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Peterborough (UK Parliament constituency)

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Peterborough is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, formally styled The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election. The serving member is the Conservative, Stewart Jackson MP, who defeated Labour's Helen Clark in the 2005 general election.[1] Immediately following the election it was widely reported that Clark was planning to defect to the Conservative Party,[2] an announcement which was not popular locally.[3] However, by early June it emerged that while she had left the Labour Party, she had not in fact joined the Conservatives and did not intend to.[4]

Boundaries

The City of Peterborough formed a parliamentary borough returning two members in 1541. The rest of the Soke was part of Northamptonshire parliamentary county, except the area south of the River Nene in the historic county of Huntingdonshire and Thorney in the Isle of Ely, which was considered part of Cambridgeshire. Until 1832 when the whole of the parish of Saint John the Baptist was encompassed, the boundary, as far as is known, excluded the villages of Longthorpe, Dogsthorpe and Newark with Eastfield. The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, while the rural portion of the Soke was included in the northern division of Northamptonshire. New Fletton was transferred from Huntingdonshire in 1868 and in 1918 a new borough constituency was formed including the whole of the Soke and neighbouring parts of the administrative county of Northamptonshire, extending down to and beyond Thrapston and Corby. In 1948 the boundaries of the constituency were adjusted to correspond to those of the Soke and they remained much the same until 1970.[5]

Following their recent review of parliamentary representation in Cambridgeshire, the Boundary Commission for England has made minor alterations to the existing constituencies to deal with population changes. The electoral wards used to create the modified Peterborough constituency to be fought at the next United Kingdom general election are: Bretton North, Bretton South, Central, Dogsthorpe, East, Eye and Thorney, Newborough, North, Park, Paston, Ravensthorpe, Walton, Werrington North, Werrington South, and West.[6] These changes will increase the electorate from 64,893 to 70,640. On the enumeration date of 17 February 2000, the electoral quota for England was 69,934 voters per constituency.[7]

The Peterborough wards of Barnack, Fletton, Glinton and Wittering, Northborough, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville, Orton with Hampton, Stanground Central, and Stanground East form part of the North West Cambridgeshire constituency created in 1997 from parts of Peterborough and Huntingdon constituencies. The serving member for North West Cambridgeshire is the Conservative, Shailesh Vara MP, who succeeded the (then) Rt Hon Dr. Sir Brian Mawhinney, former Secretary of State for Transport and Chairman of the Conservative Party, in 2005. Mawhinney, who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created Baron Mawhinney, of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire in 2005. Eye and Thorney was previously included in the North East Cambridgeshire constituency. The serving member for North East Cambridgeshire (formerly the Isle of Ely) is the Conservative, Malcolm Moss MP, who succeeded the Liberal, Sir Clement Freud in 1987.

Franchise

In the unreformed House of Commons in order to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat, a man had to own (not rent) freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year (women could neither vote nor stand for election). This was known as the 40/- freehold. The franchise for borough seats varied enormously. Originally in Peterborough the dean and chapter had claimed the franchise and held that only residents of Minster Precincts were burgesses. By the interregnum, the city was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. In 1800 there were 2,000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough. By 1835 this was 576, or about one per cent of the population.[8] Bribery was widespread until the introduction of the secret ballot under the Ballot Act 1872. Votes were cast by spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, erected on the Market Place (now Cathedral Square).[9]

In 1832 the Great Reform Act enfranchised those who owned or leased land worth £10 or more and the Second Reform Act extended this to all householders paying £10 or more in rent per annum, effectively enfranchising the skilled working class, so by 1868 the percentage of voters in Peterborough had risen to about 20% of the population. The Third Reform Act extended the provisions of the previous act to the counties and the Fourth Reform Act widened suffrage further by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This system, known as universal manhood suffrage, was first used in the 1918 general election.[10]

Members of Parliament

Peterborough sent two members to parliament for the first time in 1547. Before the civil war, many were relatives of the clergy; then for two hundred years after the restoration there was always a Fitzwilliam, or a Fitzwilliam nominee, sitting as member for Peterborough, making it a Whig stronghold.[11] Representation was reduced to one member under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.[12] From the formal merger of the breakaway Liberal Unionists with the Conservatives in 1912 and the absorption of rural North Northamptonshire in 1918, Peterborough has been predominantly Conservative. The growth in the New Town from 1967 may in part account for Labour's victory here in 1974. Since its formation in 1997, North West Cambridgeshire has been one of the safest Conservative seats in the country. At the election which followed, Peterborough was ranked 93rd in the Conservatives's one hundred most vulnerable seats (the ones which the other parties must take if there is to be a change of government) and 73rd on Labour's target list.

