2013 in science: Difference between revisions
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==Predicted and scheduled events== |
==Predicted and scheduled events== |
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===June=== |
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*[[China]] will launch its [[Shenzhou 10]] manned spacecraft to rendezvous with the [[Tiangong-1]] orbital module.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20280860|title=China to launch next manned spaceship in 2013|publisher=BBC|date=10 November 2012}}</ref> |
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===September=== |
===September=== |
Revision as of 13:27, 13 June 2013
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A number of significant scientific events have occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable artificial ears, teeth and eyes, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908. The year has also seen successful new treatments for diseases such as HIV, Usher syndrome and leukodystrophy, and a major expansion in the use and capabilities of technologies such as 3D printing and autonomous cars.
The United Nations has designated 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation.[1]
Events, discoveries and inventions
January
- 2 January
- A study by Caltech astronomers reports that the Milky Way Galaxy contains at least one planet per star, resulting in approximately 100–400 billion exoplanets. The study, based on planets orbiting the star Kepler-32, suggests that planetary systems may be the norm around stars in our galaxy.[2]
- Astronomers report the discovery of giant "geysers" of charged particles emanating from the core of the Milky Way Galaxy. These outflows, which extend as far as 50,000 light-years from the galactic plane, are thought to be fuelled by intense star formation.[3][4]
- LG Electronics releases the first commercial OLED television. OLED screens are thinner, more efficient and capable of displaying images with greater definition than conventional LCD and plasma screens.[5]
- 3 January
- A wireless mouse was released through markets. The modern mouse is ultra fast and works by laser. An optical sensor ascertain the tracking surface 10 times faster than other same-generations. quick response grade puts gamers at a distinct benefits.[6]
- Physicists create a potassium-based quantum gas which can be manipulated by lasers and magnetic fields to reach negative temperatures. At such temperatures, matter begins to exhibit previously unknown qualities.[7][8]
- Scientists analyse a meteorite, NWA 7034, that was found in the Sahara Desert and purchased in Morocco in 2011, and report that it is a new type of Mars rock with an unusually high water content.[9][10][11]
- American researchers state that a gene associated with active personality traits is also linked to increased longevity.[12][13]
- 4 January
- Britain's first hand transplantation operation is successfully conducted.[14]
- Toyota demonstrates an autonomous car capable of sensing and reacting to its surroundings, monitoring its driver and communicating with other vehicles.[15]
- 6 January
- British researchers successfully cure blindness in mice using an injection of photosensitive cells. Following additional testing, the treatment could be used to heal human sufferers of retinitis pigmentosa.[16][17]
- China is reported to be experiencing a rapid growth in the use of industrial robots, with robot installations increasing at over 10 percent a year.[18]
- 7 January
- Australia experiences its hottest day on record, with nationwide average temperatures exceeding 40°C amid one of the most intense bushfire seasons in the country's history.[19][20]
- Remarkably well-preserved zinc pills are discovered aboard a 2,000-year-old Roman shipwreck, giving a rare insight into Roman medicine.[21][22]
- Astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) report that "at least 17 billion" Earth-sized exoplanets are estimated to reside in the Milky Way Galaxy.[23]
- 8 January
- The 2013 Consumer Electronics Show opens in Las Vegas, Nevada. Among the new technologies showcased are flexible tablet computers, autonomous cars, medical telepresence robots, ultra-definition TVs and high-efficiency microchips.[24][25][26]
- The German defence company Rheinmetall successfully demonstrates a high-powered military laser that can destroy drones in mid-flight and cut through steel from over 1 mile (1.6 km) away, even in adverse weather conditions. The company plans to mount the laser on a variety of vehicles for battlefield use.[27][28]
- American astronomers announce the discovery of seven new exocomets – more than double the previously known number of such objects. The exocomets were discovered using the McDonald Observatory in Texas, which imaged the chemical signatures of the comets' tails.[29]
- Astronomers affiliated with the Kepler space observatory announce the discovery of KOI-172.02, an Earth-like exoplanet candidate which orbits a star similar to the Sun in the habitable zone, and is possibly a "prime candidate to host alien life".[30]
- 9 January
- A gamma secretase inhibitor previously experimented for treating Alzheimer's disease is found to have regenerative effects on inner ear hair cells, potentially allowing for the effective treatment of deafness.[31]
- The most distant known supernova is discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope, at a distance of around 10 billion light-years.[32][33][34]
- Medical researchers state that sickle cells can be induced to attack treatment-resistant tumours by starving them of blood.[35][36]
- Researchers of Queen’s University and workmates in the UK created a tablet computer which is as thin as paper and also yielding.[37][38]
- 10 January
- Half of all food is wasted worldwide, according to a new report by the British Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IME).[39]
- The British General Lighthouse Authority activates a new backup navigation system that allows ships to navigate even if their GPS signals fail.[40]
- The first vessel of a new class of nuclear submarine goes into service with the Russian Navy, featuring a built-in escape pod to allow crew members to survive a critical hull breach.[41]
- An American company unveils a smart hunting rifle which uses a computerised scope, onboard aiming software and laser rangefinders to ensure great accuracy even in the hands of novice shooters. The rifle is also Wi-Fi-enabled, and its software can record its aiming and firing history, potentially allowing law enforcement agencies to track its use.[42][43]
- 11 January
- Manchester University chemists develop a functional molecular machine, only a few nanometers in size, that can assemble complex molecular structures in a fashion similar to DNA ribosomes. The invention could be used to precisely fashion new medicines or polymers.[44][45]
- Astronomers discover a distant cluster of supermassive quasars that is both the largest and brightest structure in the known universe, spanning approximately four billion light-years.[46]
- New high-precision observations of the asteroid 99942 Apophis reveal that it is almost certain that the asteroid will not strike the Earth in 2036, despite earlier scientific concern over its trajectory.[47]
- Scientists develop a Breathalyzer-like breath test that could be used to quickly and accurately diagnose lung infections.[48][49]
