Katakana

Katakana カタカナ
Script type	Syllabary
Time period	~800 AD to the present
Direction	Vertical right-to-left, left-to-right
Languages	Japanese, Okinawan, Ainu, Palauan
Related scripts
Parent systems	Oracle Bone Script Seal Script Clerical Script Regular script (Kanji) Man'yōgana Katakana カタカナ
Sister systems	Hiragana, Hentaigana
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Kana (411), ​Katakana
Unicode
Unicode alias	Katakana
Unicode range	U+30A0–U+30FF

Katakana (片仮名, カタカナ or かたかな) is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet (rōmaji). The word katakana means "fragmentary kana", as the katakana scripts are derived from components of more complex kanji. Each kana represents one mora. Each kana is either a vowel such as "a" (ア); a consonant followed by a vowel such as "ka" (カ); or "n" (ン), a nasal sonorant which, depending on the context, sounds either like English m, n, or ng ([ŋ]), or like the nasal vowels of French.

Unlike the hiragana system which is used for Japanese language words for which kanji does not cover, the katakana syllabary is primarily used for transcription of foreign language words into Japanese and the writing of loan words (collectively gairaigo), as well as to represent onomatopoeia, technical and scientific terms, and the names of plants, animals, and minerals. Names of Japanese companies as well as certain Japanese language words are also written in katakana rather than the other systems.

Katakana are characterized by short, straight strokes and angular corners, and are the simplest of the Japanese scripts. There are two main systems of ordering katakana: the old-fashioned iroha ordering, and the more prevalent gojūon ordering.

Writing system

The complete katakana syllabary consists of 48 characters:

• 39 distinct consonant-vowel unions
• 5 singular vowels
• 1 singular consonant
• 1 particle that is pronounced as a vowel in modern Japanese
• 2 consonant-vowel unions that are pronounced as vowels in modern Japanese and are therefore obsolete
  • 3 other consonant-vowel unions never became widespread and are not present at all in modern Japanese

These basic characters can be modified in various ways. By adding a dakuten marker ( ゛), a voiceless consonant is turned into a voiced consonant: k→g, s→z, t→d, and h→b. Katakana beginning with an h can also add a handakuten marker ( ゜) changing the h to a p.

A small version of the katakana for ya, yu or yo (ャ, ュ, or ョ respectively) may be added to katakana ending in i. This changes the i vowel sound to a glide (palatalization) to a, u or o. Addition of the small y kana is called yōon. ヲ wo, whose hiragana form を is used as a particle, is rarely used in katakana, is also included (although pronounced the same as vowel オ o, [o]).

A small tsu ッ, called a sokuon, indicates that the following consonant is geminated (doubled). For example, compare サカ saka "hill" with サッカ sakka "author". It also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop. However, it cannot be used to double the na, ni, nu, ne, no syllables' consonants – to double them, the singular n (ン) is added in front of the syllable.

To signify long vowels, the chōonpu (long vowel mark) (ー) used. For example, メール mēru is the gairaigo for e-mail taken from the English word "mail"; the ー lengthens the e. Small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds (ハァ haa, ネェ nee), but in Katakana they are more often used in yōon-like digraphs which allow for phonemes not present in Japanese; examples include チェンジ chenji ("change") and ウィキペディア Wikipedia. Standard and voiced iteration marks are written in katakana as ヽ and ヾ respectively.

Usage

In modern Japanese, katakana is most often used for transcription of words from foreign languages except Chinese (called gairaigo). For example, "television" is written terebi (テレビ). Similarly, katakana is usually used for country names, foreign places, and foreign personal names. For example, the United States is usually referred to as アメリカ Amerika, rather than in its ateji kanji spelling of 亜米利加 Amerika.

Katakana are also used for onomatopoeia, words used to represent sounds – for example, pinpon (ピンポン), the "ding-dong" sound of a doorbell.

Technical and scientific terms, such as the names of animal and plant species and minerals, are also commonly written in katakana. Homo sapiens (ホモ・サピエンス, Homo sapiensu), as a species, is written hito (ヒト), rather than its kanji 人.