In 1966, the closest poll in the city's history, Sir Harmer Nicholls held the seat by three votes after 17 recounts. Nicholls was the Conservative member from 1950 to 1974, when he lost in the October election of that year to Labour's Michael Ward, having held on by just 22 votes in the election eight months earlier. After he lost his seat he was created Baron Harmar-Nicholls, of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire. From 1979 to 1984, he served as Member of the European Parliament for Greater Manchester South. David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter, winner of 400m hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics, member of the International Olympic Committee for 48 years and chairman of the organising committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics, was the Conservative member from 1931 to 1943. Lord Burghley, as he then was, succeeded the socialist writer and illustrator, Frank Horrabin, who was born in the city and elected under Ramsay Macdonald in 1929.[13]

Tenure Incumbent Affiliation
The Parliament of England
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1547–1553 Sir Wymond Carewe[14]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1547–1553 Richard Pallady[15]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1553–1554 Sir Walter Mildmay, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1559–1589[16]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1553–1554 Sir William Fitzwilliam[17]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1554 Giles Isham
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1554 William Lyvelly
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1554–1555 John Gamble
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1555–1558 Maurice Tyrell
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1555–1558 John Mountsteven
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1558–1562 Sir William Fitzwilliam
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1558–1572 Robert Wyngfyld Jnr.
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1562–1572 John Fitzwilliam
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1572–1584 died Hugh Fitzwilliam
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1572–1584 Humphrey Mildmay
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1584–1588 Sir William Fitzwilliam[18]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1584–1586 James Scambler
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1586–1588 Thomas Hacke
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1588–1597 Sir Thomas Reede
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1588–1592 Thomas Howland
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1592–1597 Thomas Hacke
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1597–1601 John Wingfield
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1597–1601 Sir Richard Cecil of Wakerley
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1601–1603 Nicholas Tufton
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1601–1603 Goddard Pemberton
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1603–1614 Sir Richard Cecil of Wakerley
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1603–1620 Edward Wymarke
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1614–1620 Sir William Walter
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1620–1623 Mildmay Fane (later 2nd Earl of Westmorland)[19]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1620–1623 Walter Fitzwilliam
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1623–1624 Sir Francis Fane KB (later 1st Earl of Westmorland)[20]
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1623–1640 Laurance Whitacre
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1624–1625 Sir Christopher Hatton KG
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1625–1640 Mildmay Fane, Lord Burghersh (later 2nd Earl of Westmorland)
The Short Parliament (April–May 1640)
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1640 David Cecil, Lord Burghley (later 3rd Earl of Exeter)
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1640–1654 William Fitzwilliam, 2nd Baron Fitzwilliam of Liffer, alias Lifford
The Long Parliament (1640–1649)
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1640–1654 Sir Robert Napier, 2nd Baronet of Luton Hoo
The Rump Parliament (1648–1653)
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1654–1658 Sir Humphrey Orme
The Barebone's Parliament (1653)
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1658–1660 Francis St. John
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1658–1660 Colonel Alexander Blake
The First (1654–1655), Second (1656–1658) and Third (1659) Protectorate Parliaments
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1660–1661 Charles Fane, Lord le Despencer (later 3rd Earl of Westmorland)
style="background-color: Template:/meta/color" | 1660–1671 died Sir Humphrey Orme
The Rump Parliament recalled (1659) and the Long Parliament restored (1660)
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1661 Edward Palmer Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1661–1679 William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Baron Fitzwilliam of Lifford (later 1st Earl Fitzwilliam of the County of Tyrone)[21] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1671–1679 Sir Vere Fane KB (later 4th Earl of Westmorland) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1679–1685 Francis St. John Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1679–1681 Charles Orme Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1681–1685 William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Baron Fitzwilliam of Lifford (later 1st Earl Fitzwilliam of the County of Tyrone) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1685–1689 Charles Fitzwilliam Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1685–1688 Charles Orme Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1688–1698 Gilbert Dolben[22] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1689–1698 Sir William Brownlow, 4th Baronet of Humby Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1698–1710 Sidney Wortley-Montagu Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1698–1701 Francis St. John Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1701–1710 Sir Gilbert Dolben, 1st Baronet of Finedon Whig
The Parliament of Great Britain
