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Romania has experienced growth in [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] with a cumulative FDI totaling more than $170 billion since 1989.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html#Econ|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>
Romania has experienced growth in [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] with a cumulative FDI totaling more than $170 billion since 1989.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html#Econ|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>


Up until the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|late 2000s financial crisis]], the Romanian economy had been referred to as a "[[Tiger Economy|Tiger]]" due to its high growth rates and rapid development.<ref>http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Universities/EUs-tiger-economy-is-tapped-by-university.htm</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 Adevarul<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Up until the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|late 2000s financial crisis]], the Romanian economy had been referred to as a "[[Tiger Economy|Tiger]]" due to its high growth rates and rapid development.<ref>http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Universities/EUs-tiger-economy-is-tapped-by-university.htm</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 Adevarul<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{wayback|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/romania-tigrul-estului/354061 |date=20080920000000 |df=y }}</ref>


Until 2009, Romanian economic growth was among the fastest in Europe (officially 8.4% in 2008 and more than three times the EU average).<ref>http://www.zf.ro/articol_172008/romania_se_indreapta_spre_o_crestere_economica_chinezeasca.html PIB-ul a crescut cu 7.5% in T1, iar anul agricol bun ar putea duce cresterea la peste 8%.</ref><ref>http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10691/ The 8.2 percent growth in Romania’s economy in the first three months of 2008 was more than three times higher than the EU average</ref> The country is a regional leader in multiple fields, such as [[Information technology|IT]] and [[list of countries by motor vehicle production|motor vehicle production]].<ref>http://www.globalservicesmedia.com/Destinations/Africa-and-Middle-East/A-Glance-Inside-Bucharest,-Dubai,-Cape-Town-andGlasgow/25/23/10342/GS101221709071</ref><ref>[http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/statistic-definitions.pdf Statistic definitions]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimelestiri.com/bcr--romania-poate-adopta-euro-in-2014-23904.html|title=BCR: Romania poate adopta euro in 2014 23904|publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref> [[Bucharest]], the capital city, is one of the largest financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe.
Until 2009, Romanian economic growth was among the fastest in Europe (officially 8.4% in 2008 and more than three times the EU average).<ref>http://www.zf.ro/articol_172008/romania_se_indreapta_spre_o_crestere_economica_chinezeasca.html PIB-ul a crescut cu 7.5% in T1, iar anul agricol bun ar putea duce cresterea la peste 8%.</ref><ref>http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10691/ The 8.2 percent growth in Romania’s economy in the first three months of 2008 was more than three times higher than the EU average</ref> The country is a regional leader in multiple fields, such as [[Information technology|IT]] and [[list of countries by motor vehicle production|motor vehicle production]].<ref>http://www.globalservicesmedia.com/Destinations/Africa-and-Middle-East/A-Glance-Inside-Bucharest,-Dubai,-Cape-Town-andGlasgow/25/23/10342/GS101221709071</ref><ref>[http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/statistic-definitions.pdf Statistic definitions]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimelestiri.com/bcr--romania-poate-adopta-euro-in-2014-23904.html|title=BCR: Romania poate adopta euro in 2014 23904|publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref> [[Bucharest]], the capital city, is one of the largest financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe.
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For domestic heating/cooking a large number (48%)of rural and small-town households use directly burned solid fuel (almost exclusively domestically produced wood) as the main energy source. http://www.cleancookstoves.org/countries/middle-east-and-europe/romania.html
For domestic heating/cooking a large number (48%)of rural and small-town households use directly burned solid fuel (almost exclusively domestically produced wood) as the main energy source. http://www.cleancookstoves.org/countries/middle-east-and-europe/romania.html


