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| leader3_name = Jan Grabiec
| leader3_name = Jan Grabiec
| general_secretary = [[Marcin Kierwiński]]
| general_secretary = [[Marcin Kierwiński]]
| founders = {{ubl|Donald Tusk|[[Andrzej Olechowski]]|[[Maciej Płażyński]]}}
| founders = {{ubl|Donald Tusk|[[Andrzej Olechowski]]|[[Maciej Płażyński]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2001|01|24|df=y}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2001|01|24|df=y}}
| split = {{ubl|[[Solidarity Electoral Action]]|[[Freedom Union (Poland)|Freedom Union]]|[[Conservative People's Party (Poland)|Conservative People's Party]]}}
| split = {{ubl|[[Solidarity Electoral Action]]|[[Freedom Union (Poland)|Freedom Union]]|[[Conservative People's Party (Poland)|Conservative People's Party]]}}
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| membership_year = 2018
| membership_year = 2018
| membership = 33,500<ref>{{cite web|title=Wniosek o udostępnienie informacji publicznej|url=https://imgur.com/7yk3VKR|website=Imgur|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| membership = 33,500<ref>{{cite web|title=Wniosek o udostępnienie informacji publicznej|url=https://imgur.com/7yk3VKR|website=Imgur|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Liberal conservatism]]|[[Liberalism]]}} <!-- See Talk:Civic Platform#Infobox ideology for consensus and #Ideology for sources -->
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Liberal conservatism]]|[[Liberalism]]|[[Liberal democracy]]}} <!-- See Talk:Civic Platform#Infobox ideology for consensus and #Ideology for sources -->
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]
| european = [[European People's Party]]
| european = [[European People's Party]]

Revision as of 15:22, 29 May 2023

This article is about a political party in Poland. For the political party in Russia with the same name in English, see Civic Platform (Russia).
Civic Platform
Platforma Obywatelska
AbbreviationPO
ChairmanDonald Tusk
General SecretaryMarcin Kierwiński
Parliamentary leaderBorys Budka
SpokespersonJan Grabiec
Founders
Founded24 January 2001; 23 years ago (2001-01-24)
Split from
Headquartersul. Wiejska 12A, 00-490 Warsaw
Membership (2018)33,500[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre to centre-right
National affiliationCivic Coalition
Senate Pact 2023 (for 2023 Senate election)
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
Colours
  •   Orange
  •   Blue
Sejm
105 / 460
Senate
38 / 100
European Parliament
14 / 52
Regional assemblies
152 / 552
City mayors
23 / 107
Website
www.platforma.org Edit this at Wikidata

Civic Platform (Polish: Platforma Obywatelska, PO)[nb 1] is a political party in Poland. It is currently led by Donald Tusk.

It was formed in 2001 by splinter factions from the Solidarity Electoral Action and Freedom Union, and it later placed second in the 2001 parliamentary election. It served in the parliamentary opposition until 2007, when it overtook Law and Justice, won 209 seats and Tusk was elected as prime minister. Following the Smolensk air disaster in 2010, Bronisław Komorowski served as acting president and was elected as president in the same year. Tusk continued to serve as prime minister and leader of Civic Platform until he resigned in 2014 to assume the post of the president of the European Council. The party was afterwards defeated in the 2015 parliamentary and presidential elections. It also placed second in the 2019 parliamentary election, and its 2020 presidential candidate, Rafał Trzaskowski, won 49% of the popular vote in the second round and lost the election to Andrzej Duda.

Initially positioned as a Christian democratic party with strong economically liberal tendencies, it soon adopted liberal conservatism throughout the 2000s, although during their time in power they were aligned with more pragmatic and centrist views, and were characterized as a catch-all party. In the 2010s, the Civic Platform adopted more socially liberal policies, aligned itself with conservative liberalism, and it has been since positioned in the centre and leaning towards the centre-right.[nb 2] It also strongly advocates Poland's membership in the European Union and NATO. It is a member of the European People's Party.

It currently holds 106 seats in the Sejm and 37 seats in the Senate of Poland, and it also heads the Civic Coalition, which was founded in 2018. Since its creation, it has shown strong electoral performances in Warsaw, the west, and the north of Poland. Since the 2000s, the Civic Platform has established itself as one of the dominant political parties in Poland.

