=2023}}</ref> referring to a technology that designs [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] to carry instructions for proteins to combat infections.<ref name="stat-story">{{Cite news | last1=Garde | first1=Damian | last2=Saltzman | first2=Jonathan | work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]] | date=November 10, 2020 | title=The story of mRNA: How a once-dismissed idea became a leading technology in the Covid vaccine race | url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/ | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110183905/https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/ | archive-date=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="servick">{{cite journal |first1=Kelly|last1=Servick |title=This mysterious $2 billion biotech is revealing the secrets behind its new drugs and vaccines (from the original, 1 February 2017) |journal=Science |date=25 March 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aal0686|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/mysterious-2-billion-biotech-revealing-secrets-behind-its-new-drugs-and-vaccines}}</ref> [[Stéphane Bancel]] was appointed as [[chief executive officer|CEO]] in 2011 when company operations began, and remains in this position as of 2023.<ref name=moderna-about/><ref name=Ego>{{cite web | url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/13/moderna-therapeutics-biotech-mrna/ | title=Ego, ambition, and turmoil: Inside one of biotech's most secretive startups | first=Damien | last=Garde | date=September 13, 2016 | work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]] | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154313/https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/13/moderna-therapeutics-biotech-mrna/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2011 and 2017, Moderna raised some $2{{nbs}}billion in partnership and [[venture capital]] funding.<ref name=stat-story/><ref name=servick/> In 2018, the company was renamed as ''Moderna, Inc.''.<ref name=Ego/>
In 2005, [[Derrick Rossi]], a 39-year-old postdoctoral fellow in [[stem cell]] biology at [[Stanford University]], studied a paper by [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] biochemist [[Katalin Karikó]] on RNA-mediated immune activation and her co-discovery with American immunologist [[Drew Weissman]] of the [[Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA|nucleoside modifications]] that suppress the [[immunogenicity]] of [[RNA]].<ref name=loose>{{Cite news | title=The story of mRNA: From a loose idea to a tool that may help curb Covid | url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/ | last1=Garde | first1=Damian | work=[[Stat (website)|STAT]] | date=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Kollewe | first=Julia | title=Covid vaccine: who is behind the Moderna breakthrough? | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/16/covid-vaccine-who-is-behind-the-moderna-breakthrough | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>


===Technology development===
In 2007, Rossi set out to build on their findings as a new assistant professor at [[Harvard Medical School]] running his own lab.<ref name=loose/>
In March 2013, Moderna and [[AstraZeneca]] signed a five-year agreement to commercialize mRNA for treatments of cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases, and cancer.<ref name=Ego/><ref name=Globe>{{cite news | title=Moderna in line for $240m licensing deal | work=[[The Boston Globe]] | first=Robert | last=Weisman | date=March 21, 2013 | url-access=limited | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/03/20/moderna-therapeutics-receive-million-license-its-technology-drug-giant-astrazeneca/VAFlMn2lZaCDZ6A0oyHKSI/story.html | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154149/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/03/20/moderna-therapeutics-receive-million-license-its-technology-drug-giant-astrazeneca/VAFlMn2lZaCDZ6A0oyHKSI/story.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Other industrial partnerships were formed with [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] in 2015 and [[Vertex Pharmaceuticals|Vertex]] in 2016.<ref name="moderna-collab">{{cite web |title=Moderna: Strategic collaborators |url=https://www.modernatx.com/partnerships/strategic-collaborators? |publisher=Moderna, Inc. |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><ref name="vertex16">{{cite web |title=Vertex and Moderna hammer out $315 million+ deal to treat cystic fibrosis using mRNA technology |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/vertex-and-moderna-hammer-out-315-million-deal-to-treat-cystic-fibrosis-using-mrna-technology-/ |publisher=BioSpace |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=6 July 2016}}</ref> In 2018, the company opened a 200,000 square foot facility in [[Norwood, Massachusetts]] for manufacturing, preclinical and clinical work.<ref name=moderna-about/><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/07/17/modernas-110m-norwood-site-built-with-expansion.html | title=Moderna's $110M Norwood site built with expansion hopes | first=Allison | last=DeAngelis | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