Katakana are also often, but not always, used for transcription of Japanese company names. For example Suzuki is written スズキ, and Toyota is written トヨタ. Katakana are also used for emphasis, especially on signs, advertisements, and hoardings (i.e., billboards). For example, it is common to see ココ koko ("here"), ゴミ gomi ("trash"), or メガネ megane ("glasses"). Words the writer wishes to emphasize in a sentence are also sometimes written in katakana, mirroring the European usage of italics.

Pre-World War II official documents mix katakana and kanji in the same way that hiragana and kanji are mixed in modern Japanese texts, that is, katakana were used for okurigana and particles such as wa or o.

Katakana were also used for telegrams in Japan before 1988, and for computer systems—before the introduction of multibyte characters—in the 1980s. Most computers in that era used katakana instead of kanji or hiragana for output.

Although words borrowed from ancient Chinese are usually written in kanji, loanwords from modern Chinese dialects which are borrowed directly rather than using the Sino-Japanese on'yomi readings are often written in katakana. Examples include:

Japanese	Rōmaji	Meaning	Kanji	Romanization	Source language
マージャン	mājan	mahjong	麻將	májiàng	Mandarin
ウーロン茶	ūroncha	Oolong tea	烏龍茶	wūlóngchá
チャーハン	chāhan	fried rice	炒飯	chǎofàn
チャーシュー	chāshū	barbecued pork	叉焼	cha siu	Cantonese
シューマイ	shūmai	a form of dim sum	焼売	siu maai

The very common Chinese loanword rāmen, written in katakana as ラーメン in Japanese, is rarely written with its kanji (拉麺).

There are rare instances where the opposite has occurred, with kanji forms created from words originally written in katakana. An example of this is コーヒー kōhī, ("coffee"), which can be alternatively written as 珈琲. This kanji usage is occasionally employed by coffee manufacturers or coffee shops for novelty.

Katakana are used to indicate the on'yomi (Chinese-derived readings) of a kanji in a kanji dictionary. For instance, the kanji 人 has a Japanese pronunciation, written in hiragana as ひと hito (person), as well as a Chinese derived pronunciation, written in katakana as ジン jin (used to denote groups of people). Katakana are sometimes used instead of hiragana as furigana to give the pronunciation of a word written in Roman characters, or for a foreign word, which is written as kanji for the meaning, but intended to be pronounced as the original.

Katakana are also sometimes used to indicate words being spoken in a foreign or otherwise unusual accent, by foreign characters, robots, etc. For example, in a manga, the speech of a foreign character or a robot may be represented by コンニチワ konnichiwa ("hello") instead of the more typical hiragana こんにちは. Some Japanese personal names are written in katakana. This was more common in the past, hence elderly women often have katakana names.

It is very common to write words with difficult-to-read kanji in katakana. This phenomenon is often seen with medical terminology. For example, in the word 皮膚科 hifuka ("dermatology"), the second kanji, 膚, is considered difficult to read, and thus the word hifuka is commonly written 皮フ科 or ヒフ科, mixing kanji and katakana. Similarly, the difficult-to-read kanji such as 癌 gan ("cancer") are often written in katakana or hiragana.

Katakana is also used for traditional musical notations, as in the Tozan-ryū of shakuhachi, and in sankyoku ensembles with koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi.

Orthography

Foreign phrases and names are sometimes transliterated with a space separating the words, called a nakaguro (中黒) (middle dot); for example, ビル・ゲイツ ("Bill Gates"). When it is assumed that the reader knows the separate gairaigo words in the phrase, the middle dot is omitted. For example, the phrase コンピュータゲーム konpyūta gēmu ("computer game") contains two well-known gairaigo, and therefore is not written with a middle dot.

Katakana spelling differs slightly from hiragana. While hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana, katakana usually uses a vowel extender mark called a chōon. This is a short line following the direction of the text, horizontal for yokogaki (horizontal text), and vertical for tategaki (vertical text). It is generally used in foreign loanwords; long vowels in katakana words of Japanese origin are usually spelled as they would be in hiragana. There are exceptions, such as ローソク (蝋燭 rōsoku "candle") or ケータイ(携帯 kētai "mobile phone").