History

The Civic Platform was founded in 2001 as economically liberal, Christian-democratic split from existing parties. Founders Andrzej Olechowski, Maciej Płażyński, and Donald Tusk were sometimes jokingly called "the Three Tenors" by Polish media and commentators. Olechowski and Płażyński left the party during the 2001–2005 parliamentary term, leaving Tusk as the sole remaining founder, and current party leader.

In the 2001 general election the party secured 12.6% of the vote and 65 deputies in the Sejm, making it the largest opposition party to the government led by the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD).

In the 2002 local elections PO stood together with Law and Justice in 15 voivodeships (in 14 as POPiS, in Podkarpacie with another centre-right political parties). They stood separately only in Mazovia.

In 2005, PO led all opinion polls with 26% to 30% of public support. However, in the 2005 general election, in which it was led by Jan Rokita, PO polled only 24.1% and unexpectedly came second to the 27% garnered by Law and Justice (PiS). A centre-right coalition of PO and PiS (nicknamed:PO-PiS) was deemed most likely to form a government after the election. Yet the putative coalition parties had a falling out in the wake of the fiercely contested Polish presidential election of 2005.

Lech Kaczyński (PiS) won the second round of the presidential election on 23 October 2005 with 54% of the vote, ahead of Tusk, the PO candidate. Due to the demands of PiS for control of all the armed ministries (the Defence Ministry, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and the office of the Prime Minister, PO and PiS were unable to form a coalition. Instead, PiS formed a coalition government with the support of the League of Polish Families (LPR) and Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland (SRP). PO became the opposition to this PiS-led coalition government.

The PiS-led coalition fell apart in 2007 amid a corruption scandal involving Andrzej Lepper and Tomasz Lipiec[5] and internal leadership disputes. These events led to new elections, and in the 21 October 2007 parliamentary election PO won 41.51% of the popular vote and 209 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 60 out of 100 seats in the Senate of Poland. Civic Platform, now the largest party in both houses of parliament, subsequently formed a coalition with the Polish People's Party (PSL).

At the 2010 Polish presidential election, following the Smolensk air disaster which killed the incumbent Polish president Lech Kaczyński, Tusk decided not to present his candidature, considered an easy possible victory over PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński. During the PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated, PiS defector Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski. At the polls, Komorowski defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, ensuring PO dominance over the current Polish political landscape.[6]

In November 2010, local elections granted Civic Platform about 30.1 percent of the votes and PiS at 23.2 percent, an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections.[6]

PO succeeded in winning four consecutive elections (a record in post-communist Poland), and Tusk remains as kingmaker. PO's dominance is also a reflection of left-wing weakness and divisions on both sides of the political scene, with PiS suffering a splinter in Autumn 2010.[6]

Civic Platform won the plurality of votes in the 9 October 2011 parliamentary election, gaining 39.18% of the popular vote, 207 of 460 seats in the Sejm, and 63 out of 100 seats in the Senate.[7]

In the 2014 European elections, Civic Platform came first place nationally, achieving 32.13% of the vote and returning 19 MEPs.[8]

In the 2014 local elections, PO achieved 179 seats, the highest single number.[9]

In the 2015 presidential election, PO endorsed Bronisław Komorowski, a former member of PO from 2001 till 2010. He lost the election receiving 48.5% of the popular vote, while Andrzej Duda won with 51.5%.[10]

In the 2015 parliamentary election, PO came second place after PiS, achieving 24.09% of the popular vote, 138 out of 460 seats in the Sejm, 34 out of 100 seats in the Senate.[11]

In the 2018 local elections, PO achieved 26.97% of the votes, coming second after PiS.[12]

In the 2019 European elections, PO participated in the European Coalition electoral alliance which achieved 38.47%, coming second after PiS.[13]

Ideology

The Civic Platform has been mainly described as a centrist[14] or centre-right[15][16] political party. Due to the peculiarity of Polish politics as a major liberal opponent of the conservative PiS, the party is also classified as centre-left.[3] It has been also described as liberal-conservative,[2] moderate conservative,[17] conservative,[18][19] conservative-liberal,[20] Christian democratic,[21][22] classical liberal,[23] liberal,[24] and social-liberal.[25][26] It was also described as pragmatic and big tent.[27][28][29] It supports Poland's membership in the European Union.[30]