The first mRNA vaccine developed by Moderna was for [[influenza]] in 2015, and its first [[antibody]] encoded by mRNA was in 2019.<ref name=moderna-about/> In 2023, Moderna made its first acquisition, buying OriCiro Genomics, a Japanese manufacturer of [[genetic engineering]] tools.<ref name="schmidt">{{cite web |author1=Hayden Schmidt |title=Moderna to Buy Japanese Firm OriCiro in Its First-Ever Acquisition |url=https://pharmanewsintel.com/news/moderna-to-buy-japanese-firm-oriciro-in-its-first-ever-acquisition |publisher=PharmaNews Intelligence |access-date=12 February 2023 |date=5 January 2023}}</ref>
Rossi developed a method of [[Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA|modifying mRNA]] first via [[transfection]] into human cells, then [[Cellular differentiation#Dedifferentiation|dedifferentiating]] it into [[bone marrow]] [[stem cell]]s which could then be further differentiated into desired target cell types.<ref>{{cite news | title=ModeRNA, Stealth Startup Backed By Flagship, Unveils New Way to Make Stem Cells | url=https://xconomy.com/boston/2010/10/04/moderna-stealth-startup-backed-by-flagship-unveils-new-way-to-make-stem-cells/ | first=Erin | last=Kutz | work=[[Xconomy]] | date=October 4, 2010 | archive-date=February 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208132839/http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2010/10/04/moderna-stealth-startup-backed-by-flagship-unveils-new-way-to-make-stem-cells/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reinvent">{{cite news | url=https://xconomy.com/boston/2012/12/06/moderna-40m-in-tow-hopes-to-reinvent-biotech-with-new-protein-drugs/ | first=Gregory | last=Huang | date=December 6, 2012 | title=Moderna, $40M in Tow, Hopes to Reinvent Biotech with "Make Your Own Drug" | work=[[Xconomy]] | archive-date=November 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092429/https://xconomy.com/boston/2012/12/06/moderna-40m-in-tow-hopes-to-reinvent-biotech-with-new-protein-drugs/ | url-status=live}}</ref>


===2010===
===Public offering===
⚫
In December 2018, Moderna became a [[public company]] via the largest biotech [[initial public offering]] in history, raising $621{{nbs}}million (27 million shares at $23 per share).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://fortune.com/2018/12/08/moderna-ipo-biotech-future/ | first=Sy | last=Mukherjee | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | title=Moderna Had the Biggest Biotech IPO Ever. Here's What That Says About the Industry's Future | date=December 8, 2018 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154242/https://fortune.com/2018/12/08/moderna-ipo-biotech-future/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/biotech-moderna-prices-initial-public-offering-2018-12 | title=Moderna just priced the biggest IPO in biotech history, valuing the startup at $7.5 billion | first=Lydia | last=Ramsey | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=December 7, 2018 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154155/https://www.businessinsider.com/biotech-moderna-prices-initial-public-offering-2018-12?r=US&IR=T | url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2010, Rossi solicited investment from fellow [[Harvard University]] faculty member and serial entrepreneur [[Timothy A. Springer]]. Springer invested $5 million in the company<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/05/16/exclusive-harvard-professor-who-became-a-billionaire-thanks-to-moderna-talks-about-his-investing/ | title=THE CHANGING FORTUNES OF THE WORLD'S RICHEST | first=Giacomo | last=Tognini | work=[[Forbes]] | date=May 16, 2020 | url-access=limited}}</ref> and solicited additional investments from [[Kenneth R. Chien]], [[Bob Langer]], and [[startup studio|Venture Studio]] Flagship Ventures, run by [[Noubar Afeyan]].<ref name="Reinvent" /><ref name="EltonNext2013">{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2013/02/26/moderna-therapeutics-new-medical-technology/ | date=March 2013 | title=The NEXT Next Big Thing | first=Catherine | last=Elton | work=[[Boston Magazine]] | archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154152/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2013/02/26/moderna-therapeutics-new-medical-technology/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Together they founded "ModeRNA Therapeutics", named from the combined terms "modified" and "RNA" that just happens to contain "modern".<ref>{{Cite news | last1=Garde | first1=Damian | last2=Saltzman | first2=Jonathan | work=[[Stat (website)|STAT]] | date=November 10, 2020 | title=The story of mRNA: How a once-dismissed idea became a leading technology in the Covid vaccine race | url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/ | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110183905/https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/ | archive-date=November 10, 2020}}</ref>


===COVID-19 vaccine development===
===2011===
{{Main|Moderna COVID-19 vaccine}}
In 2011, Afeyan, the largest shareholder of Moderna, hired [[Stéphane Bancel]], previously an executive at [[BioMérieux]] and [[Eli Lilly and Company]], as CEO.<ref name=Reinvent/><ref name=Ego>{{cite web | url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/13/moderna-therapeutics-biotech-mrna/ | title=Ego, ambition, and turmoil: Inside one of biotech's most secretive startups | first=Damien | last=Garade | date=September 13, 2016 | work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]] | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154313/https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/13/moderna-therapeutics-biotech-mrna/ | url-status=live}}</ref>
From 2020-21, Moderna received $955{{nbs}}million from [[Operation Warp Speed]] to accelerate development of its COVID-19 vaccine, with $4.9{{nbs}}billion committed in total for producing 300 million vaccine doses.<ref name="valv">{{cite web |author1=Miriam Valverde |title=How Pfizer's and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines are tied to Operation Warp Speed |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/nov/19/pfizer-moderna-covid-19-vaccines-and-operation-war/ |publisher=PolitiFact |access-date=12 February 2023 |date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="crs">{{cite web |title=Operation Warp Speed Contracts for COVID-19 Vaccines and Ancillary Vaccination Materials |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11560| author= Simi V. Siddalingaiah|publisher=Congressional Research Service, United States Government|access-date=12 February 2023 |date=1 March 2021}}</ref>