Wind power had an installed capacity of 76 MW in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.ro/articol_87410_12/avalansa_portugheza__martifer_pregateste_o_achizitie_de_7_mil__euro_pe_eolian_si_un_parc_propriu__edp_primeste_deja_turbinele.html|title=Avalansa portugheza: Martifer pregateste o achizitie de 7 mil. euro pe eolian si un parc propriu, EDP primeste deja turbinele|date=1 April 2009|publisher=Business Standard|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref> and the country has the largest wind power potential in Southeast Europe, with [[Dobruja]] listed as the second best place in Europe to construct [[wind farms]].<ref name="Dobrogea">{{cite web|url=http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/838511/Dobrogea-pe-locul-doi-in-Europa-ca-potential-eolian/|title=Dobrogea, pe locul doi în Europa ca potenţial eolian|date=5 February 2009|work=Dobrogea, pe locul doi în Europa ca potenţial eolian|publisher=Evenimentul Zilei|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> As a result, there are currently investor connection requests for over 12,000 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.ro/articol_79546_12/potential_de_investitii_in_eolian_de_peste_4_mld__euro.html|title=Potential de investitii in eolian de peste 4 mld. euro|date=5 February 2009|work=Potential de investitii in eolian de peste 4 mld. euro|publisher=Business Standard|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> There are also plans to build a number of [[Photovoltaic power station|solar power stations]], such as the [[Covaci Solar Park]], which will be one of the largest in the world.<ref name="CJ Timis">{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.ro/articol_96102_12/cj_timis_vrea_sa_construiasca_un_parc_cu_panouri_solare__pe_o_suprafata_de_60_de_hectare.html|title=CJ Timis vrea sa construiasca un parc cu panouri solare, pe o suprafata de 60 de hectare|date=27 May 2009|publisher=Business Standard|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.administratie.ro/articol.php?id=29056|title=Portalul national de Administratie Publica|publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>
Wind power had an installed capacity of 76 MW in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.ro/articol_87410_12/avalansa_portugheza__martifer_pregateste_o_achizitie_de_7_mil__euro_pe_eolian_si_un_parc_propriu__edp_primeste_deja_turbinele.html|title=Avalansa portugheza: Martifer pregateste o achizitie de 7 mil. euro pe eolian si un parc propriu, EDP primeste deja turbinele|date=1 April 2009|publisher=Business Standard|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref> and the country has the largest wind power potential in Southeast Europe, with [[Dobruja]] listed as the second best place in Europe to construct [[wind farms]].<ref name="Dobrogea">{{cite web|url=http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/838511/Dobrogea-pe-locul-doi-in-Europa-ca-potential-eolian/|title=Dobrogea, pe locul doi în Europa ca potenţial eolian|date=5 February 2009|work=Dobrogea, pe locul doi în Europa ca potenţial eolian|publisher=Evenimentul Zilei|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> As a result, there are currently investor connection requests for over 12,000 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.ro/articol_79546_12/potential_de_investitii_in_eolian_de_peste_4_mld__euro.html|title=Potential de investitii in eolian de peste 4 mld. euro|date=5 February 2009|work=Potential de investitii in eolian de peste 4 mld. euro|publisher=Business Standard|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> There are also plans to build a number of [[Photovoltaic power station|solar power stations]], such as the [[Covaci Solar Park]], which will be one of the largest in the world.<ref name="CJ Timis">{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.ro/articol_96102_12/cj_timis_vrea_sa_construiasca_un_parc_cu_panouri_solare__pe_o_suprafata_de_60_de_hectare.html |title=CJ Timis vrea sa construiasca un parc cu panouri solare, pe o suprafata de 60 de hectare |date=27 May 2009 |publisher=Business Standard |language=Romanian |accessdate=2009-05-27 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.administratie.ro/articol.php?id=29056|title=Portalul national de Administratie Publica|publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>


Of the electricity generated in 2007, 13.1 percent came from nuclear plants then in operation, 41.69 percent from thermal plants (oil and coal), and 25.8 percent from hydroelectric sites.<ref>[http://www.electrica.ro/files/eticheta%202007.pdf Report from state power company]</ref>
Of the electricity generated in 2007, 13.1 percent came from nuclear plants then in operation, 41.69 percent from thermal plants (oil and coal), and 25.8 percent from hydroelectric sites.<ref>[http://www.electrica.ro/files/eticheta%202007.pdf Report from state power company]</ref>
Line 339: Line 339:


==Miscellaneous data==
==Miscellaneous data==
'''Households with access to fixed and mobile telephone access'''<ref name="ceeitandtelecom.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ceeitandtelecom.com/CEE_ICT_data.shtml|title=IT and telecommunications in Central and Eastern Europe |publisher=|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>
'''Households with access to fixed and mobile telephone access'''<ref name="ceeitandtelecom.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ceeitandtelecom.com/CEE_ICT_data.shtml |title=IT and telecommunications in Central and Eastern Europe |publisher= |accessdate=16 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011091725/http://www.ceeitandtelecom.com/CEE_ICT_data.shtml |archivedate=11 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* ''landline telephone'' – 46% (2009)
* ''landline telephone'' – 46% (2009)
* ''mobile telephone'' – 72% (2009)
* ''mobile telephone'' – 72% (2009)

