2008 United States presidential election in California
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Elections in California |
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The 2008 United States presidential election in California took place on November 4, 2008, in California as part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 55 electors, the most out of any of the 50 states, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
California was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 24.1% margin of victory. No Republican has carried the state in a presidential election since George H. W. Bush in 1988. Prior to the election, California was considered to be a state Obama would win or as a safe blue state. With its 55 electoral votes, California was Obama's largest electoral prize in 2008.
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time the Democratic candidate carried Trinity County in a presidential election. This was also the first time since 1936 that a Democrat won more than 60% of the vote in California, which the Democrats have done in every election since.
Primaries
- For other parties, see California state elections, February 2008.
On February 5, 2008, presidential primaries were held by all parties with ballot access in the state.
Democratic
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![]() Election results by county |
Elections in California |
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The 2008 California Democratic presidential primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. California was dubbed the "Big Enchilada" by the media because it offers the most delegates out of any other delegation.[2] Hillary Clinton won the primary.
Process
In the primary, 370 of California's 441 delegates to the Democratic National Convention were selected. The remaining delegates were superdelegates not obligated to vote for any candidate at the convention. Of these delegates, 241 were awarded at the congressional district level, and the remaining 129 were awarded to the statewide winner. Candidates were required to receive at least 15% of either the district or statewide vote to receive any delegates.[3] Registered Democrats and Decline to State voters were eligible to vote.[4]
Number of delegates |
Congressional districts |
---|---|
3 | 20, 47 |
4 | 2, 3, 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52 |
5 | 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 50, 53 |
6 | 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 30 |
Polls
The latest six polls were averaged (only counting the latest Zogby poll).
Candidate | Mean of polls released in February 2008 |
Median of polls released in February 2008 |
RCP average |
---|---|---|---|
Hillary Clinton | 42.8% | 40.5% | 44.2% |
Barack Obama | 40.3% | 40.4% | 41.6% |
Results
Key: | Withdrew prior to contest |
2008 California Democratic presidential primary[5] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | National delegates |
Hillary Clinton | 2,608,184 | 51.47% | 204 |
Barack Obama | 2,186,662 | 43.16% | 166 |
John Edwards | 193,617 | 3.82% | 0 |
Dennis Kucinich | 24,126 | 0.48% | 0 |
Bill Richardson | 19,939 | 0.39% | 0 |
Joe Biden | 18,261 | 0.36% | 0 |
Mike Gravel | 8,184 | 0.16% | 0 |
Christopher Dodd | 8,005 | 0.16% | 0 |
Willie Carter (write-in) | 4 | 0.00% | 0 |
Eric Hinzman (write-in) | 4 | 0.00% | 0 |
Phil Epstein (write-in) | 3 | 0.00% | 0 |
Brian Calef (write-in) | 2 | 0.00% | 0 |
David Frey (write-in) | 1 | 0.00% | 0 |
Joseph McAndrew (write-in) | 1 | 0.00% | 0 |
Keith Judd (write-in) | 0 | 0.00% | 0 |
John Stein (write-in) | 7 | 0.0000001% | 0 |
Totals | 5,066,993 | 100.00% | 370 |
Voter turnout[A] | — | — |
Republican
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![]() Election results by county |
The 2008 California Republican primary was held on February 5, 2008, with a total of 173 national delegates at stake.