- 12 January – Official sources state that Beijing's air is now hazardous to human health, after years of mounting air pollution. The city's air contains as much as 20 times the World Health Organization's recommended amount of toxic particles.[50]
- 13 January – Massachusetts doctors invent a pill-sized medical scanner that can be safely swallowed by patients, allowing the esophagus to be more easily scanned for diseases.[51]
- 15 January – The first museum of 3D-printed artifacts opens in China.[52]
- 17 January – NASA announces that the Kepler space observatory has developed a reaction wheel issue and will discontinue operation for 10 days in the interest of solving the problem. Three functional reaction wheels are needed to accurately aim the telescope; one of Kepler's original four reaction wheels failed in July 2012. If this second wheel issue is not resolved, NASA may be forced to end the long-running Kepler mission altogether.[53][54]
- 18 January – Japanese researchers create a "privacy visor" which uses near-infrared light to render its wearer unrecognizable to facial recognition software.[55]
- 20 January – Scientists prove that quadruple-helix DNA is present in human cells.[56]
- 21 January – Architects begin preparations for constructing the world's first 3D-printed building. The building will be constructed of a high-strength artificial marble laid down by an industrial-scale 3D printer, and is planned for completion in 2014.[57]
- 22 January
- French glaciologists release a report stating that the glaciers of the Andes are melting at an unprecedented rate.[58]
- NEC and Corning Inc. develop a multi-core fiber optic cable that can transfer a record-breaking petabit of data per second.[59]
- The private spaceflight venture Deep Space Industries announces plans to begin scanning and mining asteroids for precious metals. The company intends to launch its first prospecting spacecraft in 2015.[60]
- A resolution is introduced to the United States Congress to designate 12 February 2013 (Charles Darwin's 204th birthday) as "Darwin Day" in order to recognize "the importance of sciences in the betterment of humanity".[61]
- 23 January
- Scientists encode large amounts of digital information, including the complete sonnets of William Shakespeare, on a single strand of synthetic DNA. DNA has immense potential as a storage medium, and may become commercially available for this purpose in the near future.[62]
- Scientists resume controversial research into the H5N1 influenza subtype, which was previously halted due to fears of biological terrorism.[63]
- A British amputee becomes the first person in the UK to receive the Michelangelo Hand, an advanced new bionic hand, which uses electrodes to precisely mimic muscle movements and which can be used even for delicate engineering tasks.[64]
- Kenya begins the construction of the Konza Technology City, a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030.[65]
- 24 January – Britain's Chief Medical Officer warns that antibiotic resistance could have "apocalyptic" consequences, with numerous common bacterial infections becoming increasingly resistant to treatment.[66]
- 25 January
- An international team of scientists develops a functional light-based "tractor beam", which allows individual cells to be selected and moved at will. The invention could have broad applications in medicine and microbiology.[67]
- Scientists design an evolution-inspired organic solar cell with a novel geometric pattern that increases its energy-harvesting efficiency.[68]
- New measurements performed by European scientists reveal that the radius of the proton is 4 percent smaller than previously estimated.[69]
- 27 January – Asteroid 274301, a main belt asteroid, is officially renamed "Wikipedia" by the Committee for Small Body Nomenclature.[70]
- 28 January
- Bolivian scientists restore brain function to stroke-affected rats by injecting them with stem cells. This breakthrough may lead to more effective treatments for human stroke sufferers.[71]
- American medical researchers develop a painless polymer skin patch that can be used to inject DNA vaccines without a conventional needle, and also increases the initial effectiveness of the vaccine delivered.[72]
- An American research team uses the world's most powerful supercomputer – the IBM Sequoia – to perform a record-breaking computation, modelling an experimental jet engine on over one million processor cores.[73]
- Iran successfully launches a live rhesus monkey into space and recovers the animal safely, in what is claimed to be a prelude to the country's future manned spaceflight efforts.[74]
- American scientists finish drilling down to the subglacial Lake Whillans, which is buried around 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) under the Antarctic ice.[75]
- 29 January
- NASA reports that the Kepler space observatory has successfully returned to "science data collection" mode, after suffering a reaction wheel malfunction earlier in the month.[76]
- ESA scientists report that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to "the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions."[77][78]
- 30 January – South Korea conducts its first successful orbital launch, using the Naro-1 rocket to place a satellite into orbit.[79]
- 31 January
- British scientists achieve a breakthrough in synthetic biology, developing microscopic biological "factories" that can be assembled in hours and which could be used to deliver medicines, produce biofuels and mine underground minerals.[80]
- Scientists sequence the genome of the domestic pigeon, discovering that all modern pigeon breeds are descended from the wild rock dove.[81]
- The ESA, in collaboration with a group of architectural firms, designs and tests a 3D-printed structure that can be built out of lunar regolith to serve as a Moon base.[82]
- Japanese scientists genetically modify a transparent zebrafish specimen to produce a visible glow during periods of intense brain activity, allowing the fish's "thoughts" to be recorded as specific regions of its brain light up in response to external stimuli.[83]
February
- 1 February
- Stanford University physicists discover that atom-thin sheets of graphene are 100 times more chemically reactive than thicker sheets. This reactivity may be crucial to developing new practical applications for graphene, which is already widely known for its immense strength and conductivity.[84]
- Medical researchers develop a new method of efficiently detecting cancer using bioelectric signals. In addition, they were able to manipulate cellular electric charge levels to prevent certain cells from developing cancer.[85]
- 2 February
- Iran unveils its first stealth fighter, the Qaher-313.[86]
- Californian researchers use genetic modification to rejuvenate ageing blood cells, strengthening the immune systems of elderly mice. If human trials prove successful, this treatment could allow older people to more effectively resist disease.[87]
- 3 February
- The Scottish Government announces plans for a national physics prize named in honour of Peter Higgs, who first theorized the Higgs boson in 1964.[88]
- The British Army begins using a miniature drone helicopter in Afghanistan. The aerial surveillance robot weighs just 16 grams, and can be remotely piloted into difficult terrain to detect hidden enemy positions.[89]