A small tsu (ッ) called a sokuon indicates that the following consonant is geminate; this is represented in rōmaji by doubling the consonant that follows the tsu. For example, "bed" is represented in katakana as ベッド (beddo). The sokuon may also be used to approximate a non-native sound; Bach is written バッハ (Bahha); Mach as マッハ (Mahha).

Foreign sounds can be difficult to express in Japanese, resulting in spellings such as フルシチョフ Furushichofu (Khrushchev), アリー・ハーメネイー Arī Hāmeneī (Ali Khamenei) and イツハク・パールマン Itsuhaku Pāruman or イツァーク・パールマン Itsāku Pāruman (Itzhak Perlman).

Table of katakana

This is a table of katakana together with their Hepburn romanization and their IPA pronunciation. Katakana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them. Characters in gray are obsolete. Modern additions are used mainly to represent sounds from other languages. shi シ and tsu ツ , and so ソ and n ン , look very similar in print except for the slant and stroke shape. (These differences in slant and shape are more prominent when written with an ink brush.)

In the extended katakana table, orange shading indicates general kana combinations used for loanwords or foreign place names or personal names, and blue shading indicates combinations used for more accurate transliteration of foreign sounds, both set forth by the Japanese government's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Beige shading indicates suggestions by the American National Standards Institute and the British Standards Institution as possible uses. The purple shading indicates the combinations that appear on the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting.