Revision as of 20:29, 19 December 2016

Economy of Romania
Bucharest, Romania
CurrencyLeu (Leu or RON)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
European Union, WTO
Statistics
GDPIncrease $199.04 billion (nominal, 2014)[1] Increase $392.8 billion (PPP, 2014)[2]
GDP rank45th (PPP, 2014)
GDP growth
Increase 5% (2016)[3]
GDP per capita
Increase $21,403 (PPP; 2016) [4]
GDP by sector
agriculture: 11.8%; industry: 36.1; services: 52.1% (2015 est.)
Decrease 1.1% [5]
Population below poverty line
22.4% (2013 est.)[6]
34 (2014)[7]
Labour force
9.266 million (2015 est.)[5]
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: 27.9%; industry: 28.2%; services: 43.9% (2013)
UnemploymentPositive decrease6.3% (2015 est.)[5]
Average gross salary
2,930 RON / 740 $, monthly (December 2015)[8]
473 € / 533 $, monthly (December 2015)[8]
Main industries
electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining
External
ExportsDecrease $56.87 billion (2015 est.)
Export goods
machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels
Main export partners
 Germany 19.6%
 Italy 10.9%
 France 6.9%
 Hungary 5.2%
 Turkey 4.6%
 United Kingdom 4.2% (2014 est.)[9]
ImportsPositive decrease $64.07 billion (2015 est.)
Import goods
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, textile and products, agricultural products
Main import partners
 Germany 19.2%
 Italy 10.9%
 Hungary 7.9%
 France 5.7%
 Poland 4.7% (2014 est.)[10]
FDI stock
Increase $74.49 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Positive decrease€89.011 billion (31 March 2016)[11]
Public finances
Negative increase 39.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
Revenues$55.84 billion (2015 est.)
Expenses$59.92 billion (2015 est.)
DecreaseUS$42.96 billion (31 December 2014)
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


Romania has a developing, upper-middle income market economy, the 17th largest in the European Union by total nominal GDP and the 13th largest based on purchasing power parity.[15] After consistent growth during its Communist period, the post-Communist period triggered catastrophic downturns, requiring reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s. These, combined with its 2007 accession to the European Union finally allowed growth to compensate for and slightly exceed Communist-era peaks.

Romania has experienced growth in foreign investment with a cumulative FDI totaling more than $170 billion since 1989.[16]

Up until the late 2000s financial crisis, the Romanian economy had been referred to as a "Tiger" due to its high growth rates and rapid development.[17][18]

Until 2009, Romanian economic growth was among the fastest in Europe (officially 8.4% in 2008 and more than three times the EU average).[19][20] The country is a regional leader in multiple fields, such as IT and motor vehicle production.[21][22][23] Bucharest, the capital city, is one of the largest financial and industrial centres in Eastern Europe.

History

Before World War II

The GDP of Romania between 1870 and 2008 in 1990 International dollars.

After World War I, the application of radical agricultural reforms and the passing of a new constitution created a democratic framework and allowed for quick economic growth (industrial production doubled between 1923–1938, despite the effects of the Great Depression). With oil production of 7.2 million tons in 1937, Romania ranked second in Europe and seventh in the world.[24] The oil extracted from Romania was essential for the German war campaigns.[25]

Before World War II, Romania was Europe's second-largest food producer.[26]

Economy during 1944–1989

After the Second World War, Romania became a member of the Eastern Bloc, and switched to a socialist-style command economy. During this period the country experienced rapid industrialization in an attempt to create a "multilaterally developed socialist society". Economic growth was further fueled by foreign credits in the 1970s, but this eventually led to a growing foreign debt, which peaked at $11–12 billion.[27]

Romania's debt was largely paid off during the 1980s by implementing severe austerity measures which deprived Romanians of basic consumer goods. In 1989, before the Romanian Revolution, Romania had a GDP of about 800 billion lei, or $53.6 billion.[28] Around 58% of the country's gross national income came from industry, and another 15% came from agriculture.[28] The minimum wage was 2,000 lei, or $135.[28]

Free market transition

Romania's GDP drop during the 1990s.

Privatization of industry was pursued with the 1992 transfer of 30% of the shares of some 6,000 state-owned enterprises to five private ownership funds, in which each adult citizen received certificates of ownership. The remaining 70% ownership of the enterprises was transferred to a state ownership fund, with a mandate to sell off its shares at the rate of at least 10% per year. The privatization law also called for direct sale of some 30 specially selected enterprises and the sale of "assets" (i.e., commercially viable component units) of larger enterprises.

As of 2008, inflation stood at 7.8%, up from 4.8% in 2007[5] estimated by the BNR at coming within 6% for the year 2006 (the year-on-year CPI, published in March 2007, is 3.66%). Also, since 2001, the economy has grown steadily at around 6–8%. Therefore, the PPP per capita GDP of Romania in 2008 was estimated to be between $12,200[29] and $14,064.[30]

Financial and technical assistance continued to flow in from the U.S., European Union, other industrial nations, and international financial institutions facilitating Romania's reintegration into the world economy. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (IBRD), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) all had programs and resident representatives in Romania. Romania also attracted foreign direct investment, which in 2008 rose to $72 billion.[5]

Romania was the largest U.S. trading partner in Central-Eastern Europe until Ceauşescu's 1988 renunciation of Most Favored Nation (non-discriminatory) trading status, the latter of which resulted in high U.S. tariffs on Romanian products. Congress approved restoration of the MFN status effective 8 November 1993, as part of a new bilateral trade agreement. Tariffs on most Romanian products dropped to zero in February 1994 with the inclusion of Romania in the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Major Romanian exports to the U.S. include shoes and clothing, steel, and chemicals.