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1710–1729 John Fitzwilliam, Viscount Miltown (later 2nd Earl Fitzwilliam) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1710–1722 Charles Parker Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1722–1727 Sidney Wortley-Montagu Whig
style="background-color: Template:Tory Party/meta/color" | 1727 (1) Sir Edward O'Bryan Tory
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1727–1729 Sidney Wortley-Montagu Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1729–1734 Joseph Banks Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1729–1733 Charles Gounter-Nicoll Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1733–1741 Armstead Parker Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1734–1761 Edward Wortley-Montagu Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1741–1742 William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam of the County of Tyrone (later 1st Baron Fitzwilliam of Milton, then 1st Earl Fitzwilliam of Norborough) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1742–1747 Armstead Parker Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1747–1768 Sir Matthew Lamb, 1st Baronet of Brocket[23] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1761–1768 Armstead Parker Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1768–1780 Matthew Wyldbore Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1768–1774 Henry Belasyse, Viscount Belasyse (later 2nd Earl Fauconberg) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1774–1796 died Richard Benyon (the younger) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1780–1786 James Farrel Phipps Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1786–1802 The Hon. Lionel Damer Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1796–1809 died Dr. French Laurence DCL[24] Whig
The Parliament of the United Kingdom
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1802–1819 died William Elliot, Chief Sec. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1806–1807 Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1809–1812 Francis Russell, Marquess of Tavistock KG (later 7th Duke of Bedford) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1812–1816 George Ponsonby[25] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1816–1819 The Hon. William Lamb FRS (later 2nd Viscount Melbourne), Home Secretary 1830–1834 and Prime Minister 1834, 1835–1841[26] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1819–1830 Sir James Yorke Scarlett (later 1st Baron Abinger), Attorney-General 1827–1828, 1829–1830[27] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1819–1847 Sir Robert Heron, 2nd Baronet of Newark[28] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1830–1833 Charles William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton (later 5th Earl Fitzwilliam)[29] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1833–1841 John Nicholas Fazakerley Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1841–1859 The Hon. George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1847–1852 The Hon. William George Cavendish (later 2nd Baron Chesham) Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1852 died The Hon. Richard Watson Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1852–1853 George Hammond Whalley[30] Unseated on Petition Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1853–1868 Thomson Hankey[31] Whig
style="background-color: Template:British Whig Party/meta/color" | 1859–1878 died George Hammond Whalley Whig / Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1868–1874 William Wells[32] Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1874–1878 Thomson Hankey Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1878–1889 The Hon. William John Wentworth-FitzWilliam Independent Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1880–1883 George Hampden Whalley Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1883–1885 Sir Sydney Charles Buxton GCMG (later 1st Earl Buxton of Newtimber)[33] Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Unionist Party/meta/color" | 1889–1895 Sir Alpheus Cleophas Morton Liberal Unionist
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Unionist Party/meta/color" | 1895–1906 Sir Robert Purvis Liberal Unionist / Conservative
style="background-color: Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1906–1918 Sir Granville George Greenwood[34] Liberal
style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1918–1929 Major Sir Henry Leonard Campbell Brassey, 1st Baronet (later 1st Baron Brassey) of Apethorpe Sitting member for North Northants. from 1910 Conservative and Unionist
style="background-color: Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1929–1931 James Francis Horrabin[35] Labour
style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1931–1943 David George Brownlow Cecil, Lord Burghley KCMG (later 6th Marquess of Exeter)[36] Conservative and Unionist
style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1943–1945 John Michael Henry Hely-Hutchinson, Viscount Suirdale (later 7th Earl of Donoughmore) Conservative and Unionist
style="background-color: Template:Labour Co-operative/meta/color" | 1945–1950 Stanley Tiffany Labour Co-operative
style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1950–1974 Sir Harmar Nicholls JP, 1st Baronet of Darlaston (later Lord Harmar-Nicholls) Conservative and Unionist
style="background-color: Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1974–1979 Michael John Ward Labour
style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1979–1997 Dr. Sir Brian Stanley Mawhinney PhD (later Lord Mawhinney) Conservative and Unionist
style="background-color: Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" | 1997–2005 Helen Rosemary Brinton (later Mrs. Clark) Labour
style="background-color: Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" | 2005–date Stewart James Jackson Conservative and Unionist

(1) Charles Parker was a Peterborough man who, in 1728, was High Sheriff of Northamptonshire and at that time not pro-Fitzwilliam. His action at the election of that year led to a case before the Bar of the House of Commons to settle a controversy over the powers of the Bailiffs of the City and of the Soke as returning officer at the election. Parker, as Sheriff, sent the election writ to Robert Smith, the Bailiff of the Liberty who returned Earl Fitzwilliam (at that time in the Peerage of Ireland only) and an unknown nominee of the Earl of Exeter. James Pix, the Bailiff of the City, contested the return and won, so the sitting members were declared elected.[37]