- 4 February
- American researchers develop a new molecular therapy which can cross the blood-brain barrier to deliver medicines to the brain, potentially helping to treat neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease.[90]
- A much-vaunted experimental vaccine for tuberculosis proves to be largely ineffective against the disease in human trials.[91]
- After DNA testing, scientists confirm that a medieval skeleton unearthed in Leicester is that of the defeated Plantagenet king Richard III, who was killed in battle in 1485.[92]
- Australian engineers build a "quantum microscope" which offers unprecedented levels of precision in measuring live biological systems.[93]
- Sea urchins are discovered to be capable of efficiently converting carbon dioxide into raw material for their shells, potentially offering a new method of carbon capture for industrial purposes.[94]
- 5 February
- Scientists at Scotland's Heriot-Watt University develop a 3D printer that can produce clusters of living stem cells, potentially allowing complete organs to be printed on demand in future.[95]
- American researchers partially cure Usher syndrome in mice, a severe form of congenital deafness, using a precisely targeted gene therapy.[96]
- 6 February
- Halley VI, a new British Antarctic research station, begins operation. The station, which is mounted on hydraulic ski-legs to allow it to be towed across the ice, features an advanced modular design and is expected to endure the Antarctic climate until 2050.[97]
- In a series of separate developments, American and Japanese engineers create 3D printers that can produce edible meals with a range of flavours and textures on demand. These could both replace conventional ready meals and allow astronauts to enjoy a far more varied diet.[98]
- Astronomers report that 6% of all dwarf stars – the most common stars in the known universe – may host Earthlike planets. Additionally, some such exoplanets may exist only 13 light-years from Earth.[99]
- Scientists discover live bacteria in the subglacial Antarctic Lake Whillans.[100]
- 8 February
- Scientists use an extensive genetic and phenotypic database to determine the common ancestor of all modern placental mammals, including humans.[101][102][103]
- New York researchers successfully cure leukodystrophy in mice by using skin cells to repair damaged myelin sheaths. This treatment may also prove effective in curing human multiple sclerosis.[104]
- 10 February – NASA's Curiosity Mars rover uses its onboard drill to obtain the first deep rock sample ever retrieved from the surface of another planet.[105]
- 12 February – North Korea conducts its third nuclear test despite international sanctions and condemnation.[106]
- 13 February
- The ESA's CryoSat detects a significant decline in Arctic ice cover.[107]
- Scientists successfully cure type 1 diabetes in dogs using a pioneering gene therapy.[108]
- 14 February
- University of Oxford engineers construct an autonomous car that can be easily switched between manual and self-driving modes.[109]
- The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) begins a planned two-year shutdown, during which it will undergo a major systems upgrade. Upon its reactivation in 2014, the LHC will operate at an energy of approximately 14 teraelectronvolts – double its current maximum energy.[110]
- Researchers develop a specialized neural implant which gives rats the ability to sense infrared light – a pioneering use of implant technology to grant living creatures new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing ones.[111]
- The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first functional commercial bionic eye, the Argus II, for the treatment of blindness. The device, which became available in Europe in 2011, uses a combination of ocular implants and camera-equipped eyeglasses to restore vision to people blinded by retinitis pigmentosa.[112][113]
- 15 February
- A 10-ton meteoroid impacts in Chelyabinsk, Russia, producing a powerful shockwave and injuring over 1,000 people.[114][115]
- The asteroid 2012 DA14, which masses around 130,000 tons, makes the closest Earth flyby yet recorded for a large asteroid, passing within 27,000 kilometres (17,000 mi) of the Earth's surface.[116]
- 18 February – Studies of a recently discovered Higgs boson-like particle suggest that the universe may end in a false vacuum collapse billions of years from now.[117]
- 19 February – The UK government pledges to provide advanced bionic limbs for all British soldiers who have lost limbs in combat.[118]
- 20 February
- NASA reports the discovery of Kepler-37b, the smallest exoplanet yet known, around the size of Earth's Moon.[119]
- Internet entrepreneurs Sergey Brin and Mark Zuckerberg announce a new global prize for excellence in the life sciences, offering US$3 million to each recipient.[120]
- The President of the United States, Barack Obama, announces the Brain Activity Map Project – a decade-long collaborative effort to map the structures and functions of the human brain, with the aim of yielding new treatments for a range of neural diseases.[121]
- 21 February
- Cornell University scientists use a 3D printer to create a living artificial ear from collagen and ear cell cultures. In future, such ears could be grown to order for patients suffering from ear trauma or amputation.[122]
- The deepest known hydrothermal vents are discovered in the Caribbean at a depth of almost 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).[123]
- A study finds that bumblebees can sense electric fields around flowers.[124]
- University of Pennsylvania researchers develop a "protein passport" able to bypass the body's immune system. This could aid the delivery of medicinal nanoparticles in future nanomedicine.[125]
- 22 February – Data gathered from Siberian ice caves reveals that continued global warming may lead to widespread thawing of permafrost, potentially releasing massive volumes of trapped carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.[126]
- 23 February – A US inventor builds a "spider-sense" bodysuit, equipped with ultrasonic sensors and haptic feedback systems, which can alert its wearer of approaching threats and allow them to detect and respond to attackers even when blindfolded.[127]
- 24 February
- Oxford University researchers discover the mechanism by which certain brain cells are able to survive being starved of oxygen. In future, this research may yield more effective stroke treatments.[128]
- A study finds that chimpanzees solve puzzles for entertainment just as humans do.[129]
- Scientists announce that they have found fragments of Rodinia, an ancient "lost" supercontinent, in what is now the Indian Ocean.[130]
- 25 February
- Israel successfully tests its Arrow 3 missile defence system, designed to destroy enemy ballistic missiles while they are still high in the Earth's atmosphere.[131]
- Medical researchers at the University of Barcelona report in the New England Journal of Medicine that, based on a five-year study of 7,447 people, the Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of heart disease in people at high risk by "about 30 percent".[132][133]
- 26 February
- American engineers develop a wirelessly charged flexible battery that can continue to function even if stretched to three times its usual size. With further development, the invention could be used to power flexible smartphones, tablets and medical electronics.[134]