Romania signed an Association Agreement with the EU in 1992 and a free trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1993, codifying Romania's access to European markets and creating the basic framework for further economic integration. At the Helsinki Summit in December 1999, the European Union invited Romania to formally begin accession negotiations. In 2002, the target date of 2007 was set for Romania, along with Bulgaria, for its accession efforts. This was confirmed in 2003 at the Thessaloniki Summit and then in early 2005 Romania and Bulgaria signed the adherence treaty to EU. They formally joined the EU on 1 January 2007.

During the latter part of the Ceauşescu period, Romania earned significant credits from several Arab countries, notably Iraq, for work related to the oil industry. In August 2005, Romania agreed to forgive 43% of the US$1.7 billion debt owed by an Iraq still largely occupied by the military forces of the U.S.-led "Coalition of the Willing", making Romania the first country outside of the Paris Club of wealthy creditor nations to forgive Iraqi debts.[31]

Growth in 2000–07 was supported by exports to the EU, primarily to Italy and Germany, and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic investment. Domestic demand is playing an ever more important role in underpinning growth as interest rates drop and the availability of credit cards and mortgages increases. Current account deficits of around 2% of GDP are beginning to decline[citation needed] as demand for Romanian products in the European Union increases. Recent accession to the EU gives further impetus and direction to structural reform.

In early 2004 the government passed increases in the value-added tax (VAT) and tightened eligibility for social benefits with the intention to bring the public finance gap down to 4% of GDP by 2006, but more difficult pension and healthcare reforms will have to wait until after the next elections. Privatization of the state-owned bank Banca Comercială Română took place in 2005. Intensified restructuring among large enterprises, improvements in the financial sector, and effective use of available EU funds is expected to accelerate economic growth. However, the Romanian economy was affected by the financial crisis of 2007–08 and contracted in 2009.[32]

EU membership (2007)

Main article: Romania and the euro
Eurozone participation
European Union member states
(special territories not shown)
  20 in the eurozone
  1 in ERM II, without an opt-out (Bulgaria)
  1 in ERM II, with an opt-out (Denmark)
  5 not in ERM II, but obliged to join the eurozone on meeting the convergence criteria (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Sweden)
Non–EU member states
  4 using the euro with a monetary agreement (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City)
  2 using the euro unilaterally (Kosovo and Montenegro)

On 1 January 2007 Romania entered the EU. This led to some immediate international trade liberalization, but there was no shock to the economy.[citation needed] The government is running annual surpluses of above 2%.[citation needed]

This is to be contrasted with enormous current account deficits. Low interest rates guarantee availability of funds for investment and consumption. For example, a boom in the real estate market started around 2000 and has not subsided yet. At the same time annual inflation in the economy is variable and during the mid-2000s (2003–2008) has seen a low of 2.3% and high of 7.8%.

Most importantly, this poses a threat to the country's accession to the Eurozone. The Romanian government initially planned for the euro to replace the leu in 2012.[citation needed] From a political point of view, there is a trade-off between Romania's economic growth and the stability required for early accession to the monetary union.[clarification needed] Romania's per-capita PPP GDP is still only about a 40% of the EU average, while the country's nominal GDP per capita is about 25% of the EU average.

In the winter of 2004 the government introduced a flat tax of 16% that was introduced on 1 January 2005. This is done in hope for higher GDP growth and greater tax collection rates. The reform, which some called a "revolution" in taxation, was met with mild discussions and some protests by affected working classes. Romania subsequently enjoyed the lowest fiscal burden in the European Union, until Bulgaria also switched to a flat tax of 10% in 2007.

The accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union has given the Union access to the Black Sea.

2009 IMF loan

Main article: Romania-IMF relations

At the end of March 2009 Romania signed a deal for 20 billion Euro in loan: 12.95 Billion Euro will come from the IMF; 5 Billion Euro will come from the European Union; 1.5 Billion – from the World Bank and about 1 Billion – from other international financial institutions. The interest paid by Romania will be 3.5% per year. In return for the loan, Romanian has committed to severe cuts in public spending and wages.[33] One year later, the government cut civil servants' wages by 25%, while thousands of state jobs were axed and VAT was increased from 19% to 24%.[34]

The economy

Romania's GDP per capita per county in 2013.
Romania's net salary per county in 2016.