In March 2020, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved [[clinical trial]]s for the [[Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine]] candidate, and in December, the vaccine, mRNA-1273, was issued an [[emergency use authorization]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news | title=Statement from NIH and BARDA on the FDA Emergency Use Authorization of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine | url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-nih-barda-fda-emergency-use-authorization-moderna-covid-19-vaccine | publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] | date=December 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ledford">{{cite journal | title=Moderna COVID vaccine becomes second to get US authorization | journal=Nature | date=2020-12-18 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03593-7 | access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> In 2022, it gained FDA approval both for the [[Vaccine#Valence|monovalent vaccine]], ''Spikevax'', and a bivalent [[booster shot|booster]].<ref name="fda-moderna">{{cite web |title=Moderna COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/moderna-covid-19-vaccines |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=15 December 2022}}</ref>
=== 2012 ===
Within 2 years of its founding, the company reached a [[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]] valuation.<ref name="Lavishly">{{cite web |last=Garde |first=Damien |date=January 10, 2017 |title=Lavishly funded Moderna hits safety problems in bold bid to revolutionize medicine |url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/10/moderna-trouble-mrna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154151/https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/10/moderna-trouble-mrna/ |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]}}</ref> [[Patrick Degorce]], founder of Theleme Partners, invested in Moderna and provided a $500,000 grant to allow the company to recruit a pair of oncologists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Juliet |title=The Millionaire Who Gave Moderna a Shot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-millionaire-who-gave-moderna-a-shot-11601650821 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2012, the company raised $40 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bioworld.com/articles/355400-moderna-makes-entrance-with-40m-round-for-mrna-work | first=Catherine | last=Shaffer | title=Moderna Makes Entrance with $40M Round for mRNA Work | publisher=BioWorld | date=December 6, 2013 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154313/https://www.bioworld.com/articles/355400-moderna-makes-entrance-with-40m-round-for-mrna-work?v=preview | url-status=live}}</ref>


⚫
In April 2022, Moderna announced plans to build a $180 million vaccine factory in [[Montreal]], forming a 10-year partnership with the [[Government of Canada|Canadian federal government]], province of [[Quebec]], and [[McGill University]] to produce 100 million ''Spikevax'' doses annually and expand vaccine research capabilities.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news |title=Moderna facility in Montreal area expected to produce 100 million vaccine doses by 2024 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/moderna-montreal-facility-mrna-1.6435636 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=29 April 2022}}</ref>
===2013===
In March 2013, Moderna and [[AstraZeneca]] signed a five-year exclusive option agreement to discover, develop, and commercialize mRNA for treatments in the therapeutic areas of cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases, and selected targets for cancer.<ref name=Ego/><ref name=York>{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Pollack | title=AstraZeneca Makes a Bet on an Untested Technique | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 21, 2013 | url-access=limited | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/astrazeneca-to-pay-240-million-to-moderna-therapeutics.html | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154310/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/astrazeneca-to-pay-240-million-to-moderna-therapeutics.html | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Globe>{{cite news | title=Moderna in line for $240m licensing deal | work=[[The Boston Globe]] | first=Robert | last=Weisman | date=March 21, 2013 | url-access=limited | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/03/20/moderna-therapeutics-receive-million-license-its-technology-drug-giant-astrazeneca/VAFlMn2lZaCDZ6A0oyHKSI/story.html | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154149/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/03/20/moderna-therapeutics-receive-million-license-its-technology-drug-giant-astrazeneca/VAFlMn2lZaCDZ6A0oyHKSI/story.html | url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement included a $240{{nbs}}million upfront payment to Moderna, "one of the largest ever initial payments in a pharmaceutical industry licensing deal that does not involve a drug already being tested in clinical trials".<ref name=York/> Only one candidate from this partnership has passed Phase{{nbs}}I trials, AZD8601, a [[regenerative medicine]] treatment which encodes [[vascular endothelial growth factor A]] to stimulate [[blood vessel]] growth for patients with [[myocardial ischemia]] undergoing [[coronary artery bypass grafting]] (CABG) surgery with [[Heart failure|moderately impaired systolic function]].{{efn|The relative success of AZD8601 is attributed to the fact that Moderna has been able to inject mRNA direct into the heart muscle without needing a drug delivery system. However, only the heart and some skin areas are capable of absorbing "naked mRNA".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://cen.acs.org/business/Moderna-AstraZenecas-mRNA-therapy-heart/97/i8 | title=Moderna and AstraZeneca's mRNA therapy for heart regeneration passes Phase I safety test | first=Ryan | last=Cross | work=[[American Chemical Society]] | date=February 20, 2019 | url-access=limited}}</ref>}}