Katakana syllabograms

	Monographs (gojūon)					Digraphs (yōon)
	a	i	u	e	o	ya	yu	yo
∅	ア a [a]	イ i [i]	ウ u [u͍]	エ e [e]	オ o [o]
K	カ ka [ka]	キ ki [ki]	ク ku [ku͍]	ケ ke [ke]	コ ko [ko]	キャ kya [kʲa]	キュ kyu [kʲu͍]	キョ kyo [kʲo]
S	サ sa [sa]	シ shi [ɕi]	ス su [su͍]	セ se [se]	ソ so [so]	シャ sha [ɕa]	シュ shu [ɕu͍]	ショ sho [ɕo]
T	タ ta [ta]	チ chi [t͡ɕi]	ツ tsu [t͡su͍]	テ te [te]	ト to [to]	チャ cha [t͡ɕa]	チュ chu [t͡ɕu͍]	チョ cho [t͡ɕo]
N	ナ na [na]	ニ ni [nʲi]	ヌ nu [nu͍]	ネ ne [ne]	ノ no [no]	ニャ nya [ɲa]	ニュ nyu [ɲu͍]	ニョ nyo [ɲo]
H	ハ ha [ha]	ヒ hi [çi]	フ fu [ɸu͍]	ヘ he [he]	ホ ho [ho]	ヒャ hya [ça]	ヒュ hyu [çu͍]	ヒョ hyo [ço]
M	マ ma [ma]	ミ mi [mi]	ム mu [mu͍]	メ me [me]	モ mo [mo]	ミャ mya [mʲa]	ミュ myu [mʲu͍]	ミョ myo [mʲo]
Y	ヤ ya [ja]	(yi)1	ユ yu [ju͍]	(ye)1	ヨ yo [jo]
R	ラ ra [ɽa]	リ ri [ɽi]	ル ru [ɽu͍]	レ re [ɽe]	ロ ro [ɽo]	リャ rya [ɽʲa]	リュ ryu [ɽʲu͍]	リョ ryo [ɽʲo]
W	ワ wa [wa]	ヰ i/wi2 [i]	(wu)1	ヱ e/we3 [e]	ヲ o/wo4 [o]
*	ン n [n] [m] [ŋ] before stop consonants; n [ɴ] [ũ͍] [ĩ] elsewhere			ッ (indicates a geminate consonant)		ー (exemplifies a long vowel)	ヽ (reduplicates syllable)	ヾ (reduplicates and voices syllable)
	Diacritics (gojūon with (han)dakuten)					Digraphs with diacritics (yōon with (han)dakuten)
	a	i	u	e	o	ya	yu	yo
G	ガ ga [ɡa]	ギ gi [ɡi]	グ gu [ɡu͍]	ゲ ge [ɡe]	ゴ go [ɡo]	ギャ gya [ɡʲa]	ギュ gyu [ɡʲu͍]	ギョ gyo [ɡʲo]
Z	ザ za [za]	ジ ji [d͡ʑi]	ズ zu [zu͍]	ゼ ze [ze]	ゾ zo [zo]	ジャ ja [d͡ʑa]	ジュ ju [d͡ʑu͍]	ジョ jo [d͡ʑo]
D	ダ da [da]	ヂ ji5 [d͡ʑi]	ヅ zu5 [zu͍]	デ de [de]	ド do [do]	ヂャ ja5 [d͡ʑa]	ヂュ ju5 [d͡ʑu͍]	ヂョ jo5 [d͡ʑo]
B	バ ba [ba]	ビ bi [bi]	ブ bu [bu͍]	ベ be [be]	ボ bo [bo]	ビャ bya [bʲa]	ビュ byu [bʲu͍]	ビョ byo [bʲo]
P	パ pa [pa]	ピ pi [pi]	プ pu [pu͍]	ペ pe [pe]	ポ po [po]	ピャ pya [pʲa]	ピュ pyu [pʲu͍]	ピョ pyo [pʲo]
	Extended katakana
	a	i	u	e	o	ya	yu	yo
Y		イィ yi [ji]		イェ ye [je]
W	ウァ wa [wa]	ウィ wi [wi]	ウゥ wu6 [wu͍]	ウェ we [we]	ウォ wo [wo]		ウュ wyu [wʲu͍]
V	(ヷ) ヴァ va [va]	(ヸ) ヴィ vi [vi]	ヴ vu [vu͍]	(ヹ) ヴェ ve [ve]	(ヺ) ヴォ vo [vo]	ヴャ vya [vʲa]	ヴュ vyu [vʲu͍]	ヴョ vyo [vʲo]
Vy				ヴィェ vye [vʲe]
Ky				キェ kye [kʲe]
Gy				ギェ gye [ɡʲe]
Kw	(クヮ) クァ kwa [kʷa]	クィ kwi [kʷi]		クェ kwe [kʷe]	クォ kwo [kʷo]
Gw	(グヮ) グァ gwa [ɡʷa]	グィ gwi [ɡʷi]		グェ gwe [ɡʷe]	グォ gwo [ɡʷo]
Sh				シェ she [ɕe]
J				ジェ je [d͡ʑe]
S		スィ si [si]
Z		ズィ zi [zi]
Ch				チェ che [t͡ɕe]
Ts	ツァ tsa [t͡sa]	ツィ tsi [t͡si]		ツェ tse [t͡se]	ツォ tso [t͡so]		ツュ tsyu [t͡sʲu͍]
T		ティ ti [ti]	トゥ tu [tu͍]				テュ tyu [tʲu͍]
D		ディ di [di]	ドゥ du [du͍]				デュ dyu [dʲu͍]
Ny				ニェ nye [ɲe]
Hy				ヒェ hye [çe]
By				ビェ bye [bʲe]
Py				ピェ pye [pʲe]
F	ファ fa [ɸa]	フィ fi [ɸi]		フェ fe [ɸe]	フォ fo [ɸo]	フャ fya [ɸʲa]	フュ fyu [ɸʲu͍]	フョ fyo [ɸʲo]
Fy				フィェ fye [ɸʲe]
H			ホゥ hu [hu͍]
My				ミェ mye [mʲe]
Ry				リェ rye [ɽʲe]
L	ラ゜ la7 [la]	リ゜ li7 [li]	ル゜ lu7 [lu͍]	レ゜ le7 [le]	ロ゜ lo7 [lo]

A possible archaic variant of e/we [e] can be found in Unicode's Kana Supplement as 𛀀.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} These now-obsolete katakana appeared in some textbooks as early as 1873 (Meiji 6), but never became widespread.
2. ^ In modern times, ウィ (wi) is used as the representation of a "wi" sound instead. In modern usage, the kana is commonly pronounced the same as the i kana.
3. ^ In modern times, ウェ (we) is used as the representation of a "we" sound instead. In modern usage, the kana is commonly pronounced the same as the e kana.
4. ^ In modern times, ウォ (wo) is used as the representation of a "wo" sound instead. The katakana version of the wo kana, ヲ, is primarily used, albeit rarely, to represent the particle を in katakana, which is commonly pronounced the same as the o kana.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} These kana are primarily used for indicating a voiced consonant in the middle of a compound word and can never begin a word. Rarely used in katakana.
6. ^ In modern times, ウー (ū) is used as the representation of a "wu" sound instead, despite not being pronounced as [wu͍].