In the Romanian press the economy has been referred to as the "Tiger of the East" during the 2000s.[18] Romania is a country of considerable economic potential: over 10 million hectares of agricultural land, diverse energy sources (coal, oil, natural gas, hydro, nuclear and wind), a substantial, if aging, manufacturing base and opportunities for expanded development in tourism on the Black Sea and in the mountains.

National budget

The planned national budget for 2015 is 225 billion lei ($63 billion),[35] with an estimated budget deficit to GDP of 1.8.

Economic growth

GDP growth reached 8.3% in 2006 according to the statistical office of the Romania (the year-to-year growth amounted to unexpected 9.8% in the 3rd quarter of 2006 and stayed high at 9.5% year-to-year change in the 4th quarter of 2006), and 8.0% in 2007. Table showing selected PPP GDPs and growth – 2007 to 2018 estimations, as of April 2015:[36]

Year GDP
in billions of USD PPP 		% GDP Growth
2007 326.324 +6.317
2008 360.870 +7.349
2009 337.915 −6.576
2010 339.312 −1.149
2011 349.975 +2.158
2012 358.542 +0.689
2013 376.219 +3.5
2014 392.773 +2.4
2015 406.964 +3.7
2016 (est.) 425.039 +5.4
2017 (est.) 448.449 +6.5
2018 (est.) 474.120 +7.4
2019 (est.) 508.524 +7.2
2020 (est.) 545.247 +7.4
2021 (est.) 589.443 +8.1

Growing middle class

Romania has growing middle and upper classes with relatively high per capita incomes. World Bank estimated that in 2002 99% of the urban and 94% of the rural population had access to electricity. In 2004, 91% of the urban and only 16% of the rural population had access to improved water supply and 94% of the urban population had access to improved sanitation.[37] In 2007 there were about 19.5 million mobile phone users in Romania[38][39] and about 7 million[40] internet users.

The net average monthly wage was 1,617 lei (€387) in March 2013.[41] The net average monthly wage was 1,192 lei (roughly 380 USD) in March 2008,[42] rose to 1,352 lei (430 USD) in 2009[43] and 1,918 lei (463 USD) in November 2015.[44] The income from salaries in Romania had the highest growth rate in the region during 2006.[45]

The neighbors

Countries tend to benefit from sharing borders with developed markets as this facilitates trade and development. Below is a table of Romania's neighboring countries, their GDP per capita, and trade values between the pairs. In 2010, as little as 10.94pc of Romanian exports went to its neighbors; while 14.06pc of imports came from these five countries. For comparison, Germany alone accounted for 16.83pc of Romania's exports and 15.91pc of its imports.[46][47]

Country GDP per capita,
PPP (current international $) 2015[48] 		Difference
in GDP PPP (%) 		Exports to
US billions (2010)[46] 		Percentage
of total exports[46] 		Imports from
US billions (2010)[47] 		Percentage
of total imports[47]
Hungary 25,582 19.5 1.984 4.04 5.113 8.47
Romania 21,403
Bulgaria 17,512 -18.2 1.770 3.60 1.890 3.13
Serbia 13,481 -37.0 0.473 0.96 0.536 0.89
Ukraine 7,915 -63.0 0.711 1.45 0.725 1.20
Moldova 5,038 -76.5 0.438 0.89 0.223 0.37

Currency

Main articles: Romanian leu and Romania and the euro
One new leu bank-note

The leu (pronounced [ˈlew]), plural: lei ([ˈlej]); ISO 4217 code RON; numeric code 946) is the currency of Romania. It is subdivided into 100 bani (singular: ban). On 1 July 2005, Romania underwent a currency reform, switching from the previous leu (ROL) to a new leu (RON). 1 RON is equal to 10,000 ROL. Romania joined the European Union on 1 January 2007 and initially hoped to adopt the euro in 2014,[49] but with the deepening of the Euro crisis and with its own problems, such as a low workforce productivity, postponed its adoption plans indefinitely.[50]

The fulfillment of the Maastricht criteria

Romania, as a member state of the European Union, is required to adopt the common European currency, the Euro. For this reason Romania must fulfil the 5 Maastricht criteria, of which it meets 3 as of June 2016.