- A study finds that sleep loss can alter the behavior of genes, which may explain why it often precedes more serious medical problems such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.[135]
- 27 February
- Astronomers use the NuSTAR satellite to accurately measure the spin of a supermassive black hole for the first time, reporting that its surface is spinning at almost the speed of light.[136]
- An American company constructs a lightweight, high-efficiency urban car with an entirely 3D-printed plastic body that is as damage-resistant as steel. The vehicle's construction is entirely automated, requiring no human input beyond the uploading of the car's design.[137]
- 28 February
- Duke University researchers successfully connect the brains of two rats with electronic interfaces that allow them to directly share information, in the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface.[138][139]
- A study finds common genetic links between five major psychiatric disorders: autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia.[140]
- Astronomers make the first direct observation of a protoplanet forming in a disk of gas and dust around a distant star.[141]
- A third radiation belt is discovered around the Earth.[142]
- Researchers identify adult stem cells in the bone marrow that could one day be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).[143]
March
- 1 March – Boston Dynamics demonstrates an updated version of its BigDog military robot, a mule-sized heavy-lifting robot able to navigate rough terrain and equipped with an arm powerful enough to easily lift and throw breeze blocks.[144]
- 3 March – American scientists report that they have cured HIV in an infant by giving the child a course of antiretroviral drugs very early in its life. The previously HIV-positive child has reportedly exhibited no HIV symptoms since its treatment, despite having no further medication for a year.[145]
- 4 March
- Scientists announce that they have directly measured the polarization of light, overcoming aspects of the uncertainty principle.[146]
- DARPA begins efforts to develop a fleet of small naval vessels capable of launching and retrieving combat drones without the need for large and expensive aircraft carriers.[147]
- 5 March – The Human Connectome Project releases the most detailed scans of the human brain yet made, allowing neuroscientists to more accurately study the complexities of the brain's structure and identify the causes of neural disorders.[148]
- 6 March
- After studying the DNA of a modern African American, scientists estimate that the Y-chromosomal Adam – the most recent male common ancestor of human beings – lived much earlier than previously thought, over 338,000 years ago.[149]
- Chinese and Israeli scientists develop a Breathalyzer-style breath test that can quickly and easily diagnose stomach cancer by analyzing exhaled chemicals, without the need for an intrusive endoscopy.[150]
- 7 March
- After an eight-year project involving the use of a pioneering cloning technique, Japanese researchers create 25 generations of healthy cloned mice with normal lifespans, demonstrating that clones are not intrinsically shorter-lived than naturally born animals.[151]
- An international project known as Bedmap2 analyses 50 years of data to measure the volume of Antarctic ice, finding it to be 26,500,000 cubic kilometres (6,400,000 cu mi), which would raise global sea levels by 58 metres (190 ft) if it melted.[152]
- Scientists from Oregon State University reconstruct the global temperature record since the end of the last Ice Age. Their data, taken from 73 sites around the world, shows a clear and rapid warming trend in the 20th and early 21st centuries.[153]
- In a world first, researchers replace 75 percent of an injured patient's skull with a precision 3D-printed polymer replacement implant. In future, damaged bones may routinely be replaced with custom-manufactured implants.[154]
- Tests on mice demonstrate conclusive proof that resveratrol, a compound found in red wine, improves health and longevity.[155]
- 9 March
- British dental researchers grow viable teeth from a combination of gingival cells and stem cells, potentially allowing future patients to receive living teeth to replace diseased or damaged ones.[156]
- Roboticists launch an online database and cloud computing platform which can be accessed by robots worldwide, allowing them to more easily recognise unfamiliar objects and perform intensive computing tasks.[157]
- 11 March
- Astronomers discover the binary brown dwarf WISE 1049-5319 at a distance of 6.5 light years from Earth – the closest star system to be discovered since 1916.[158]
- A study concludes that heart disease was common among ancient mummies.[159]
- Researchers develop smart self-healing circuits that can rapidly restore themselves to a fully functional state by detecting and neutralising electronic faults.[160]
- 12 March
- NASA's Curiosity rover finds evidence that conditions on Mars were once suitable for microbial life after analyzing the first drilled sample of Martian rock, "John Klein" rock at Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater. The rover detected water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chloromethane and dichloromethane. Related tests found results consistent with the presence of smectite clay minerals.[161][162][163]
- Japan becomes the first country to successfully extract natural gas from offshore methane clathrate deposits.[164]
- 13 March
- The Atacama Large Millimeter Array, at the time the world's most powerful radio telescope, becomes fully operational in northern Chile.[165]
- Lockheed Martin develops a new method for desalination that is reportedly vastly cheaper and more efficient than conventional methods. The new technique uses carbon membranes with nanoscale pores to efficiently filter salt molecules from seawater to make drinkable water.[166]
- 14 March
- CERN scientists confirm, with a very high degree of certainty, that a new particle identified by the Large Hadron Collider in July 2012 is the long-sought Higgs boson.[167]
- Scientists induce monkey skin cells to become healthy brain cells which function normally when implanted into the donor monkey's brain. This breakthrough suggests that such personalized medicine approaches could be effective in human patients.[168]
- 15 March – Scientists working on the Lazarus Project announce that they have successfully rejuvenated cells of Rheobatrachus silus, a species of frog extinct since 1983.[169]
- 16 March – Japanese researchers unveil the "smelling screen", a digital display screen capable of emitting pinpointed smells.[170]
- 17 March
- New data suggests that the Mariana Trench, the deepest point on the Earth's surface, is home to a large amount of bacterial life forms.[171][172] Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 m (1,900 ft) below the sea floor under 2,600 m (8,500 ft) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.[171][173]
- Shams 1, the world's largest concentrated solar power plant, becomes operational in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[174]
- 18 March
- If global average temperatures rise by just 2°C, the number of extreme storm surges like Hurricane Katrina will increase tenfold, according to new research.[175]