Since 2007, when Civic Platform formed the government, the party has gradually moved from its Christian-democratic stances, and many of its politicians hold more liberal positions on social issues. In 2013, the Civic Platform's government introduced public funding of in vitro fertilisation program. Civic Platform also supports civil unions for same-sex couples but is against same-sex marriage and the adoption of children by same-sex couples. The party also currently supports liberalisation of the abortion law,[31] which it had opposed while in government.[32]

PO was described as neoliberal,[18][33] economically liberal[19][34] and fiscally conservative.[35] Despite this and declaring in the parliamentary election campaign the will to limit taxation in Poland,[19] It has also increased the excise imposed on diesel oil, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and oil.[36][37] The party refrained from implementing the flat tax, increasing instead the value-added tax from 22% to 23% in 2011.[38] The party has eliminated many tax exemptions.[39][40][41]

In response to the climate crisis, the Civic Platform has promised to end the use of coal for energy in Poland by 2040.[42]

After becoming the biggest opposition party, the Civic Platform became more socially liberal. This tendency is especially popular among the younger generation of the party's politicians such as Mayor of Warsaw and candidate in the presidential election Rafał Trzaskowski. The party has also changed its opinion about the social programmes of PiS and PSL, starting to support them.[43][44][45]

Political support

See also: Poland A and B
Civic Platform's support is concentrated in the west and north of the country. Areas voting for Bronisław Komorowski in 2010 are shaded orange above.

The party enjoys the greatest support in large cities and among people with higher education and in managerial positions, while in terms of age, the electorate is evenly distributed.[46] The electoral base of the Civic Platform lies in middle-aged highly educated gold-collar and white-collar workers of the middle and upper middle class.[46] The Civic Platform electorate is made up of more women than men, is disproportionally represented by middle-aged, urban and middle-class voters, and is characteristed by higher levels of education, higher position in the socio-professional structure, as well as moderate religiosity and Roman Catholicism.[47] The party consistently enjoys overwhelming support of workers such as directors, managers and specialists, business owners and co-owners, and administrative workers.[46] At the same time, the party underperforms amongst blue-collar workers, young voters, farmers and students, as well as unemployed voters.[46]

In regards to age, Civic Platform performs the best amongst voters aged 40–49, while also performing strongly among 30-39 and 50-59 year olds. The party performs the worst amongst the oldest (aged 60 or more) and the youngest (aged 29 or less) voters.[46] The party strongly appeals to urban voters, as almost a half of voters living in big cities (500,000 people or more) vote for Civic Platform; support for the party remains strong in middle-sized cities but strongly declines in small towns and the countryside, as on average only 15% of rural voters support it.[46] When it comes to religion, an overwhelming majority of party's supporters (83%) are Roman Catholics,[48] and 44% of these voters partake in religious practices at least once a week.[48] The party is supported by the Christian left, as well as liberal and moderate Catholics,[48] while most of conservative Catholics in Poland support Law and Justice instead.[48] Churchgoing Catholics are roughly evenly split between Civic Platform and Law and Justice, with a significant minority of churchgoers supporting Polish People's Party as well.[48] Catholics who support Civic Platform "oppose, on the one hand, the state's enforcement of religious norms and, on the other, do not condone their violation".[49] This is largely consistent with the party's attitude towards religion, which combines a moderately conservative and politically Catholic programme with left-wing economic slogans, supported by Catholic social teaching and the teaching of John Paul II contained in the encyclical Centesimus annus.[49]

According to CBOS, Civic Platform is overwhelmingly popular amongst pro-European voters, with almost 80% of party's supporters wishing to cooperate with the European Union more.[50] The party is generally supported by moderates, as most of the party's voters wish for a "compromise" on issues such as abortion.[50] Economically, the party is supported by pro-business and welfare-oriented voters alike; while most of Civic Platform's supporters believe that Poland should become a welfare state, they are evenly split on issues such as progressive taxation and flat tax, and nationalization vs. privatization.[50]