Convergence criteria
Assessment month Country HICP inflation rate[51][nb 1] Excessive deficit procedure[52] Exchange rate Long-term interest rate[53][nb 2] Compatibility of legislation
Budget deficit to GDP[54] Debt-to-GDP ratio[55] ERM II member[56] Change in rate[57][58][nb 3]
2012 ECB Report[nb 4] Reference values Max. 3.1%[nb 5]
(as of 31 Mar 2012) 		None open (as of 31 March 2012) Min. 2 years
(as of 31 Mar 2012) 		Max. ±15%[nb 6]
(for 2011) 		Max. 5.80%[nb 7]
(as of 31 Mar 2012) 		Yes[59][60]
(as of 31 Mar 2012)
Max. 3.0%
(Fiscal year 2011)[61] 		Max. 60%
(Fiscal year 2011)[61]
Romania Romania 4.6% Open No -0.6% 7.25% No
5.2% 33.3%
2013 ECB Report[nb 8] Reference values Max. 2.7%[nb 9]
(as of 30 Apr 2013) 		None open (as of 30 Apr 2013) Min. 2 years
(as of 30 Apr 2013) 		Max. ±15%[nb 6]
(for 2012) 		Max. 5.5%[nb 9]
(as of 30 Apr 2013) 		Yes[62][63]
(as of 30 Apr 2013)
Max. 3.0%
(Fiscal year 2012)[64] 		Max. 60%
(Fiscal year 2012)[64]
Romania Romania 4.1% Open (Closed in June 2013) No -5.2% 6.36% Un­known
2.9% 37.8%
2014 ECB Report[nb 10] Reference values Max. 1.7%[nb 11]
(as of 30 Apr 2014) 		None open (as of 30 Apr 2014) Min. 2 years
(as of 30 Apr 2014) 		Max. ±15%[nb 6]
(for 2013) 		Max. 6.2%[nb 12]
(as of 30 Apr 2014) 		Yes[65][66]
(as of 30 Apr 2014)
Max. 3.0%
(Fiscal year 2013)[67] 		Max. 60%
(Fiscal year 2013)[67]
Romania Romania 2.1% None No 0.9% 5.26% No
2.3% 38.4%
2016 ECB Report[nb 13] Reference values Max. 0.7%[nb 14]
(as of 30 Apr 2016) 		None open (as of 18 May 2016) Min. 2 years
(as of 18 May 2016) 		Max. ±15%[nb 6]
(for 2015) 		Max. 4.0%[nb 15]
(as of 30 Apr 2016) 		Yes[68][69]
(as of 18 May 2016)
Max. 3.0%
(Fiscal year 2015)[70] 		Max. 60%
(Fiscal year 2015)[70]
Romania Romania -1.3% None No 0.0% 3.6% No
0.7% 38.4%
  Criterion fulfilled
  Criterion potentially fulfilled: If the budget deficit exceeds the 3% limit, but is "close" to this value (the European Commission has deemed 3.5% to be close by in the past),[71] then the criteria can still potentially be fulfilled if either the deficits in the previous two years are significantly declining towards the 3% limit, or if the excessive deficit is the result of exceptional circumstances which are temporary in nature (i.e. one-off expenditures triggered by a significant economic downturn, or by the implementation of economic reforms that are expected to deliver a significant positive impact on the government's future fiscal budgets). However, even if such "special circumstances" are found to exist, additional criteria must also be met to comply with the fiscal budget criterion.[72][73] Additionally, if the debt-to-GDP ratio exceeds 60% but is "sufficiently diminishing and approaching the reference value at a satisfactory pace" it can be deemed to be in compliance.[73]
  Criterion not fulfilled
Notes
  1. ^ The rate of increase of the 12-month average HICP over the prior 12-month average must be no more than 1.5% larger than the unweighted arithmetic average of the similar HICP inflation rates in the 3 EU member states with the lowest HICP inflation. If any of these 3 states have a HICP rate significantly below the similarly averaged HICP rate for the eurozone (which according to ECB practice means more than 2% below), and if this low HICP rate has been primarily caused by exceptional circumstances (i.e. severe wage cuts or a strong recession), then such a state is not included in the calculation of the reference value and is replaced by the EU state with the fourth lowest HICP rate.
  2. ^ The arithmetic average of the annual yield of 10-year government bonds as of the end of the past 12 months must be no more than 2.0% larger than the unweighted arithmetic average of the bond yields in the 3 EU member states with the lowest HICP inflation. If any of these states have bond yields which are significantly larger than the similarly averaged yield for the eurozone (which according to previous ECB reports means more than 2% above) and at the same time does not have complete funding access to financial markets (which is the case for as long as a government receives bailout funds), then such a state is not to be included in the calculation of the reference value.
  3. ^ The change in the annual average exchange rate against the euro.
  4. ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of May 2012.[59]
  5. ^ Sweden, Ireland and Slovenia were the reference states.[59]
  6. ^ a b c d The maximum allowed change in rate is ± 2.25% for Denmark.
  7. ^ Sweden and Slovenia were the reference states, with Ireland excluded as an outlier.[59]
  8. ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of June 2013.[62]
  9. ^ a b Sweden, Latvia and Ireland were the reference states.[62]
  10. ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of June 2014.[65]
  11. ^ Latvia, Portugal and Ireland were the reference states, with Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus excluded as outliers.[65]
  12. ^ Latvia, Ireland and Portugal were the reference states.[65]
  13. ^ Reference values from the ECB convergence report of June 2016.[68]
  14. ^ Bulgaria, Slovenia and Spain were the reference states, with Cyprus and Romania excluded as outliers.[68]
  15. ^ Slovenia, Spain and Bulgaria were the reference states.[68]

Natural resources

Main article: Mining industry in Romania

Romania is an oil producer, but the current level of production is not enough to make the country self-sufficient. Although at one time it was Europe's largest producer of oil, most of its reserves were used and squandered during the Nicolae Ceauşescu period.[citation needed] As a result, it is today a net oil and gas importer.