- US scientists successfully map 80% of the neurons in a vertebrate brain at cellular-level resolution in just 1.3 seconds.[176]
- NASA reports evidence from the Curiosity rover on Mars of mineral hydration, likely hydrated calcium sulfate, in several rock samples, including the broken fragments of "Tintina" rock and "Sutton Inlier" rock as well as in the veins and nodules in other rocks like "Knorr" rock and "Wernicke" rock.[177] Analysis using the rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of 60 cm (2.0 ft).[177]
- Pluto may have up to 10 moons, along with at least one ring system, according to a new study.[178]
- 19 March
- The Neanderthal genome is sequenced by German scientists from a toe bone found in southern Siberia.[179]
- Scientists announce they can now illuminate up to 100 biomarkers, ten times more than the previous standard. This breakthrough may make it much easier to spot proteins in cancer cells – a vital diagnostic technique.[180]
- NASA reports that a software computer problem on the Curiosity Mars rover is now repaired.[177][181]
- Researchers at the University of Cambridge demonstrate a virtual "talking head" with realistic emotions, which could lead to more naturalistic human-computer interactions.[182]
- Swiss scientists develop a medical scanner that can be implanted just under the skin and can monitor a range of blood-related conditions, providing instant results via mobile phone. They say it will be available to patients by 2017.[183]
- 20 March – Gene therapy is used to cure leukaemia in three adult patients.[184]
- 21 March
- The European-led research team behind the Planck cosmology probe releases the mission's all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background.[185] The map suggests the universe is slightly older than thought; according to the team, the universe is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years old, and contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy.[186] Also, the Hubble constant was measured to be 67.80 ± 0.77 (km/s)/Mpc.[185][186]
- Scientists develop a video screen that allows users to see 3D images without using special glasses.[187]
- Scientists develop genetically engineered T-lymphocytes that have been proven successful in treating cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.[188]
- 22 March – At the 44th annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, scientists announce the discovery of the first known meteorite to originate from Mercury. The green rock, known as NWA 7325, is thought to be 4.56 billion years old.[189]
- 24 March
- Supplementation of the protein SNX27 reverses the Down syndrome phenotype in mice, according to new research.[190]
- Scientists discover mutations in 26 genes that are believed to be responsible for oesophageal cancer, a breakthrough that could lead to new drug treatments for the disease.[191]
- 27 March – A potential new weight loss method is discovered, after a 20% weight reduction was achieved in mice simply by having their gut microbes altered.[192]
- 28 March
- New research suggests that the cloth in the Turin Shroud, rather than being medieval in origin, likely dates from between 300 BC and 400 AD.[193]
- Stanford researchers announce the construction of a working transistor-like device, dubbed a transcriptor, out of DNA and RNA molecules.[194][195]
- NIH scientists report studies that life began 9.7±2.5 billion years ago, billions of years before the Earth was formed, based on "extrapolation of the genetic complexity of organisms to earlier times".[196][197]
- 29 March – Scientists create a robotic ant colony that behaves like a real one. The tiny machines can be programmed to avoid obstacles and find the quickest route through a network or maze.[198]
April
- 3 April
- A breakthrough is achieved in the production of hydrogen fuel, allowing large quantities to be extracted from any plant.[199]
- A new study suggests that common cholesterol-reducing drugs may also prevent macular degeneration.[200]
- NASA scientists report that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.[201][202] According to the scientists, "the first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays."[203]
- NASA states that complex organic chemicals could arise on Titan, a moon of Saturn, based on studies simulating the atmosphere of Titan.[204]
- 4 April
- The discovery of the most distant supernova yet found is announced.[205]
- Scientists construct a 3D printer which can create material very similar to human tissue.[206]
- A new species of giant tarantula, Poecilotheria rajaei, is formally described, having been discovered in Sri Lanka in 2009.[207]
- American scientists announce that they have identified a number of genetic markers that are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.[208]
- A new camera system is developed that can generate high-resolution 3D images from up to a kilometre away.[209]
- 7 April – A US startup company develops plant-derived proteins that can be used as a sustainable, environmentally friendly substitute for eggs in almost all food products.[210]
- 9 April
- At the 2013 Sea-Air-Space Exposition, American defense companies display prototypes of numerous advanced weapons technologies, including viable railguns, VTOL airships and grenade-sized reconnaissance robots.[211]
- British researchers discover that a mutation of the gene BRCA2 increases both the risk and severity of prostate cancer in men, as well as being linked to hereditary breast cancer in women.[212]
- Scientists state that climate change may cause a significant increase in air turbulence over the North Atlantic by 2050, potentially endangering passenger aircraft.[213]
- 10 April
- Stanford University researchers develop "CLARITY", a method of making brain tissue transparent using acrylamide, allowing brain structures to be studied in unprecedented detail without requiring extensive biopsies.[214]
- Scientists develop the first objective method of measuring pain by directly studying the brains of patients.[215]
- Scientists find that, by inhibiting the SEC24A gene, cholesterol levels in mice can be reduced by 45%, offering hope for an alternative or complementary therapy to statins.[216][217]
- 11 April
- International researchers discover key similarities in the brains of arthropods and vertebrates, potentially aiding scientific understanding of the causes of human neural diseases.[218]
- Philips demonstrates a new type of LED lighting that is reportedly twice as energy-efficient as any previous electric lightbulb.[219]
- A study finds that carefully timed sounds played during sleep can enhance memory.[220]
- NASA reports the possible finding of the "debris field" of the 1971 Soviet Mars 3 lander on the planet Mars. Images taken by the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter seem to show the possible remains of the parachute, retrorockets, heat shield and lander.[221]
- 12 April
- Animal trials are set to begin on a gene therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – a degenerative condition which counts Stephen Hawking among its sufferers.[222]
- Scientists reconstruct the skeleton of the ancient hominid Australopithecus sediba, discovering that it possessed a unique mixture of human- and ape-like traits.[223]