As a liberal conservative party, most of Civic Platform's electorate identifies as conservative liberals, centrists and moderate conservatives.[51] No tendency dominates, as the party's supporters are roughly evenly split between political tendencies - 35% of party's supporters identify with political centre, 28% as left-wing, and 24% as right-wing.[51] Throghout the 2010s, Civic Platform had been losing left-wing supporters due to the re-emergence of Lewica as well as Janusz Palikot's defection from the party.[51] According to Janusz Jartyś of the University of Szczecin, the ideological base of Civic Platform are "national-conservative, liberal and social-democratic voters", with each faction expecting "at least partial implementation of their demands, stability in the governance of the country and social peace".[52]

The party also enjoys the support of regionalists, autonomists and voters supportive of decentralization and localism in general.[50] Over 90% of Civic Platform believe that local governments should have more power and that the national government should devolve its power to the regional governments of gminas and voivodeships.[50] The party is supported by Silesian regionalists,[53] and had organized joint electoral lists with Silesian parties like Silesian Autonomy Movement and Silesian Regional Party.[54] The party also enjoys support from the Kashubians and their local autonomist movement,[55] with the co-founder of the party, Donald Tusk, having expressed his support for autonomous Kashubia in 1992.[56]

Leadership

No. Image Name Tenure
1. Maciej Płażyński 18 October 2001–
1 June 2003
2. Donald Tusk 1 June 2003–
8 November 2014
3. Ewa Kopacz 8 November 2014–
26 January 2016
4. Grzegorz Schetyna 26 January 2016–
29 January 2020
5. Borys Budka 29 January 2020–
3 July 2021
6. Donald Tusk since 3 July 2021

Election results

Sejm

Election year Leader # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Government
2001 Maciej Płażyński 1,651,099 12.7 (#2)
65 / 460
 SLD-UP-PSL (2001-2003)
SLD-UP (2003-2005)
SLD-UP-SDPL (2004-2005)
2005 Donald Tusk 2,849,259 24.1 (#2)
133 / 460
 Increase 68 PiS Minority (2005)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
2007 6,701,010 41.5 (#1)
209 / 460
 Increase 76 PO–PSL
2011 5,629,773 39.2 (#1)
207 / 460
 Decrease 2 PO–PSL
2015 Ewa Kopacz 3,661,474 24.1 (#2)
138 / 460
 Decrease 69 PiS
2019 Grzegorz Schetyna 5,060,355 27.4 (#2)
119 / 460
 Decrease 19 PiS
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 134 seats in total.

Senate

Election year # of
overall seats won 		+/–
2001
2 / 100
As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats.
2005
34 / 100
 Increase 32
2007
60 / 100
 Increase 26
2011
63 / 100
 Increase 3
2015
34 / 100
 Decrease 29
2019
43 / 100
 Increase 9

Presidential

Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round
# of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall votes % of overall vote
2005 Donald Tusk 5,429,666 36.3 (#1) 7,022,319 46.0 (#2)
2010 Bronisław Komorowski 6,981,319 41.5 (#1) 8,933,887 53.0 (#1)
2015 Supported Bronisław Komorowski 5,031,060 33.8 (#2) 8,112,311 48.5 (#2)
2020 Rafał Trzaskowski 5,917,340 30.5 (#2) 10,018,263 48.9 (#2)

Regional assemblies

Election year % of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/–
2002 12.1 (#4)
79 / 561
In coalition with Law and Justice (POPiS).
2006 27.2 (#1)
186 / 561
2010 30.9 (#1)
222 / 561
 Increase 36
2014 26.3 (#2)
179 / 555
 Decrease 43
2018 27.1 (#2)
194 / 552
 Increase 15
As a Civic Coalition.

European Parliament

Election year # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/–
2004 1,467,775 24.1 (#1)
15 / 54
2009 3,271,852 44.4 (#1)
25 / 50
 Increase 10
2014 2,271,215 32.1 (#1)
19 / 51
 Decrease 6
2019 5,249 935 38,47 (#2)
14 / 51
 Decrease 5
As a European Coalition

Voivodeship Marshals

Name Image Voivodeship Date Vocation
Elżbieta Polak Lubusz Voivodeship 29 November 2010
Marek Woźniak Greater Poland Voivodeship 10 October 2005
Piotr Całbecki Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship 24 January 2006
Olgierd Geblewicz West Pomeranian Voivodeship 7 December 2010
Mieczysław Struk Pomeranian Voivodeship 22 February 2010
Andrzej Buła Opole Voivodeship 12 November 2013