Process
The delegates represented California at the Republican National Convention. There were three delegates to every congressional district and fourteen bonus delegates. The winner in each of the 53 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates. The statewide winner was awarded 11 of the 14 bonus delegates, with the 3 remaining delegates assigned to party leaders.[6][7] Voting in the primary was restricted to registered Republican voters.[8]
Polls
Early polls showed Rudy Giuliani in the lead. Polls taken closer to the primary either showed Mitt Romney or John McCain as the favored candidate.[9]
Results
Key: | Withdrew prior to contest |
2008 California Republican presidential primary[5][10] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | National delegates |
John McCain | 1,238,988 | 42.25% | 155 |
Mitt Romney | 1,013,471 | 34.56% | 15 |
Mike Huckabee | 340,669 | 11.62% | 0 |
Rudy Giuliani | 128,681 | 4.39% | 0 |
Ron Paul | 125,365 | 4.27% | 0 |
Fred Thompson | 50,275 | 1.71% | 0 |
Duncan Hunter | 14,021 | 0.48% | 0 |
Alan Keyes | 11,742 | 0.40% | 0 |
John H. Cox | 3,219 | 0.11% | 0 |
Tom Tancredo | 3,884 | 0.13% | 0 |
Sam Brownback | 2,486 | 0.08% | 0 |
Karen Irish (write-in) | 6 | 0.00% | 0 |
Michael Shaw (write-in) | 2 | 0.00% | 0 |
Edward Marshall (write-in) | 1 | 0.00% | 0 |
Joel Neuberg (write-in) | 1 | 0.00% | 0 |
Robert Brickell (write-in) | 0 | 0.00% | 0 |
Brian Calef (write-in) | 0 | 0.00% | 0 |
David Frey (write-in) | 0 | 0.00% | 0 |
Walter Rothnie (write-in) | 0 | 0.00% | 0 |
John Sutherland (write-in) | 0 | 0.00% | 0 |
Uncommitted delegates | 3 | ||
Totals | 2,932,811 | 100.00% | 173 |
Voter turnout | 56.08% | — |
American Independent Party
The American Independent Party held its primary February 5, 2008
2008 California AIP presidential primary[11] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | |
Don J. Grundmann | 16,603 | 36.08% | |
Dianne Beall Templin | 15,302 | 33.25% | |
Mad Max Riekse | 14,099 | 30.64% | |
David Andrew Larson (write-in) | 18 | 0.04% | |
Totals | 46,022 | 100.00% |
Green Party
The Green Party held its primary February 5, 2008.
2008 California Green Party presidential primary[11][12] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | National delegates |
Ralph Nader | 21,726 | 60.61% | - |
Cynthia McKinney | 9,534 | 26.60% | - |
Elaine Brown | 1,598 | 4.46% | - |
Kat Swift | 1,084 | 3.02% | - |
Kent Mesplay | 727 | 2.03% | - |
Jesse Johnson | 619 | 1.73% | - |
Jared Ball | 556 | 1.55% | - |
Totals | 35,844 | 100.00% | 168 |
Libertarian
The Libertarian Party held its primary February 5, 2008.
2008 California Libertarian Party presidential primary[11] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | |
Christine Smith | 4,241 | 25.16% | |
Steve Kubby | 2,876 | 17.06% | |
Wayne Allen Root | 2,360 | 14.00% | |
Bob Jackson | 1,486 | 8.81% | |
Barry Hess | 891 | 5.29% | |
George Phillies | 852 | 5.05% | |
Michael P. Jingozian | 774 | 4.19% | |
Robert Milnes | 721 | 4.28% | |
Daniel Imperato | 707 | 4.19% | |
John Finan | 706 | 4.19% | |
Dave Hollist | 678 | 4.02% | |
Alden Link | 565 | 3.35% | |
Leon L. Ray (write-in) | 1 | 0.01% | |
Totals | 16,858 | 100.00% |
Peace and Freedom
The Peace and Freedom Party held its primary February 5, 2008.