- The first building to be entirely powered by algae is constructed in Hamburg.[224]
- 15 April
- A functional lab-grown kidney is successfully transplanted into a live rat in Massachusetts General Hospital. This breakthrough is a major step forward for the nascent field of regenerative medicine.[225][226]
- The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment reports the possible discovery of traces of dark matter, although further experimental confirmation is required.[227]
- 16 April – American medical researchers develop a new type of bandage which uses microscopic needles to adhere to injured flesh. The bandage requires no adhesive chemicals, is significantly stronger than existing medical adhesives, and could offer a safer and more efficient means of securing skin grafts.[228]
- 17 April
- Scientists develop a new form of lithium-ion battery which is thousands of times more powerful than current battery technologies, while also charging much faster. The battery utilises a compact 3D design, intertwining its electrodes to maximize its surface area while reducing its volume.[229]
- MIT researchers determine the structure of bones down to the molecular level, using supercomputer simulations twinned with studies of real bone fibers. Their data grants new insights into the compounds that grant living bone its strength, and may permit the manufacture of versatile new biomimetic materials.[230]
- The genome of the coelacanth, an endangered deep-sea "living fossil", is sequenced.[231]
- 18 April – NASA announces the discovery of three new Earthlike exoplanets – Kepler-62e, Kepler-62f, and Kepler-69c – in the habitable zones of their respective host stars, Kepler-62 and Kepler-69. The new exoplanets, which are considered prime candidates for possessing liquid water and thus potentially life, were identified using the Kepler spacecraft.[232][233]
- 21 April
- The Antares rocket, a commercial launch vehicle developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation, successfully conducts its maiden flight.[234]
- A study concludes that stress leads to faster growth in squirrels.[235]
- 22 April
- Biologists use antibodies to transform bone marrow stem cells directly into healthy brain cells. This breakthrough may allow neurological injuries and illnesses to be more effectively treated, and reduces the risk of immune rejection.[236]
- University of Exeter scientists report the creation of a genetically modified strain of E. coli bacteria which can convert sugar into diesel fuel.[237]
- A British engineer unveils a giant "mantis" robot, large enough to carry a human pilot, which is supported by multiple hydraulic legs. The robot has reportedly attracted the interest of mining and marine research companies.[238]
- 24 April
- IBM develops a robot which combines telepresence and augmented reality technologies to assist engineers working on complex projects in remote areas.[239]
- CERN releases new particle-collision data from the Large Hadron Collider which may help explain why matter became dominant over antimatter in the early universe.[240]
- 25 April – A partial lunar eclipse occurs.[241]
- 26 April
- Following laboratory tests of molten iron, European scientists determine that the Earth's core has a temperature of 6,000 degrees Celsius, 1,000 degrees hotter than previously thought. This discovery may help explain why the planet has such a strong geomagnetic field.[242]
- US and Chinese scientists develop a sensor array which is as sensitive to touch and pressure as the human fingertip. The invention may pave the way for new robotic sensors, electronic interfaces and types of artificial skin.[243]
- 27 April – Design approval is given for a crucial reactor component of the ITER nuclear fusion project, which is currently under construction in Cadarache, France, and is expected to begin generating fusion power in 2022.[244]
- 29 April
- After years of unpowered glide tests, Scaled Composites' SpaceShipTwo hybrid spaceplane successfully conducts its first rocket-powered flight.[245]
- The ESA's Herschel Space Observatory runs out of liquid helium coolant, marking the end of its highly productive four-year mission to observe the far infrared universe.[246]
- NASA's Cassini spacecraft photographs an enormous hurricane on Saturn, more than 20 times the size of the average terrestrial hurricane.[247]
May
- 1 May
- IBM scientists release A Boy and His Atom, the smallest stop-motion animation ever created, made by manipulating individual carbon monoxide molecules with a scanning tunnelling microscope.[248]
- Researchers discover that boron nitride – a nanomaterial also known as "white graphene" – is highly effective at removing harmful chemicals from polluted water, and could be used to clean up future oil spills.[249]
- American engineers create a multi-lens digital camera that mimics an insect's compound eye, providing immense depth of field without distorting the image.[250]
- Nature Communications states the material is able to preferentially soak up organic adulterants such as industrial chemicals or engine oil.[251]
- 2 May – Harvard scientists unveil RoboBee, a robot with the smallest ever man-made wings capable of flight.[252]
- 3 May
- Scientists announce the discovery of a new meat-eating Theropod dinosaur, Aorun zhaoi, dating from 161 million years ago. It is the oldest Coelurosaur known to date.[253]
- Researchers cure Epilepsy in mice using transplanted brain cells.[254]
- 6 May
- It is shown that boosting a single gene increases the maximum lifespan of fruit flies by over 25 percent.[255]
- Researchers in Europe announce a potential cure for grey hair.[256]
- American Scientists transform skin cells into bone cells using induced pluripotent methods in which the cells were grown on scaffolding allowing them to gain a 3-D shape. This is the first time a fully functioning three-dimensional bone structure has been created.[257]
- A new study finds that children whose parents suck on their pacifiers have fewer allergies later in life.[258]
- Solar engineers have found a way to increase the efficiency of standard commercial silicon cells from 19% to 23%.[259]
- 7 May
- A new study suggests that all Europeans are related to a small group of ancestors dating back only 1,000 years.[260]
- Researchers discover statistical evidence for the proposed Eurasiatic language superfamily, dating back 15,000 years.[261]
- Scientists identify what may be the earliest known pachycephalosaur (bone-headed dinosaur), Acrotholus audeti.[262]
- Alzheimer's drug Gammagard fails to produce results in a large-scale clinical trial.[263]
- 8 May – Researchers have achieved a significant breakthrough in understanding genital herpes, which could lead to the development of a vaccine to prevent and treat HSV-2.[264]
- 9 May
- In a breakthrough they describe as "huge", researchers have identified a protein that reduces heart size and thickness in mice. This could potentially offer a way of treating heart failure and aging in humans.[265]
- A congressional hearing by two U. S. House of Representatives subcommittees discusses "Exoplanet Discoveries: Have We Found Other Earths?," prompted by the discovery of exoplanet Kepler-62f, along with Kepler-62e and Kepler-62c. A related special issue of the journal Science, published earlier, described the discovery of the exoplanets.[266]
- 10 May
- An annular solar eclipse occurred.