In September 2013, the company reported that it was able to improve heart function in mice and enhance their long-term survival with a "redirection of their [stem cell] differentiation toward cardiovascular cell types" in a significant step for [[regenerative medicine]].<ref name=Vacuums>{{cite news | last1=Timmerman | first1=Luke | title=Moderna Vacuums Up Another $110M to Make Messenger RNA Drugs | url=https://xconomy.com/boston/2013/11/20/moderna-vacuums-another-110m-make-messenger-rna-drugs/ | work=[[Xconomy]] | date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="chien13">{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/nbt.2682 | title=Modified mRNA directs the fate of heart progenitor cells and induces vascular regeneration after myocardial infarction | date=September 8, 2013 | last1=Zangi | first1=Lior | last2=Lui | first2=Kathy O. | last3=von Gise | first3=Alexander | last4=Ma | first4=Qing| last5=Ebina | first5=Wataru | last6=Ptaszek | first6=Leon M. |last7=Später | first7=Daniela| last8=Xu | first8=Huansheng | last9=Tabebordbar | first9=Mohammadsharif | last10=Gorbatov | first10=Rostic | last11=Sena | first11=Brena | last12=Nahrendorf| first12=Matthias | last13=Briscoe | first13=David M. | last14=Li | first14=Ronald A. | last15=Wagers |first15=Amy J. | last16=Rossi | first16=Derrick J. | last17=Pu |first17=William T. | last18=Chien | first18=Kenneth R.| journal=[[Nature Biotechnology]] |volume=31 |issue=10 | pages=898–907 |pmid=24013197 |pmc=4058317}}</ref>

In October 2013, the company was awarded up to $25{{nbs}}million by [[DARPA]] to develop messenger RNA therapeutics.<ref name=DARPA>{{cite news | title=DARPA Awards Moderna Therapeutics a Grant for up to $25 Million to Develop Messenger RNA Therapeutics | url=https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/darpa-awards-moderna-therapeutics-grant-25-million-develop | date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

In November 2013, the company raised $110{{nbs}}million of equity financing.<ref name=Vacuums/>

===2014===
In January 2014, [[Alexion Pharmaceuticals]] paid Moderna $100{{nbs}}million for ten product options to develop [[rare disease]] treatments, including for [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], using Moderna's mRNA therapeutics platform.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.boston.com/news/innovation/2014/01/13/alexion-moderna-announce-agreement-to-develop-messenger-rna-therapeutics | title=Alexion, Moderna announce agreement to develop messenger RNA therapeutics | first=Chris | last=Reidy | work=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=January 13, 2014 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154209/https://www.boston.com/news/innovation/2014/01/13/alexion-moderna-announce-agreement-to-develop-messenger-rna-therapeutics | url-status=live}}</ref> Although CEO Bancel expected the platform to enter human trials in 2016, the program with Alexion was scrapped in January 2017 after animal trials showed that Moderna's treatment would never be safe enough for humans.<ref name=Ego/><ref name=Lavishly/>

===2017===
In November 2017, Moderna employees safely tested mRNA technology in [[Sprague-Dawley rat]]s and [[Crab-eating macaque|cynomolgus monkeys]] at the Montreal and Sherbrooke facilities of [[Charles River Laboratories]]. They found, among other things, that "mRNA is a [[Lability|labile]] biological molecule and therefore requires the use of protective delivery systems to effectively harness its potential," as the mRNA spread beyond the injection site and was found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and heart.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Sedic M, Senn JJ, Lynn A, Laska M, Smith M, Platz SJ, Bolen J, Hoge S, Bulychev A, Jacquinet E, Bartlett V, Smith PF | date=March 2018 | title=Safety Evaluation of Lipid Nanoparticle-Formulated Modified mRNA in the Sprague-Dawley Rat and Cynomolgus Monkey | journal=Vet Pathol | volume=55 | issue=2 | pages=341–354 | doi=10.1177/0300985817738095 | pmid=29191134 | s2cid=206512551}}</ref>

===2018===
In 2018, the company rebranded as "Moderna Inc." and further increased its portfolio of vaccine development.<ref name=applies/>

In July 2018, the company opened a 200,000 square foot facility in [[Norwood, Massachusetts]] for manufacturing, preclinical and clinical work.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/07/17/modernas-110m-norwood-site-built-with-expansion.html | title=Moderna's $110M Norwood site built with expansion hopes | first=Allison | last=DeAngelis | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Making>{{cite news | last=MOLTENI | first=Megan | title=Making Personalized Cancer Vaccines Takes an Army—of Robots | url=https://www.wired.com/story/making-personalized-cancer-vaccines-takes-an-armyof-robots/ | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=July 25, 2018 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

⚫
In December 2018, Moderna became a [[public company]] via the largest biotech [[initial public offering]] in history, raising $621{{nbs}}million (27 million shares at $23 per share).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://fortune.com/2018/12/08/moderna-ipo-biotech-future/ | first=Sy | last=Mukherjee | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | title=Moderna Had the Biggest Biotech IPO Ever. Here's What That Says About the Industry's Future | date=December 8, 2018 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154242/https://fortune.com/2018/12/08/moderna-ipo-biotech-future/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/biotech-moderna-prices-initial-public-offering-2018-12 | title=Moderna just priced the biggest IPO in biotech history, valuing the startup at $7.5 billion | first=Lydia | last=Ramsey | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=December 7, 2018 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116154155/https://www.businessinsider.com/biotech-moderna-prices-initial-public-offering-2018-12?r=US&IR=T | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181206006060/en/Moderna-Announces-Pricing-of-Initial-Public-Offering | title=Moderna Announces Pricing of Initial Public Offering | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=December 6, 2018}}</ref>