2008 California Peace and Freedom Party presidential primary[11] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | |
Ralph Nader | 2,620 | 40.66% | |
Cynthia McKinney | 1,385 | 21.49 | |
Gloria La Riva | 1,292 | 20.05% | |
Brian P. Moore | 335 | 5.51% | |
John Crockford | 346 | 5.37% | |
Stewart A. Alexander | 340 | 5.28% | |
Stanley Hetz | 106 | 1.64% | |
Totals | 6,444 | 100.00% |
Campaign
Predictions
Name | Prediction |
---|---|
Associated Press | Likely D |
CNN Archived 2010-06-19 at the Wayback Machine | Safe D |
The Cook Political Report | Solid D |
CQ Politics | Solid D |
D.C. Political Report | Likely D |
Electoral-vote.com | Solid D |
Fox News | Likely D |
The New York Times | Solid D |
Politico | Solid D |
Real Clear Politics | Solid D |
Rasmussen Reports | Safe D |
The Takeaway | Solid D |
Polling
Characterized early on as “The Big Enchilada” by some pundits, ultimately Obama won most opinion polls taken prior to the election. Until October 9, his lead ranged from 7 to 15 points in most polls. However, after October 9, his lead expanded to more than 20 consistently. In the final three polls he averaged 59%, while McCain averaged 34%; which is close to the results on election day.[13]
Fundraising
Obama raised a total of $124,325,459 from the state. McCain raised a total of $26,802,024.[14]
Advertising and visits
The Obama campaign spent almost $5,570,641. The McCain campaign spent $1,885,142.[15] Obama visited the state six times. McCain visited the state eight times.[16]
Analysis
California was once a Republican leaning swing state, supporting Republican candidates in every election from 1952 through 1988, except in 1964. However, since the 1990s, California has become a reliably Democratic state with a highly diverse ethnic population (mostly Latino) and liberal bastions such as the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles County. The last time the state was won by a Republican candidate was in 1988 by George H. W. Bush.
Obama won by a historic margin, with 61.01% of the votes. Most news organizations called California for Obama as soon as the polls in the state closed. He was projected the winner of the state along with Washington, Hawaii, and Oregon at the same time, whose combined electoral votes caused all news organizations to declare Obama the president-elect. The last time the margin was higher in the state was in 1936 when Franklin D. Roosevelt won with 66.95% of the vote.[17]
In San Francisco and Alameda County (which includes Oakland and Berkeley), four out of five voters backed the Democratic candidate. Elsewhere in the Bay Area, Obama won every county by a three to two margin or greater.[18] In Los Angeles County, Obama won almost 70% of the votes.[18] His combined margin in the Bay Area and Los Angeles County would have been more than enough to carry the state.
Obama also made considerable headway in historically Republican areas of the state. Fresno County, for example, a heavily populated county in the Central Valley, went from giving Bush a 16% margin to a 2% margin for Obama.[18] San Diego County moved from a six-percent margin for Bush to a 10-point margin for Obama—only the second time since World War II that a Democrat has carried this military-dominated county.[18] San Bernardino and Riverside went from double-digit Republican victories to narrow Democratic wins.[18] Ventura County also moved from Republican to Democratic. Orange County, historically one of the most Republican suburban counties in the nation, went from a 21-point margin for Bush to only a 2.5-point margin for McCain.