- The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth's atmosphere has reached a symbolic milestone, passing 400 ppm (parts per million) for the first time in human history.[267][268]
- Researchers have created a form of magnetic graphene that could transform the electronics industry.[269]
- 11 May – A thermal invisibility device has been created measuring 5 cm wide, able to "cloak" objects from heat.[270]
- 12 May – It is discovered that Utricularia gibba, a carnivorous bladderwort plant, has the shortest known DNA sequence of any multicellular plant. It largely lacks "junk DNA", sequences of code that do not encode proteins.[271]
- 13 May – Researchers at NYU school of Medicine identify a key protein mutation, called Ras, that is the mechanism through which pancreatic cancer cells acquire nutrients.[272]
- 14 May – Iranian scientists brought forth copper iodide nanostructures by applying pomegranate juice as a reducer.[273]
- 15 May
- Human embryonic stem cells are created by cloning for the first time, with major implications for treating a wide range of diseases.[274]
- NASA reports that a reaction wheel on the Kepler Space observatory may be malfunctioning and may result in the premature termination of its search for earth-like exoplanets.[275][276]
- Four genes implicated in "bad" cholesterol have been identified in baboons, a finding that could pave the way for new drugs to prevent heart disease.[277]
- New fossils provide physical evidence that the evolutionary split between apes and monkeys may have occurred "25 to 30 million years ago" as long suggested by DNA findings.[278]
- New evidence suggests that Mount Everest's glaciers are melting.[279]
- Scientists release pictures of what they believe the lost city of la Ciudad Blanca in La Mosquitia, Honduras.[280]
- A new study finds that the white blood cell levels in men decrease faster during aging than in women, possibly providing one clue as to why women have longer average lifespans.[281]
- Fish have been migrating to the poles for decades, due to climate change, according to a new study.[282]
- A team of Iranian researchers studied nanotechnology applications in neuroscience. The research reported new results dealing with medicine for brain and nerves, and also in the field of drug delivery to specific portions of the brain.[283]
- 16 May
- Water dating back 2.6 billion years, by far the oldest ever found, is discovered in a Canadian mine.[284]
- A study suggests that marijuana may improve blood sugar by decreasing insulin resistance.[285]
- Mild electric shock is shown to provide lasting improvement to mathematical ability.[286]
- A new world record has been achieved in wireless data transfer, with 40 Gbit/s at 240 GHz over a distance of one kilometer.[287]
- 21 May
- Genetic samples from a museum specimen have revealed the pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine. The strain is now thought to be extinct.[288]
- By blocking a protein known as NF-kB that is secreted by the hypothalamus, researchers have extended the lifespan of mice by 20 percent.[289]
- 22 May
- Plans have been approved for the world's biggest wave farm in north-west Scotland, with 40MW of power.[290]
- In a significant move to address climate change, China has announced that it will impose a cap on carbon emissions by 2016.[291]
- Researchers of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana report earth is thrusting the moon away more quickly rather than before it has done for most of the past 50 million years.[292]
- Researchers in France confirm that atypical activation of different genes distinct to other tissues occur in all kinds of cancer. Tumor cells in lung cancer, for example, express genes, which should be silent, particular to male sperm production. According to the researchers, "The methodical recognition of ectopic gene activations in cancer cells could serve as a basis for gene signature–guided tumor stratification...".[293][294]
- 23 May – Very early symptoms of Huntington's disease, such as depression and anxiety, are prevented in mice by switching off a protein according to a new study.[295]
- 25 May – A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs.[296]
- 26 May – Using new algorithms, researchers can now generate accurate images of sub-cellular structures in milliseconds rather than minutes.[297]
- 27 May
- Four hundred year old bryophyte specimens left behind by retreating glaciers in Canada are brought back to life in the laboratory.[298]
- Archaeologists announce the discovery of nearly 5,000 cave paintings that may have been made as early as "6,000 B.C." near Burgos, Mexico.[299]
- 29 May
- Aurornis xui is described as the most basal species of Avialae, potentially unseating Archaeopteryx as the oldest known bird.[300]
- Soyuz TMA-09M is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, transporting a three-person crew to the International Space Station.[301]
- Russian scientists announce the discovery of mammoth blood and well-preserved muscle tissue from an adult female specimen in Siberia.[302]
- The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer discovers 28 asteroid families through the Jupiter-Mars chief belt. They have also found a large number of formerly concealed and unclassified asteroids by infrared snapshots for the first time.[303]
- A team of chemists and physicists from Yokohama National University in Japan has generated a material that can be formed to mixed, conductive 3-D formations, enabling scientists to create customized brain electrodes.[304]
- For the first time, astronomers observe a spinning neutron star suddenly slowing down.[305]
- 30 May
- New analysis suggests that turtles evolved a shell 40 million years earlier than previously thought.[306]
- Stanford University researchers unveil a zinc-air battery that is more energy-dense and cheaper than lithium-ion counterparts.[307]
- Researchers have made the first-ever high-resolution images of a molecule as it breaks and reforms chemical bonds.[308]
- Scottish scientists have created artificial human blood. Bio-medical researchers of SCRM in Edinburgh synthesized human blood by stem cells.[309]
- Researchers at Nanyang Technological University have invented a graphene sensor that is 1,000 times more sensitive to light than traditional CMOS or CCD sensors.[310]
- Within a century, climate change will threaten extinction for 82 percent of California native fish, according to researchers at UC Davis.[311]
- 31 May
- NASA scientists report a possible manned mission to Mars may involve a great radiation risk based on the amount of energetic particle radiation detected by the RAD on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the Earth to Mars in 2011-2012.[312][313][314]
- NASA astronomers report that an asteroid is passing near the Earth. This near-Earth asteroid 1998 QE2 is 3.6 million miles away. 1998 QE2 is associated with its own moon which spins around it as the asteroid moves along its orbit.[315]
- A Taiwanese computer company has presented its modern large ultra high definition monitor, with 31.5 inches in measurement.[316][317]
- Meteoritics and Planetary Science report that ancient Egyptians would make jewellery by meteorite. Researchers analyzed pieces of jewellery which were discovered in a cemetery dating back to roughly 3,300 BC at 70 kilometers south of Cairo in 1911.[318]
- Researchers in University of Birmingham have developed a modern device patterning species of fly (Ormia ochracea) hearing system. The new technical hearing aid is more effective than others.[319]
June
- 1 June – The New York Times reports that "the United States is far and away the world leader in medical spending, even though numerous studies have concluded that Americans do not get better care."[320]
- 4 June
- A new treatment to "reset" the immune system of multiple sclerosis patients has reduced their reactivity to myelin by 50 to 75 percent.[321]
- Researchers describe the recently rediscovered Hula painted frog, long thought to be extinct, as a "living fossil".[322]
- A newly discovered prehistoric lizard, Barbaturex morrisoni, is named after Doors singer Jim Morrison who called himself "The Lizard King".[323]
- Chip maker Intel has launched its Haswell series of processors, offering better graphics and battery power over the previous generation.[324]
- 5 June
- Urban environments have a profound effect on the circadian rhythms of humans and animals, according to a new study.[325]
- Scientists report fossil remains of Archicebus achilles, a primate considered to be the "earliest well-preserved fossil primate ever found," dating back an estimated 55 million years.[326][327]
- Researchers made a new discovery about tumors in Homos. They report the finding of the first known tumor in the rib of a Neanderthal man who lived more than 120,000 years ago.[328]
- 6 June
- For the first time in the United States, a bioengineered blood vessel is transplanted into the arm of a man with end-stage kidney disease.[329]
- Scientists state that most male birds have no penis. They hide and save sperm out of an exit opening named a cloaca, which is also used for getting rid of urine and feces.[330][331]
- Scientists at the IAA-CSIC report the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn.[332]
- 7 June – Breast milk boosts brain development by 30%, as compared to formula-fed babies, according to a new study.[333]
- 10 June
- Scientists report that the earlier claims of an Earth-like exoplanet orbiting Alpha Centauri B, a star close to our Solar System, may not be supported.[334][335]
- A new skyscraper elevator has been designed to reach heights of 1,000m or higher in a single trip, without passengers needing to change lifts.[336][337]
- 11 June – Scientists at The University of Nottingham have discovered a previously undetected layer in the cornea, dubbed Dua's layer.[338]
- 12 June
- A new study suggests that altitude plays a role language evolution, explaining why ejective sounds are more popular in languages of high-altitude regions.[339]
- Taking the AIDS drug tenofovir greatly reduces the risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users, according to a new study.[340]
- Scientists has apparently dared the laws of physics and detect a modern method to use pressure to create a material expand instead of compress/contract. They believe materials are tend to get heavier and more firmed in the condition of pressure. Researchers have seen the right opposite. The pressure-treated material has half the density of the first state. This is opposed to the laws of physics.[341]
Predicted and scheduled events
June
- China will launch its Shenzhou 10 manned spacecraft to rendezvous with the Tiangong-1 orbital module.[342]
September
- 19 September – The European Space Agency's Gaia space telescope will be launched.[343]
October
- 5 - 9 October – Iran's 6th Nanotechnology Festival and Exhibition will celebrate.[344]
- 18 October – A penumbral lunar eclipse will occur.