===2019===
In May 2019, the company together with [[Merck Sharp & Dohme]], entered a Phase I clinical trial for [[mRNA-5671]] vaccine in combination with [[pembrolizumab]] for the treatment of solid tumors with driver mutations in the [[KRAS]] gene.<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT03948763|A Study of mRNA-5671/V941 as Monotherapy and in Combination With Pembrolizumab (V941-001)}}</ref>

===2020===
In March 2020, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved [[clinical trial]]s for the [[Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine]] candidate, with Moderna receiving investment of $483{{nbs}}million from [[Operation Warp Speed]].<ref name=applies/> [[Moncef Slaoui]], then a member of the board of directors of Moderna, was appointed head scientist for the Operation Warp Speed project.<ref name=applies/>

In July 2020, the [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine]] candidate was shown to be [[immunogenic]] in a Phase{{nbs}}I trial involving 45 volunteers aged 18–55 years.<ref name=jackson20>{{Cite journal | last1=Jackson | first1=Lisa A. | last2=Anderson | first2=Evan J. | last3=Rouphael | first3=Nadine G. | last4=Roberts | first4=Paul C. | last5=Makhene | first5=Mamodikoe | last6=Coler | first6=Rhea N. | last7=McCullough | first7=Michele P. | last8=Chappell | first8=James D. | last9=Denison | first9=Mark R. | last10=Stevens | first10=Laura J. | last11=Pruijssers | first11=Andrea J. | date=July 14, 2020 |title=An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2—Preliminary Report | journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] | volume=383 | issue=20 |pages=1920–1931 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2022483 | issn=0028-4793 | pmc=7377258 |pmid=32663912 | quote=At the 100-microgram dose, the one Moderna is advancing into larger trials, all fifteen patients experienced side effects, including fatigue, chills, headache, muscle pain, and pain at the site of injection. All side effects were considered mild or moderate. A higher, 250-microgram dose led to more serious reactions and has been set aside.}}</ref>

On November 16, 2020, an interim analysis of [[Phases of clinical research#Phase III|Phase{{nbs}}III clinical trial]]s, which involved over 30,000 patients, showed that the [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine]] candidate was 94.1% effective in preventing [[COVID-19]] with only minor flu-like side effects.<ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-meets-its-primary-efficacy | title=Moderna's COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Meets its Primary Efficacy Endpoint in the First Interim Analysis of the Phase 3 COVE Study | publisher=Moderna | date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> The trials were completed on November 30, 2020, which confirmed the interim results and that the vaccine candidate was 100% effective in preventing severe cases of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-primary-efficacy-analysis-phase-3-cove-study | title=Moderna Announces Primary Efficacy Analysis in Phase 3 COVE Study for Its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate and Filing Today with U.S. FDA for Emergency Use Authorization | publisher=Moderna | date=November 30, 2020 | access-date=October 31, 2021 | archive-date=November 30, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130120119/https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-primary-efficacy-analysis-phase-3-cove-study/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On December 18, 2020, mRNA-1273 was issued an [[emergency use authorization]] (EUA) in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Singh | first1=Jerome Amir | last2=Upshur | first2=Ross E. G. | title=The granting of emergency use designation to COVID-19 candidate vaccines: implications for COVID-19 vaccine trials | journal=[[The Lancet]] | date=December 8, 2020 | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=e103–e109 | issn=1473-3099 | doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30923-3 | pmid=33306980 | pmc=7832518 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Safura Abdool | last=Karim | title=Emergency use authorization of Covid-19 vaccines could hinder global access to them | url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/18/emergency-use-authorization-covid-19-vaccine-hinders-global-access/ | publisher=[[Stat (website)|STAT]] | date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Statement from NIH and BARDA on the FDA Emergency Use Authorization of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine | url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-nih-barda-fda-emergency-use-authorization-moderna-covid-19-vaccine | publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] | date=December 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name=applies>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/30/health/moderna-vaccine-fda-eua-application/index.html | first=Elizabeth | last=Cohen | title=Moderna applies for FDA authorization for its Covid-19 vaccine | work=[[CNN]] | date=November 30, 2020}}</ref> On December 23, 2020, it was authorized for use in Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00736 | title=Regulatory Decision Summary—Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=December 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2) | date=December 23, 2020 | url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/covid-19-vaccine-moderna/product-details | publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Canada could be among the first to clear Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine for use | url=https://financialpost.com/financial-times/canada-could-be-among-the-first-to-clear-modernas-covid-19-vaccine-for-use | first=Hannah | last=Kuchler | work=[[Financial Post]] | date=November 30, 2020}}</ref> On January 6, 2021, it was authorized for use in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite news | title=UPDATE 1-European Commission gives final approval to Moderna vaccine | last=Strauss | first=Marine | work=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-eu-moderna-idUSL8N2JH3L6 | date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=COVID-19 vaccine sprint as Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna seek emergency EU approval | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccines-pfizer/covid-19-vaccine-sprint-as-pfizer-biontech-moderna-seek-emergency-eu-approval-idUSKBN28B4F3 | first=Ludwig | last=Burger | work=[[Reuters]] | date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> On January 8, 2021, mRNA-1273 was authorized for use in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite press release | title=Moderna vaccine becomes third COVID-19 vaccine approved by UK regulator | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/moderna-vaccine-becomes-third-covid-19-vaccine-approved-by-uk-regulator | publisher=[[gov.uk]] | date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>