Voter turnout was also fairly higher than the national average. The 79% turnout of registered voters in the state was the highest since the 1976 presidential election.[19] Despite the Democratic landslide in California, during the same election, a ballot proposition to ban same-sex marriage narrowly passed. A number of counties that had voted for Obama voted yes to it, as it was supported by Hispanics and African Americans. Even though Obama considered marriage to be between a man and a woman at the time, he opposed the "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states".[20] Arnold Schwarzenegger, the state's Republican governor and a supporter of John McCain, opposed the proposition, though McCain supported it. There was also a proposed ballot proposition called the Presidential Election Reform Act in the state to alter the way the state's electors would be distributed among presidential candidates, but the initiative failed to get onto the ballot.[21]
Results
The following are official results from the California Secretary of State.[22]
2008 United States presidential election in California | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | Barack Obama | Joe Biden | 8,274,473 | 61.01% | 55 | |
Republican | John McCain | Sarah Palin | 5,011,781 | 36.95% | 0 | |
Peace and Freedom | Ralph Nader | Matt Gonzalez | 108,381 | 0.80% | 0 | |
Libertarian | Bob Barr | Wayne Allyn Root | 67,582 | 0.50% | 0 | |
American Independent | Alan Keyes | Brian Rohrbough | 40,673 | 0.30% | 0 | |
Green | Cynthia McKinney | Rosa Clemente | 38,774 | 0.29% | 0 | |
Independent | Ron Paul (write-in) | Gail Lightfoot | 17,006 | 0.13% | 0 | |
Independent | Chuck Baldwin (write-in) | Darrell Castle | 3,145 | 0.02% | 0 | |
Independent | James Harris (write-in) | Alyson Kennedy | 49 | 0.00% | 0 | |
Independent | Frank Moore (write-in) | Susan Block | 36 | 0.00% | 0 | |
Valid votes | 13,561,900 | 98.68% | — | |||
Invalid or blank votes | 181,277 | 1.32% | — | |||
Totals | 13,743,177 | 100.00% | 55 | |||
Voter turnout | 79.42% | — |
By county
The results below are primarily compiled from the final reports available from the Secretary of State. The "others" category also includes write-in votes.[23]
County | Barack Obama Democratic |
John McCain Republican |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Alameda | 489,106 | 78.52% | 119,555 | 19.19% | 14,252 | 2.29% | 369,551 | 59.33% | 622,913 |
Alpine | 422 | 60.81% | 252 | 36.31% | 20 | 2.88% | 170 | 24.50% | 694 |
Amador | 7,813 | 41.38% | 10,561 | 55.94% | 505 | 2.67% | -2,748 | -14.56% | 18,879 |
Butte | 49,013 | 49.66% | 46,706 | 47.32% | 2,988 | 3.03% | 2,307 | 2.34% | 98,707 |
Calaveras | 9,813 | 41.90% | 12,835 | 54.80% | 773 | 3.30% | -3,022 | -12.90% | 23,421 |
Colusa | 2,569 | 39.84% | 3,733 | 57.89% | 146 | 2.26% | -1,164 | -18.05% | 6,448 |
Contra Costa | 306,983 | 67.73% | 136,436 | 30.10% | 9,825 | 2.17% | 170,547 | 37.63% | 453,244 |
Del Norte | 4,323 | 45.36% | 4,967 | 52.11% | 241 | 2.53% | -644 | -6.75% | 9,531 |
El Dorado | 40,529 | 43.44% | 50,314 | 53.92% | 2,466 | 2.64% | -9,785 | -10.48% | 93,309 |
Fresno | 136,706 | 49.99% | 131,015 | 47.91% | 5,731 | 2.10% | 5,691 | 2.08% | 273,452 |
Glenn | 3,734 | 37.80% | 5,910 | 59.82% | 235 | 2.38% | -2,176 | -22.02% | 9,879 |
Humboldt | 39,692 | 62.05% | 21,713 | 33.94% | 2,563 | 4.01% | 17,979 | 28.11% | 63,968 |
Imperial | 24,162 | 62.24% | 14,008 | 36.08% | 650 | 1.67% | 10,154 | 26.16% | 38,820 |
Inyo | 3,743 | 43.76% | 4,523 | 52.88% | 288 | 3.37% | -780 | -9.12% | 8,554 |
Kern | 93,457 | 39.97% | 134,793 | 57.65% | 5,558 | 2.38% | -41,336 | -17.68% | 233,808 |
Kings | 14,747 | 42.00% | 19,710 | 56.14% | 651 | 1.85% | -4,963 | -14.14% | 35,108 |
Lake | 14,854 | 57.96% | 9,935 | 38.76% | 840 | 3.28% | 4,919 | 19.20% | 25,629 |
Lassen | 3,586 | 31.37% | 7,483 | 65.45% | 364 | 3.18% | -3,897 | -34.08% | 11,433 |
Los Angeles | 2,295,853 | 69.19% | 956,425 | 28.82% | 65,970 | 1.99% | 1,339,428 | 40.37% | 3,318,248 |
Madera | 17,952 | 42.27% | 23,583 | 55.52% | 939 | 2.21% | -5,631 | -13.25% | 42,474 |
Marin | 109,320 | 77.77% | 28,384 | 20.19% | 2,866 | 2.04% | 80,936 | 57.58% | 140,570 |