The pipeline network in Romania included 2,427 km for crude oil, 3,850 km for petroleum products, and 3,508 km for natural gas in 2006. Several major new pipelines are planned, especially the Nabucco Pipeline for Caspian oilfields, the longest one in the world. Romania could cash in four billion dollars from the Constanta-Trieste pipeline.[74]

Romania has considerable natural resources for a country of its size, including coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, uranium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestine (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land and hydropower.[5]

Romania's mineral production is adequate to supply its manufacturing output[citation needed]. Energy needs are also met by importing bituminous and anthracite coal and crude petroleum. In 2007 approximately 34 million tons of coal, approximately 4,000 tons of tungsten, 565,000 tons of iron ore, and 47,000 tons of zinc ore were mined. Lesser amounts of copper, lead, molybdenum, gold, silver, kaolin, and fluorite also were mined.[citation needed]

Energy

The Iron Gate I Hydro Power Plant, a joint venture between Romania and Serbia.
Main article: Energy industry in Romania

The energy sector is dominated by state-owned companies such as Termoelectrica, Hidroelectrica and Nuclearelectrica. Fossil fuels are the country's primary source of energy, followed by hydroelectric power. Due to dependency on oil and gas imports from Russia, the country has placed an increasingly heavy emphasis on nuclear energy since the 1980s. The Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant is currently the only one of its kind in Romania, although there are plans to build a second one in Transylvania, possibly after 2020.[75]

For domestic heating/cooking a large number (48%)of rural and small-town households use directly burned solid fuel (almost exclusively domestically produced wood) as the main energy source. http://www.cleancookstoves.org/countries/middle-east-and-europe/romania.html

Wind power had an installed capacity of 76 MW in 2008,[76] and the country has the largest wind power potential in Southeast Europe, with Dobruja listed as the second best place in Europe to construct wind farms.[77] As a result, there are currently investor connection requests for over 12,000 MW.[78] There are also plans to build a number of solar power stations, such as the Covaci Solar Park, which will be one of the largest in the world.[79][80]

Of the electricity generated in 2007, 13.1 percent came from nuclear plants then in operation, 41.69 percent from thermal plants (oil and coal), and 25.8 percent from hydroelectric sites.[81]

Physical infrastructure

A1 motorway near Orăștie
Main article: Transport in Romania

The volume of traffic in Romania, especially goods transportation, has increased in recent years due to its strategic location in South-East Europe. In the past few decades, much of the freight traffic shifted from rail to road. A further strong increase of traffic is expected in the future.

As of June 2015, 694 km of motorways are in use with Timisoara-Lugoj 26 km also to be finished in 2015, Lugoj-Deva to be finished in 2016 while Sibiu-Pitesti is still tendering. The railway network, which was significantly expanded during the Communist years, is the fourth largest in Europe.[82]

Bucharest is the only city in Romania which has an underground railway system, comprising both the Bucharest Metro and the light rail system managed by Regia Autonomă de Transport Bucureşti. Although construction was planned to begin in 1941, due to geo-political factors, the Bucharest Metro was only opened in 1979. Now it is one of the most accessed systems of the Bucharest public transport network with an average ridership of 800,000 passengers during the workweek.[83] In total, the network is 67 km long and has 49 stations.[84]

Sectors of the economy

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Romania
A land usage map of Romania.

Agriculture employs about 29% of the population (one of the highest rates in Europe), and contributes about 8.1% of GDP. The Bărăgan is characterized by large wheat farms. Dairy products, pork, poultry, and apple production are concentrated in the western region.

Beef production is located in central Romania, while the production of fruits, vegetables, and wine ranges from central to southern Romania. Romania is a large producer of many agricultural products and is currently expanding its forestry and fishery industries. The implementation of the reforms and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have resulted in reforms in the agricultural sector of the economy.

Fishing

Fishing is an economic mainstay in parts of the East of Romania and along the Black Sea coast, with important fish markets in places such as Constanta, Galati and Tulcea. Fish such as european anchovy, sprat, pontic shad, mullet, goby, whiting, garfish, Black-Sea Turbot or horse mackerel are landed at ports such as Constanta.