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} These kana have only appeared in the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting. Their use in modern Japanese is non-existant due to the nature of the r sound in Japanese.

History

Katakana was developed in the early Heian Period from parts of man'yōgana characters as a form of shorthand. For example, ka カ comes from the left side of ka 加 "increase". The table below shows the origins of each katakana: the red markings of the original Chinese character eventually became each corresponding symbol.

Recent findings by a scholar suggest the possibility that the kana system may have been originated in the eighth century on the Korean Peninsula and introduced to Japan through Buddhist texts. However this hypothesis is questioned by other scholars.

Japanese language instruction

Some instructors "introduce katakana after the students have learned to read and write sentences in hiragana without difficulty and know the rules." Most students who have learned hiragana "do not have great difficulty in memorizing" katakana as well. Other instructors introduce the katakana first, because these are used with loanwords. This gives students a chance to practice reading and writing kana with meaningful words. This was the approach taken by the influential American linguistics scholar Eleanor Harz Jorden.

Stroke order and direction

The following table shows the method for writing each katakana character. It is arranged in the traditional way, beginning top right and reading columns down. The numbers and arrows indicate the stroke order and direction respectively.

Computer encoding

In addition to fonts intended for Japanese text and Unicode catch-all fonts (like Arial Unicode MS), many fonts intended for Chinese text (such as MS Song) also include katakana.

Katakana have two forms of encoding, half-width (半角, hankaku) and full-width (全角, zenkaku). The half-width forms were originally associated with the JIS X 0201 encoding. Their display forms were designed to fit into the same rectangle of pixels as Roman letters to enable easy implementation on the computer equipment of the day. This space is narrower than the square space traditionally occupied by Japanese characters, hence the name "half-width". In this scheme, diacritics (dakuten and handakuten) are separate characters. When originally devised, the half-width katakana were represented by a single byte each, as in JIS X 0201, again in line with the capabilities of contemporary computer technology.

In the late 1970s, two-byte character sets such as JIS X 0208 were introduced to support the full range of Japanese characters, including katakana, hiragana and kanji. Their display forms were designed to fit into an approximately square array of pixels, hence the name "full-width". For backwards compatibility, separate support for half-width katakana has continued to be available in modern multi-byte encoding schemes such as Unicode.

Although often said to be obsolete, in fact the half-width katakana are still used in many systems and encodings. For example, the titles of mini discs can only be entered in ASCII or half-width katakana, and half-width katakana were commonly used in computerized cash register displays, on shop receipts, and Japanese digital television and DVD subtitles. Several popular Japanese encodings such as EUC-JP, Unicode and Shift-JIS have half-width katakana code as well as full-width. By contrast, ISO-2022-JP has no half-width katakana, and is mainly used over SMTP and NNTP.

Unicode

In Unicode, full-width katakana occupy code points U+30A0 to U+30FF :

Katakana[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+30Ax

゠

ァ

ア

ィ

イ

ゥ

ウ

ェ

エ

ォ

オ

カ

ガ

キ

ギ

ク

U+30Bx

グ

ケ

ゲ

コ

ゴ

サ

ザ

シ

ジ

ス

ズ

セ

ゼ

ソ

ゾ

タ

U+30Cx

ダ

チ

ヂ

ッ

ツ

ヅ

テ

デ

ト

ド

ナ

ニ

ヌ

ネ

ノ

ハ

U+30Dx

バ

パ

ヒ

ビ

ピ

フ

ブ

プ

ヘ

ベ

ペ

ホ

ボ

ポ

マ

ミ

U+30Ex

ム

メ

モ

ャ

ヤ

ュ

ユ

ョ

ヨ

ラ

リ

ル

レ

ロ

ヮ

ワ

U+30Fx

ヰ

ヱ

ヲ

ン

ヴ

ヵ

ヶ

ヷ

ヸ

ヹ

ヺ

・

ー

ヽ

ヾ

ヿ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

Encoded in this block along with the katakana are the nakaguro word separation middle dot, the chōon vowel extender, the katakana iteration marks, and a ligature of コト sometimes used in vertical writing.