Mariposa | 4,100 | 42.37% | 5,298 | 54.75% | 279 | 2.88% | -1,198 | -12.38% | 9,677 |
Mendocino | 27,843 | 69.29% | 10,721 | 26.68% | 1,620 | 4.03% | 17,122 | 42.61% | 40,184 |
Merced | 34,031 | 53.13% | 28,704 | 44.81% | 1,316 | 2.05% | 5,327 | 8.32% | 64,051 |
Modoc | 1,313 | 29.71% | 2,981 | 67.44% | 126 | 2.85% | -1,668 | -37.73% | 4,420 |
Mono | 3,093 | 55.52% | 2,354 | 42.25% | 124 | 2.23% | 739 | 13.27% | 5,571 |
Monterey | 88,453 | 68.15% | 38,797 | 29.89% | 2,533 | 1.95% | 49,656 | 38.26% | 129,783 |
Napa | 38,849 | 65.14% | 19,484 | 32.67% | 1,309 | 2.19% | 19,365 | 32.47% | 59,642 |
Nevada | 28,617 | 51.43% | 25,663 | 46.12% | 1,367 | 2.46% | 2,954 | 5.31% | 55,647 |
Orange | 549,558 | 47.63% | 579,064 | 50.19% | 25,065 | 2.17% | -29,506 | -2.56% | 1,153,687 |
Placer | 75,112 | 43.21% | 94,647 | 54.45% | 4,053 | 2.33% | -19,535 | -11.24% | 173,812 |
Plumas | 4,715 | 42.75% | 6,035 | 54.72% | 278 | 2.52% | -1,320 | -11.97% | 11,028 |
Riverside | 325,017 | 50.21% | 310,041 | 47.90% | 12,241 | 1.89% | 14,976 | 2.31% | 647,299 |
Sacramento | 316,506 | 58.30% | 213,583 | 39.34% | 12,770 | 2.35% | 102,923 | 18.96% | 542,859 |
San Benito | 11,917 | 60.22% | 7,425 | 37.52% | 446 | 2.25% | 4,492 | 22.70% | 19,788 |
San Bernardino | 315,720 | 52.07% | 277,408 | 45.75% | 13,206 | 2.18% | 38,312 | 6.32% | 606,334 |
San Diego | 666,581 | 53.95% | 541,032 | 43.79% | 27,890 | 2.26% | 125,549 | 10.16% | 1,235,503 |
San Francisco | 322,220 | 83.96% | 52,292 | 13.62% | 8,353 | 2.18% | 269,928 | 70.34% | 383,796 |
San Joaquin | 113,974 | 54.19% | 91,607 | 43.56% | 4,727 | 2.25% | 22,367 | 10.63% | 210,308 |
San Luis Obispo | 68,176 | 51.20% | 61,055 | 45.85% | 3,924 | 2.95% | 7,121 | 5.35% | 133,155 |
San Mateo | 222,826 | 73.47% | 75,057 | 24.75% | 5,409 | 1.78% | 147,769 | 48.72% | 303,292 |
Santa Barbara | 105,614 | 60.21% | 65,585 | 37.39% | 4,208 | 2.40% | 40,029 | 22.82% | 175,407 |
Santa Clara | 462,241 | 69.45% | 190,039 | 28.55% | 13,309 | 2.00% | 272,202 | 40.90% | 665,589 |
Santa Cruz | 98,745 | 77.30% | 25,244 | 19.76% | 3,747 | 2.93% | 73,501 | 57.54% | 127,736 |
Shasta | 28,867 | 35.91% | 49,588 | 61.68% | 1,935 | 2.41% | -20,721 | -25.77% | 80,390 |
Sierra | 743 | 37.32% | 1,158 | 58.16% | 90 | 4.52% | -415 | -20.84% | 1,991 |
Siskiyou | 9,292 | 43.09% | 11,520 | 53.42% | 752 | 3.49% | -2,228 | -10.33% | 21,564 |
Solano | 102,095 | 63.18% | 56,035 | 34.68% | 3,458 | 2.14% | 46,060 | 28.50% | 161,588 |
Sonoma | 168,888 | 73.64% | 55,127 | 24.04% | 5,336 | 2.33% | 113,761 | 49.60% | 229,351 |
Stanislaus | 80,279 | 49.70% | 77,497 | 47.98% | 3,736 | 2.31% | 2,782 | 1.72% | 161,512 |
Sutter | 13,412 | 40.62% | 18,911 | 57.27% | 698 | 2.11% | -5,499 | -16.65% | 33,021 |
Tehama | 8,945 | 36.42% | 14,843 | 60.44% | 772 | 3.14% | -5,898 | -24.02% | 24,560 |
Trinity | 3,233 | 50.28% | 2,940 | 45.72% | 257 | 4.00% | 293 | 4.56% | 6,430 |
Tulare | 43,634 | 41.35% | 59,765 | 56.64% | 2,126 | 2.01% | -16,131 | -15.29% | 105,525 |
Tuolumne | 11,532 | 42.24% | 14,988 | 54.90% | 783 | 2.87% | -3,456 | -12.66% | 27,303 |
Ventura | 187,601 | 55.01% | 145,853 | 42.77% | 7,587 | 2.22% | 41,748 | 12.24% | 341,041 |
Yolo | 53,488 | 67.07% | 24,592 | 30.84% | 1,669 | 2.09% | 28,896 | 36.23% | 79,749 |
Yuba | 8,866 | 41.43% | 12,007 | 56.10% | 528 | 2.47% | -3,141 | -14.67% | 21,401 |
Total | 8,274,473 | 60.92% | 5,011,781 | 36.90% | 296,829 | 2.19% | 3,262,692 | 24.02% | 13,583,083 |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
- Butte (largest city: Chico)
- Fresno (largest town: Fresno)
- Nevada (largest town: Truckee)
- Merced (largest community: Merced)
- Riverside (largest city: Riverside)
- San Bernardino (largest town: San Bernardino)
- San Diego (largest community: San Diego)
- San Joaquin (largest city: Stockton)
- San Luis Obispo (largest town: San Luis Obispo)
- Stanislaus (largest community: Modesto)
- Trinity (largest community: Weaverville)