Notable politicians

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The party is officially the Civic Platform of the Republic of Poland (Platforma Obywatelska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej).
  2. ^ The Civic Platform is a liberal-conservative party,[2] but it has also been considered a center-left party since the mid-2010s.[3] Some sources have described PO as having shifted from the centre-right to the centre.[4]

References

  1. ^ "Wniosek o udostępnienie informacji publicznej". Imgur. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b
  3. ^ a b PO has often been described as centre-left:
  4. ^ a b Szczerbiak, Aleks (30 November 2016). "An anti-establishment backlash that shook up the party system? The October 2015 Polish parliamentary election" (PDF). European Politics and Society. 18 (4): 404–427. doi:10.1080/23745118.2016.1256027. S2CID 157951515. As discussed below, under Mr Tusk's leadership, Civic Platform turned from being a centre-right liberal-conservative party into an ideologically eclectic centrist grouping...
  5. ^ "BBC News (2007-10-22): Massive win for Polish opposition". 22 October 2007.
  6. ^ a b c Warsaw Business Journal Archived 20 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Elections 2011 - Election results". National Electoral Commission. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  8. ^ "Pkw | Pkw". Pe2014.pkw.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  9. ^ "Oficjalne wyniki wyborów samorządowych. Zobacz, kto wygrał". TVN24.pl. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  10. ^ Jęczmionka, Paulina (11 May 2015). "Oficjalne wyniki wyborów 2015: Bronisław Komorowski wziął Poznań i Wielkopolskę [INFOGRAFIKA]". Gloswielkopolski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  11. ^ "Wybory parlamentarne 2015. PKW podała ostateczne wyniki". Onet Wiadomości (in Polish). 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  12. ^ "Znamy wyniki wyborów! Relacja na żywo. Wybory samorządowe 2018". www.fakt.pl. 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  13. ^ "Oficjalne wyniki wyborów do europarlamentu". TVN24.pl. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
  14. ^ PO has often been described as centrist:
  15. ^ PO has often been described as centre-right:
  16. ^ Some sources have described PO as having shifted from the centre-right to the centre.[4]
  17. ^ "Tusk Vs Kaczyński: Explaining the Conflict". Political Critique. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  18. ^ a b Marjorie Castle (2015). "Poland". In M. Donald Hancock; Christopher J. Carman; Marjorie Castle; David P. Conradt; Raffaella Y. Nanetti; Robert Leonardi; William Safran; Stephen White (eds.). Politics in Europe. CQ Press. p. 636. ISBN 978-1-4833-2305-3.
  19. ^ a b c "Wahlkampf-Attacken im konservativen Lager". Der Standard (in German). 29 June 2005. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  20. ^
  21. ^ José Magone (2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-203-84639-1. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  22. ^ "Poland's PiS smashes opposition in European election vote". POLITICO. 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
  23. ^ Alan G. Smith (2016). A Comparative Introduction to Political Science: Contention and Cooperation. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 207. ISBN 9781442252608.
  24. ^
  25. ^ "Explainer: Whatever happened to Polish liberal conservatives?". Polandin.
  26. ^ Szczepański, Jarosław (2015). Raport z badania : trójkąt ideologiczny. Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych. Warszawa: Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych UW. ISBN 978-83-63183-98-1. OCLC 939904795.
  27. ^ "Is Poland's Civic Platform a serious threat to the ruling party?". EUROPP. 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
  28. ^ Riishøj, Søren (2011). "The Civic Platform in Poland - the first decade 2001-2011" (PDF). University of Southern Denmark. ISSN 1399-7319. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021.
  29. ^ Szczerbiak, Aleks (2016-01-18). "What Are The Prospects For Poland's Opposition?". Social Europe. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