There has been a large scale decrease in employment in the fishing industry within Romania due to the EU's Common Fisheries Policy, which places restrictions on the total tonnage of catch that can be landed, caused by overfishing in the Black Sea. In tandem with the decline of sea-fishing, commercial fish farms – especially in salmon, have increased in prominence in the rivers and lochs of the east of Romania. Inland waters are rich in fresh water fish such as salmon, trout, and in particular, carp which traditionally has been the most popular fish, including its eggs (icre), fresh or canned.

Industry

Main article: Industry in Romania

Romania has been successful in developing its industrial sector in recent years. Industry and construction accounted for 32% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2003, a comparatively large share even without taking into account related services. The sector employed 26.4% of the workforce. Romania excels in the production of automobiles, machine tools, and chemicals. In 2013, some 410,997 automobiles were produced in Romania, up from 78,165 in 2000.

In 2004 Romania enjoyed one of the largest world market share in machine tools (5.3%)[citation needed]. Romanian-based companies such as Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol, Bitdefender, Romstal and Mobexpert have expanded operations throughout the region. However, small- to medium-sized manufacturing firms form the bulk of Romania's industrial sector.

Romania's industrial output is expected to advance 9% in 2007, while agriculture output is projected to grow 12%. Final consumption is also expected to increase by 11% overall – individual consumption by 14.4% and collective consumption by 10.4%. Domestic demand is expected to go up 12.7%.

Industrial output growth was 6.9% year-on-year in December 2009, making it the highest in the EU-27 zone which averaged −1.9%.[85]

Services

Main article: Services in Romania

In 2003 service sector constituted 55% of gross domestic product (GDP), and the sector employed 51.3% of the workforce. The subcomponents of services are financial, renting, and business activities (20.5%); trade, hotels and restaurants, and transport (18%); and other service activities (21.7%). The service sector in Romania has expanded in recent years, employing some 47% of Romanians and accounting for slightly more than half of GDP.

The largest employer is the retail sector, employing almost 12% of Romanians. The retail industry is mainly concentrated in a relatively small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls. In recent years the rise of big-box stores, such as Cora (hypermarket) (of the France) and Carrefour (a subsidiary of the French), have led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs.

Regional variation

The strength of the Romanian economy varies from region to region. GDP, and GDP per capita is highest in Bucharest. The following table shows the GDP (2015) per capita of the 4 counties and the capital city, with data supplied by CNP.[86]

Rank Place GDP per capita[87]
(EUR)
1 Bucharest 20,873
2 Constanţa 11,212
3 Timiş 10,601
4 Cluj 10,253
5 Ilfov 10,148

The highest GDP per capita is found in Bucharest and surrounding Ilfov County. Values well above the national average are found in Timiş, Argeş, Braşov, Cluj, Constanţa, Sibiu and Prahova. Values well below the national average are found in: Vaslui, Botoşani, Călăraşi, Neamţ, Vrancea, Suceava, Giurgiu, Mehedinţi, Olt and Teleorman.[86]

Foreign trade

Main article: Foreign trade of Romania
A chart of Romania's export products.

Italy is Romania's largest trading partner; two-way trade totaled some $22.6 billion in 2007. The principal exports from Italy to Romania include computers, integrated circuits, aircraft parts and other defense equipment, wheat, and automobiles, along with remittances. Romania's chief exports to Italy include cut diamonds, jewelry, integrated circuits, printing machinery, and telecommunications equipment. 2.8% of the country's GDP is derived from Agricultural activity. While Romania imports substantial quantities of grain, it is largely self-sufficient in other agricultural products and food stuffs, due to the fact that food must be regulated for sale in the Romania retail market, and hence imports almost no food products from other countries.[88]

Romania imported in 2006 food products of 2.4 billion euros, up almost 20% versus 2005, when the imports were worth slightly more than 2 billion euros. The EU is Romania's main partner in the trade with agri-food products. The exports to this destination represent 64%, and the imports from the EU countries represent 54%. Other important partners are the CEFTA countries, Turkey, Republic of Moldova and the USA.[88] Despite a decline of the arms industry in the post-communist era, Romania is a significant exporter of military equipment, accounting for 3–4% of the world total in 2007. EU members are represented by a single official at the World Trade Organization.

During the first trimester of 2010, Romanian exports increased by 21%, one of the largest rates in the European Union, surpassed only by Malta. The trade deficit currently stands at roughly 2 billion EUR, the eighth largest in the EU.[89]

Miscellaneous data

Households with access to fixed and mobile telephone access[90]

  • landline telephone – 46% (2009)
  • mobile telephone – 72% (2009)

Broadband penetration rate

Individuals using computer and internet[90]

  • computer – 44% (2009)
  • internet – 37% (2009)

See also

General:

Notes

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "status" is not used in the content (see the help page).

References

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