Half-width equivalents to the full-width katakana also exist. These are encoded within the Half-width and Full-width Forms block (U+FF00–U+FFEF), starting at U+FF65 and ending at U+FF9F (characters U+FF61–U+FF64 are half-width punctuation marks):

Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Unicode.org chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+FF6x

｠

｡

｢

｣

､

･

ｦ

ｧ

ｨ

ｩ

ｪ

ｫ

ｬ

ｭ

ｮ

ｯ

U+FF7x

ｰ

ｱ

ｲ

ｳ

ｴ

ｵ

ｶ

ｷ

ｸ

ｹ

ｺ

ｻ

ｼ

ｽ

ｾ

ｿ

U+FF8x

ﾀ

ﾁ

ﾂ

ﾃ

ﾄ

ﾅ

ﾆ

ﾇ

ﾈ

ﾉ

ﾊ

ﾋ

ﾌ

ﾍ

ﾎ

ﾏ

U+FF9x

ﾐ

ﾑ

ﾒ

ﾓ

ﾔ

ﾕ

ﾖ

ﾗ

ﾘ

ﾙ

ﾚ

ﾛ

ﾜ

ﾝ

ﾞ

ﾟ

This block also includes the half-width dakuten and handakuten. The full-width versions of these characters are found in the hiragana block.

Code points 32D0 to 32FE list circled katakana. A circled ン (n) is not included.

Unicode.org chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+32Dx

㋐

㋑

㋒

㋓

㋔

㋕

㋖

㋗

㋘

㋙

㋚

㋛

㋜

㋝

㋞

㋟

U+32Ex

㋠

㋡

㋢

㋣

㋤

㋥

㋦

㋧

㋨

㋩

㋪

㋫

㋬

㋭

㋮

㋯

U+32Fx

㋰

㋱

㋲

㋳

㋴

㋵

㋶

㋷

㋸

㋹

㋺

㋻

㋼

㋽

㋾

Katakana uses in non-Japanese languages

Ainu

Main article: Ainu language § Writing

Katakana is commonly used to write the Ainu language by Japanese linguists. In Ainu language katakana usage, the consonant that comes at the end of a syllable is represented by a small version of a katakana that corresponds to that final consonant and with an arbitrary vowel. For instance "up" is represented by ウㇷ゚ (ウ_プ—u followed by small pu). Ainu also requires three additional sounds, represented by セ゜ ([tse]), ツ゜ ([tu̜]) and ト゜ ([tu̜]). In Unicode, the Katakana Phonetic Extensions block (U+31F0–U+31FF) exists for Ainu language support. These characters are used mainly for the Ainu language only:

Katakana Phonetic Extensions[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+31Fx

ㇰ

ㇱ

ㇲ

ㇳ

ㇴ

ㇵ

ㇶ

ㇷ

ㇸ

ㇹ

ㇺ

ㇻ

ㇼ

ㇽ

ㇾ

ㇿ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

Taiwanese

Main article: Taiwanese kana

Taiwanese kana (タイ ヲァヌ ギイ カア ビェン) is a katakana-based writing system once used to write Holo Taiwanese, when Taiwan was ruled by Japan. It functioned as a phonetic guide to hanzi, much like furigana in Japanese or Zhuyin fuhao in Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages.

Unlike Japanese or Ainu, Taiwanese kana are used similarly to the Zhùyīn fúhào characters, with kana serving as initials, vowel medials and consonant finals, marked with tonal marks. A dot below the initial kana represented aspirated consonants, and チ, ツ, サ, セ, ソ, ウ and オ with a superpositional bar represented sounds found only in Taiwanese.

See also

• Japanese phonology
• Hiragana
• Historical kana usage
• Rōmaji
• Taiwanese kana
• Gugyeol
• Tōdaiji Fujumonkō, oldest example of kanji text with katakana annotations.

External links

• Katakana Unicode chart
• Template:Dmoz
• Learn Katakana with Audio Slideshow
• KanaTeacher - Practice and learn Katakana online.