  30. ^ Ingo Peters (2011). 20 Years Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. BWV Verlag. p. 280. ISBN 978-3-8305-1975-1. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  31. ^ "Platforma Obywatelska przedstawia nowe stanowisko w sprawie aborcji". Onet Wiadomości (in Polish). 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  32. ^ "Premier na Kongresie Kobiet: przeciw radykalnym rozwiązaniom". PolskieRadio24.pl. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  33. ^ PO has often been described as neoliberal:
  34. ^ "Zur Lage der Bürgerplattform (PO) in Polen". Konrad Adenauer Foundation (in German). 25 April 2008. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  35. ^ "Polish nurses set to strike over low pay". Politico. September 10, 2015. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  36. ^ "ząd podwyższa akcyzę i zamraża płace". forsal.pl. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  37. ^ "Rząd zaciska pasa: zamraża pensje, podnosi akcyzę na papierosy i paliwa". wyborcza.biz. 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  38. ^ "Rzeczpospolita". rp.pl. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  39. ^ "Dziś dowiemy się, dlaczego rząd zabierze nam ulgi". bankier.pl. 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  40. ^ Sebastian Bobrowski (2014-03-25). "Zmiany w odliczaniu VAT od samochodów. Sprawdź ile i kiedy możesz odliczyć". mamstartup.pl. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  41. ^ "Głosowanie nad przyjęciem w całości projektu ustawy o zmianie niektórych ustaw związanych z realizacją ustawy budżetowej, w brzmieniu proponowanym przez Komisję Finansów Publicznych, wraz z przyjętymi poprawkami". sejm.gov.pl. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  42. ^ "Poland coal phase out pledged for 2040 by opposition government". Retrieved 2019-10-12.
  43. ^ "Trzaskowski: 500 plus musi być bronione". gazetaprawna.pl. 2 July 2020.
  44. ^ "Program Partii Platforma Obywatelska". 4 April 2017.
  45. ^ "Partie i kandydaci".
  46. ^ a b c d e f Biskup, Bartłomiej (2020). "Portret wyborców AD 2019. Zmiany w preferencjach elektoratów partyjnych w Polsce" (PDF). Studia Politologiczne (in Polish). 55 (1). Warsaw University: 306–307. doi:10.33896/SPolit.2020.55.13. S2CID 238178401.
  47. ^ Zagała, Zbigniew (2020). "Partie polityczne i ich elektoraty. Od sympatii do antagonizmu. Na przykładzie Platformy Obywatelskiej i Prawa i Sprawiedliwości". Przegląd Politologiczny (in Polish). 2 (2). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM: 198. doi:10.14746/pp.2020.25.2.14. ISSN 1426-8876. S2CID 225679632.
  48. ^ a b c d e Secler, Bartłomiej (2016). Religia i Religijność a Poziom Frekwencji Wyborczej (PDF) (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Morpho. p. 109. ISBN 978-83-62352-35-7.
  49. ^ a b Kowalczyk, Krzysztof (2015). "Stanowiska polskich partii politycznych wobec religii i Kościoła. Propozycja typologii". Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis (in Polish). 15 (1). University of Silesia in Katowice: 168. ISSN 2353-9747.
  50. ^ a b c d e Roguska, Beata (August 2021). "Elektoraty o istotnych kwestiach społeczno-politycznych". Komunikat z Badań (in Polish). 91 (1). Centre for Public Opinion Research: 9–10. ISSN 2353-5822.
  51. ^ a b c Zagała, Zbigniew (2020). "Partie polityczne i ich elektoraty. Od sympatii do antagonizmu. Na przykładzie Platformy Obywatelskiej i Prawa i Sprawiedliwości". Przegląd Politologiczny (in Polish). 2 (2). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa UAM: 193–205. doi:10.14746/pp.2020.25.2.14. ISSN 1426-8876. S2CID 225679632.
  52. ^ Jartyś, Janusz (2016). "Kwestie obyczajowe w programie i działalności Platformy Obywatelskiej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Acta Politica Polonica (in Polish). 35 (1). Uniwersytet Szczeciński: 59–66. doi:10.18276/ap.2016.35-05.
  53. ^ Jedlecki, Przemysław (August 8, 2019). "Śląscy autonomiści dołączają do Koalicji Obywatelskiej" (in Polish). Wyborcza.
  54. ^ Pawlik, Paweł (August 9, 2019). "Ruch Autonomii Śląska na listach Koalicji Obywatelskiej" (in Polish). Onet.
  55. ^ Noch, Jakub (October 6, 2015). ""Zemsta za Tuska i brak poparcia PiS". Jak i dlaczego Kaszubi jednoczą się przeciw PiS, który chce ich "rozbioru"" (in Polish). NaTemat.
  56. ^ Tusk, Donald (June 1992). "Regionalizm jako samodzielna siła polityczna" (PDF). Pomerania (in Polish). Gdańsk.

Sources

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