Moderna partnered with Swiss contract manufacturer [[Lonza Group]] to produce the vaccine.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Kuchler | first1=Hannah | title=Moderna's Covid vaccine offers vindication of its unconventional approach. | url=https://www.ft.com/content/0cf071a2-b6a6-49ac-b921-f3ecd30267b2 | work=[[Financial Times]] | date=November 7, 2020 | url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===2021===
On March 15, 2021, [[Phases of clinical research#Phase I|Phase I clinical trials]] began for mRNA-1283, primarily intended to be used as a COVID-19 vaccine booster.<ref>{{cite news | title=First Participants Dosed in Phase 1 Study Evaluating mRNA-1283, Moderna's Next Generation COVID-19 Vaccine | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210315005475/en/First-Participants-Dosed-in-Phase-1-Study-Evaluating-mRNA-1283-Moderna%E2%80%99s-Next-Generation-COVID-19-Vaccine | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=March 15, 2021}}</ref>

On June 25, 2021, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] added a warning about rare cases of [[myocarditis]], a heart inflammation, associated with both Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines to their respective fact sheets.<ref>{{Cite press release | title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: June 25, 2021 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-june-25-2021 | publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] | date=June 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-fda-adds-warning-about-rare-heart-inflammation-pfizer-moderna-covid-vaccines-2021-06-26/ | title=FDA adds warning about rare heart inflammation to Pfizer, Moderna COVID shots | work=[[Reuters]] | date=June 26, 2021}}</ref>

On August 17, 2021, the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] approved Moderna's Covid vaccine for use in children aged 12 to 17 years.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/17/uk-regulator-approves-moderna-covid-vaccine-for-older-children | title=UK regulator approves Moderna Covid vaccine for older children | first=Ben | last=Quinn | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=August 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-health-regulator-approves-moderna-covid-19-shot-12-17-year-olds-2021-08-17/ | title=UK regulator approves Moderna COVID-19 shot for 12 to 17-year-olds | first1=Yadarisa | last1=Shabong | first2=Manas | last2=Mishra | work=[[Reuters]] | date=August 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-uk-regulator-approves-moderna-coronavirus-vaccine-for-12-to-17-year-olds-12383760 | title=COVID-19: UK regulator approves Moderna coronavirus vaccine for 12 to 17-year-olds | first=Amy | last=Coles | work=[[Sky News]] | date=August 17, 2021}}</ref>

In July 2021, the company's [[mRNA vaccine]] for [[influenza]], code name mRNA-1010, entered Phase I clinical trials.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.engadget.com/moderna-submits-its-m-rna-based-flu-vaccine-for-clinical-trials-172548543.html | title=Moderna enters clinical trials for its mRNA-based flu vaccine | first=Andrew | last=Tarantola | work=[[Engadget]] | date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>

In August 2021, the company received fast track designation from the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for its [[respiratory syncytial virus vaccine]].<ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210803005702/en/Moderna-Receives-FDA-Fast-Track-Designation-for-Respiratory-Syncytial-Virus-RSV-Vaccine-mRNA-1345 | title=Moderna Receives FDA Fast Track Designation for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine (mRNA-1345) | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=August 3, 2021}}</ref>

In September 2021, the company began work on a combined [[COVID-19 vaccine]] booster and [[influenza vaccine]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/moderna-developing-single-dose-combination-vaccine-covid-19-flu-2021-09-09/ | title=Moderna working on combination COVID-19 vaccine booster and flu shot | first1=Michael | last1=Erman | first2=Manojna | last2=Maddipatla | work=[[Reuters]] | date=September 9, 2021}}</ref> That same month, it entered an agreement with [[biomanufacturing]] company [[National Resilience]] to manufacture genetic components for its COVID-19 products at its facility in [[Mississauga]], [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins-Dunn |first=Noah |date=2021-09-08 |title=Moderna taps National Resilience's new Canadian manufacturing site for COVID-19 vaccine production duties |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/moderna-taps-national-resilience-s-new-canadian-manufacturing-site-for-covid-19-vaccine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008024019/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/moderna-taps-national-resilience-s-new-canadian-manufacturing-site-for-covid-19-vaccine |archive-date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Fierce Pharma |language=en}}</ref>