November
- 3 November – A total solar eclipse will occur.
- 18 November - The MAVEN spacecraft, part of NASA's Mars Scout Program, is set to launch.[343][345]
- India will launch its first Mars probe, Mangalyaan.[346]
- The comet C/2012 S1 will become visible to the naked eye in late October or early November 2013.[347]
Date unknown
- China will attempt its first unmanned Moon landing, with the Chang'e 3 lunar rover mission.[348]
- China's Tiangong-2 space station module is set to be launched in 2013.[349]
- The first commercially licensed, grid-connected wave-energy device in the US, designed by Ocean Power Technologies, will be launched in Reedsport, Oregon.[350][351]
- The United States government will sell off the first large coastal sites for the development of offshore wind farms.[352]
- A British energy firm plans to begin constructing Africa's largest photovoltaic power station, a 155-megawatt installation, in Ghana.[353]
- The first Maersk Triple E-class container ships, the largest and most efficient cargo vessels yet constructed, will be delivered.[354]
- Major carmakers, including Toyota and Chrysler, will launch cars featuring built-in wireless charging for mobile devices.[355]
Prizes
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
- 2013 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences: Cornelia I. Bargmann, David Botstein, Lewis C. Cantley, Hans Clevers, Titia de Lange, Napoleone Ferrara, Eric S. Lander, Charles L. Sawyers, Robert A. Weinberg, Shinya Yamanaka and Bert Vogelstein
- UNESCO introduced winners of Young Scientist Awards and Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management. Winners listed as Julio Blas Garcia (Spain), Angela Camargo (Mexico), Bilal Habib (India), Hilaire Kouakou (Côte d’Ivoire), Atieh Kazemi Mojarad (Iran), and Claudia Munera (Nicaragua).[356][357]
Deaths
January
- 6 January – Paul Grundy, Australian structural engineer (b. 1935).[358]
- 8 January – Percy White, British chemist and nuclear scientist, contributor to Britain's first nuclear bomb (b. 1916).[359]
- 9 January – Brigitte Askonas, British immunologist (b. 1923).[360]
- 14 January – Andreas Raab, German computer scientist (b. 1968).[361]
- 18 January – Jim Horning, American computer scientist (b. 1942).[362]
- 19 January – Basil Hirschowitz, South African-American gastroenterologist (b. 1925).[363]
- 21 January
- Donald Hornig, American Manhattan Project chemist and explosives expert (b. 1920).[364]
- Ahmet Mete Işıkara, Turkish geophysicist (b. 1941).[365]
- 28 January – Xu Liangying, Chinese physicist (b. 1920).[366]
February
- 8 February – Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist and nutritionist (b. 1918).[367]
- 12 February – Reginald Turnill, British BBC science and spaceflight correspondent (b. 1915).[368]
- 18 February – Jerry Buss, American chemist and businessman (b. 1933).[369]
- 19 February – Robert Coleman Richardson, American physicist, joint winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1937).[370]
- 20 February – David S. McKay, American astrobiologist (b. 1936).[371]
- 25 February – C. Everett Koop, American surgeon and public health official (b. 1916).[372]
- 28 February – Donald A. Glaser, American physicist, winner of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1926).[373]
March
- 4 March – Hobart Muir Smith, American herpetologist (b. 1912).[374]
- 10 March – Ian Munro Ross, British-born American electrical engineer and transistor pioneer (b. 1927).[375]
- 15 March – Kallam Anji Reddy, Indian chemical engineer and pharmaceutical entrepreneur (b. 1940).[376]
- 16 March – Jamal Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi physicist and cosmologist (b. 1939).[377]
- 21 March – Cornelis H. A. Koster, Dutch computer scientist (b. 1943).
- 24 March
- Mary Gillham, British naturalist (b. 1921).[378]
- Gury Marchuk, Russian physicist and mathematician (b. 1925).[379]
- 27 March – Yvonne Brill, Canadian rocket scientist (b. 1924).[380]
- 28 March
- George E. P. Box, British-born American statistician (b. 1919).[381]
- John Findlater, Scottish meteorologist (b. 1926).[382]
April
- 8 April – Frank Panton, British military scientist and bomb disposal expert (b. 1923).[383]
- 10 April – Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards, British physiologist and pioneer in in-vitro fertilisation, winner of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1925).[384]
- 15 April – Benjamin Fain, Ukrainian-born Israeli physicist and dissident (b. 1930).[385]
- 19 April – François Jacob, French biologist, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1920).[386]
- 21 April – Shakuntala Devi, Indian mathematician (b. 1929).[387]
- 22 April – Struther Arnott, Scottish molecular biologist and chemist (b. 1934).[388]
- 28 April – John C. Reynolds, American computer scientist (b. 1935).[389]
May
- 16 May - Heinrich Rohrer Swiss physicist and nanotechnologist.[390]
See also
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