- Ventura (largest city: Ventura)
By congressional district
Obama carried 42 of 53 congressional districts in California, including eight districts held by Republicans.
Electors
Technically the voters of California cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. California is allocated 55 electors because it has 53 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 55 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate, to the California Secretary of State. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 55 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.[24] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols. In California the 55 electors meet in the State Capitol building in Sacramento to cast their ballots.[25]
The following were the members of the Electoral College from California. All were pledged to and voted for Barack Obama and Joe Biden.[26]
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Notes
- A Turnout information is not available because Decline to State voters were allowed to participate.[4] There were a total of 6,749,406 eligible registered voters registered with the Democratic Party and 3,043,164 who declined to state.[10]
See also
- February 2008 California elections
- November 2008 California elections
- Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election: California
- 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
- 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries
References
- ^ "Historical Voter Registration and Participation in Statewide General Elections 1910-2018" (PDF). California Secretary of State.
- ^ Mirchandani, Rajesh (February 3, 2008). "Candidates vie for bite of 'Big Enchilada'". BBC News. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
- ^ "Call for the 2008 Democratic National Convention" (PDF). Democratic National Committee. February 2, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 8, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "Decline to State - Voter Information". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ a b "The Statement of Vote: President by County" (PDF). Secretary of State of California. March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ Schneider, Bill (May 1, 2007). "Votes, contributors make California a key player in 2008". CNN. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
- ^ Marelius, John (February 3, 2008). "Delegate Formulas Vary by Party". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
- ^ "Voter Information Guide". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ Statewide opinion polling for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2008#California
- ^ a b "Report of Registration as of January 22, 2008" (PDF). California Secretary of State. March 15, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "FEDERAL ELECTIONS 2008: ELECTION RESULTS FOR THE U.S. PRESIDENT, THE U.S. SENATE AND THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES". www.fec.gov. Federal Elections Commission. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ^ Giese, Chuck (June 20, 2008). "The Green Party's Internal Democracy Problem: Presidential Politics". www.dissedentvoice.org. Dissident Voice. Retrieved April 7, 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "California: McCain vs. Obama". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^ "Presidential Campaign Finance: CA Contributions to All Candidates by 3 digit Zip Code". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
- ^ "Election Tracker: Ad Spending". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^ "Election Tracker: Candidate Visits". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^ Ewers, Justin (November 5, 2008). "Obama Wins by Historic Margin in California". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
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