===2022===
On April 7, 2022, Moderna and the [[University of Toronto]] announced a new partnership to “develop new tools to prevent and treat [[infectious diseases]],” including in the realms of “[[molecular genetics]], [[biomedical engineering]], and [[biochemistry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalvapalle |first=Rahul |date=2022-04-07 |title=U of T partners with Moderna to advance research in RNA science and technology |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-partners-moderna-advance-research-rna-science-and-technology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430184528/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-partners-moderna-advance-research-rna-science-and-technology |archive-date=2022-04-30 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=University of Toronto News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Terry |first=Mark |date=2022-04-08 |title=Everybody Wants a Piece of Moderna. Next Up: University of Toronto |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/everybody-wants-a-piece-of-moderna-next-up-university-of-toronto/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430190817/https://www.biospace.com/article/everybody-wants-a-piece-of-moderna-next-up-university-of-toronto/ |archive-date=2022-04-30 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=BioSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> The collaboration is a joint venture across U of T's Faculties of [[University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering|Applied Science and Engineering]] and [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Medicine]].

⚫
In April 2022, Moderna announced plans to build a $180 million vaccine factory in [[Montreal]], forming a 10-year partnership with the Canadian federal government, province of [[Quebec]], and [[McGill University]] to produce 100 million ''Spikevax'' doses annually and expand vaccine research capabilities.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news |title=Moderna facility in Montreal area expected to produce 100 million vaccine doses by 2024 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/moderna-montreal-facility-mrna-1.6435636 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=29 April 2022}}</ref>


==Financial data==
==Financial data==

Revision as of 21:38, 13 February 2023

42°21′48″N 71°05′28″W / 42.3633°N 71.091°W / 42.3633; -71.091

Moderna, Inc.
FormerlyModeRNA Therapeutics
(2010–2018)
Company typePublic
ISINUS60770K1079
IndustryBiotechnology
FoundedSeptember 2010; 14 years ago (2010-09)
Founders
Headquarters200 Technology Square
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Key people
ProductsSpikevax
Vaccine candidates
RevenueIncrease US$18.5 billion (2021)
Increase US$13.3 billion (2021)
Increase US$12.2 billion (2021)
Total assetsIncrease US$24.7 billion (2021)
Total equityIncrease US$14.1 billion (2021)
OwnerStéphane Bancel (7.8%)
Noubar Afeyan (5.0%)
Robert S. Langer (2.9%)
Stephen Hoge (1.3%)
Number of employees
2,700 (2021)
Websitewww.modernatx.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3]

Moderna, Inc. (/məˈdɜːrnə/ mə-DUR-nə)[4] is an American pharmaceutical and biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts that focuses on RNA therapeutics, primarily mRNA vaccines. These vaccines use a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.[5][1]

The company's only commercial product is the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, marketed as Spikevax. As of 2022, the company has 44 treatment and vaccine candidates, of which 21 have entered clinical trials. Targets for vaccine candidates include influenza, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, Epstein–Barr virus, the Nipah virus, chikungunya, a combined single-shot COVID-19 booster and influenza vaccine, a cytomegalovirus vaccine, and two cancer vaccines. The company's pipeline also includes candidates for cancer immunotherapy using OX40 ligand, interleukin 23, IL36G, and interleukin 12 as well as, in partnership with AstraZeneca, a regenerative medicine treatment that encodes vascular endothelial growth factor A to stimulate blood vessel growth for patients with myocardial ischemia.[1]

History

Corporate

Moderna was incorporated in 2010, led by its cofounders, Derrick Rossi, Timothy A. Springer, Kenneth R. Chien, Bob Langer, and Noubar Afeyan.[6] The company's original name, "ModeRNA Therapeutics", derived from the combined terms "modified" and "RNA",[7] referring to a technology that designs mRNA to carry instructions for proteins to combat infections.[8][9] Stéphane Bancel was appointed as CEO in 2011 when company operations began, and remains in this position as of 2023.[7][10] Between 2011 and 2017, Moderna raised some $2 billion in partnership and venture capital funding.[8][9] In 2018, the company was renamed as Moderna, Inc..[10]

Technology development

In March 2013, Moderna and AstraZeneca signed a five-year agreement to commercialize mRNA for treatments of cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases, and cancer.[10][11] Other industrial partnerships were formed with Merck in 2015 and Vertex in 2016.[12][13] In 2018, the company opened a 200,000 square foot facility in Norwood, Massachusetts for manufacturing, preclinical and clinical work.[7][14]

The first mRNA vaccine developed by Moderna was for influenza in 2015, and its first antibody encoded by mRNA was in 2019.[7] In 2023, Moderna made its first acquisition, buying OriCiro Genomics, a Japanese manufacturer of genetic engineering tools.[15]

Public offering

In December 2018, Moderna became a public company via the largest biotech initial public offering in history, raising $621 million (27 million shares at $23 per share).[16][17]

COVID-19 vaccine development

Main article: Moderna COVID-19 vaccine

From 2020-21, Moderna received $955 million from Operation Warp Speed to accelerate development of its COVID-19 vaccine, with $4.9 billion committed in total for producing 300 million vaccine doses.[18][19]

In March 2020, the Food and Drug Administration approved clinical trials for the Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine candidate, and in December, the vaccine, mRNA-1273, was issued an emergency use authorization in the United States.[20][21] In 2022, it gained FDA approval both for the monovalent vaccine, Spikevax, and a bivalent booster.[22]

In April 2022, Moderna announced plans to build a $180 million vaccine factory in Montreal, forming a 10-year partnership with the Canadian federal government, province of Quebec, and McGill University to produce 100 million Spikevax doses annually and expand vaccine research capabilities.[23]

Financial data

Year Revenue
(mln. US$) 		Net income (loss)
(mln. US$)
2019[1] 60 (514)
2020[1] 803 (747)
2021[1] 18,471 12,202

NIH vaccine patent dispute

Moderna is involved in a patent dispute with the NIH over its COVID-19 vaccine.[24] According to the NIH, three of its scientists played a major role in developing the vaccine over four years of collaboration.[25][26] After first refuting the shared patent application entirely, Moderna postponed the final payment for filing the application, thereby leaving the patent application unfiled as of December 2021.[26]

Pfizer and BioNTech patent lawsuits

On August 26, 2022, Moderna sued Pfizer and BioNTech in both Massachusetts and Germany, accusing the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine of violating the patent on Moderna's mRNA vaccine technology.[27]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Moderna, Inc., 2021, Form 10-K Annual Report" (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  2. ^ "Moderna, Inc. Schedule 14A 2021 Proxy Statement". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 9, 2022.
  3. ^ "Key Facts". Moderna.
  4. ^ Moderna (October 23, 2019). mRNA-3704 and Methylmalonic Acidemia (video) – via YouTube.
  5. ^ Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ (December 2020). "Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 169: 137–51. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008. PMC 7744276. PMID 33340620.
  6. ^ Elton, Catherine (March 2013). "The NEXT Next Big Thing". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d "Moderna, Our story; Our big moments". Moderna, Inc. 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  8. ^ a b Garde, Damian; Saltzman, Jonathan (November 10, 2020). "The story of mRNA: How a once-dismissed idea became a leading technology in the Covid vaccine race". Stat. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Servick, Kelly (March 25, 2020). "This mysterious $2 billion biotech is revealing the secrets behind its new drugs and vaccines (from the original, 1 February 2017)". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal0686.
  10. ^ a b c Garde, Damien (September 13, 2016). "Ego, ambition, and turmoil: Inside one of biotech's most secretive startups". Stat. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
  11. ^ Weisman, Robert (March 21, 2013). "Moderna in line for $240m licensing deal". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
  12. ^ "Moderna: Strategic collaborators". Moderna, Inc. 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  13. ^ "Vertex and Moderna hammer out $315 million+ deal to treat cystic fibrosis using mRNA technology". BioSpace. July 6, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  14. ^ DeAngelis, Allison (July 17, 2018). "Moderna's $110M Norwood site built with expansion hopes". American City Business Journals.
  15. ^ Hayden Schmidt (January 5, 2023). "Moderna to Buy Japanese Firm OriCiro in Its First-Ever Acquisition". PharmaNews Intelligence. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  16. ^ Mukherjee, Sy (December 8, 2018). "Moderna Had the Biggest Biotech IPO Ever. Here's What That Says About the Industry's Future". Fortune. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
  17. ^ Ramsey, Lydia (December 7, 2018). "Moderna just priced the biggest IPO in biotech history, valuing the startup at $7.5 billion". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
  18. ^ Miriam Valverde (November 19, 2020). "How Pfizer's and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines are tied to Operation Warp Speed". PolitiFact. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  19. ^ Simi V. Siddalingaiah (March 1, 2021). "Operation Warp Speed Contracts for COVID-19 Vaccines and Ancillary Vaccination Materials". Congressional Research Service, United States Government. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  20. ^ "Statement from NIH and BARDA on the FDA Emergency Use Authorization of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine". National Institutes of Health. December 18, 2020.
  21. ^ "Moderna COVID vaccine becomes second to get US authorization". Nature. December 18, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  22. ^ "Moderna COVID-19 vaccines". US Food and Drug Administration. December 15, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  23. ^ "Moderna facility in Montreal area expected to produce 100 million vaccine doses by 2024". CBC News. April 29, 2022.
  24. ^ Ledford, Heidi (November 30, 2021). "What the Moderna–NIH COVID vaccine patent fight means for research". Nature. 600 (7888): 200–201. Bibcode:2021Natur.600..200L. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03535-x. PMID 34853416. S2CID 244800045.
  25. ^ Steenhuysen, Julie (November 11, 2021). "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine patent dispute headed to court, U.S. NIH head says". Reuters. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  26. ^ a b Robbins, Rebecca; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 18, 2021). "Moderna backs down in its vaccine patent fight with the N.I.H." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  27. ^ Robbins, Rebecca; Gross, Jenny (August 26, 2022). "Moderna Sues Pfizer and BioNTech Over Covid Vaccine Technology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
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