Election results

General Election 2005: Declared 06 May at 01:29 GMT[38]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Stewart Jackson 17,354 42.1 +4.1
Labour Helen Clark 14,624 35.5 −9.6
Liberal Democrats Nick Sandford 6,876 16.7 +2.2
UKIP Mary Herdman 1,242 3.0 +0.6
National Front Terry Blackham 931 2.3 +2.3
Motorcycle News Marc Potter 167 0.4
Majority 2,730 6.6
Turnout 41,194 61.0 −0.4
Conservative gain from Labour Swing +7.0
General Election 2001: Declared 08 June at 04:29 GMT[39]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Helen Brinton 17,975 45.1 −5.2
Conservative Stewart Jackson 15,121 38.0 +2.8
Liberal Democrats Nick Sandford 5,761 14.5 +3.8
UKIP Julian Fairweather 955 2.4 +1.7
Majority 2,854 7.1 −8.0
Turnout 39,812 61.4 −11.4
Labour hold Swing -4.0
General Election 1997: Declared 02 May at 04:58 GMT[40]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Helen Brinton 24,365 50.3
Conservative Jacqueline Foster 17,042 35.2
Liberal Democrats David Howarth 5,170 10.7
Referendum Philip Slater 924 1.9
Natural Law Charles Brettell 334 0.7
UKIP John Linskey 317 0.7
ProLife Alliance Stephen Goldspink 275 0.6
Majority 7,323 15.1
Turnout 48,427 72.8
Labour gain from Conservative Swing +13.4

References

Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages [self-published source] [better source needed]

  1. ^ ELECTION 2005: Jackson says he's ready to fight Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 07 May 2005
  2. ^ Ousted MP defects to the Tories BBC News, 08 May 2005 17:35 BST
  3. ^ POLITICS: 'A slap in the face' Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 09 May 2005
  4. ^ Moss, Stephen Thrown out of the house The Guardian, 01 June 2005
  5. ^ Youngs, Frederic A. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England Volume II: Northern England (Part III: Parliamentary Constituencies) Royal Historical Society, London, 1991
  6. ^ Clegg QC, William Final Recommendations for Parliamentary Constituencies in the Counties of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Boundary Commission for England, 19 January 2005
  7. ^ Clegg QC, William General Review of Parliamentary Constituency boundaries in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Assistant Commissioner's report to the Chairman and Members of the Boundary Commission for England, 18 March 2004
  8. ^ Knight, Charles Peterborough in 1840 Old Towns of England Originally published in The Penny Magazine by The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
  9. ^ Forrester, E.G. Northamptonshire County Elections and Electioneering 1695–1832 Oxford University Press, 1941
  10. ^ Pelling, Henry Mathison A Social Geography of British Elections 1885–1910 (pp.96-97 & 106-124) Macmillan, London, 1967
  11. ^ Wentworth-Fitzwilliam family of Milton Peterborough City Council (retrieved 22 September 2007)
  12. ^ Tebbs, Herbert F. Peterborough: A History (pp.192-194) The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979. See also Bromund, Ted A Complete Fool's Paradise: The Attack on the Fitzwilliam Interest in Peterborough 1852 Parliamentary History, vol.12 no.1 (pp.47-67) Edinburgh University Press, 1993 and Howarth, Janet The Liberal Revival in Northamptonshire 1880–1895: A Case Study in Late Nineteenth Century Elections The Historical Journal, vol.12 no.1 (pp.78-118) Cambridge University Press, 1969
  13. ^ Craig, Frederick Walter Scott British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1970 (4 vols.) Macmillan, London, 1971–1977. See also The History of Parliament The House of Commons: 1509–1558 (3 vols.) Bindoff, S.T. (ed.), 1558–1603 (3 vols.) Hasler, P.W. (ed.), 1660–1690 (3 vols.) Henning, Basil Duke (ed.), 1715–1754 (2 vols.) Sedgwick, Romney (ed.), 1754–1790 (2 vols.) Namier, Sir Lewis Bernstein and Brooke, John (eds.), 1790–1820 (5 vols.) Thorne, R.G. (ed.) Secker and Warburg (reissued by Her Majesty's Stationery Office) for the History of Parliament Trust, London, 1964–1986 and Stenton, Michael and Lees, Stephen (eds.) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament 1832–1979: a biographical dictionary of the House of Commons based on annual volumes of Dod's Parliamentary Companion and other sources (4 vols.) Harvester Press, Hassocks, 1976–1981
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  26. ^ Mandler, Peter Lamb, William, second Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15920, retrieved 06 October 2007)
  27. ^ Barker, G. F. R. Scarlett, James, first Baron Abinger (1769–1844) (rev. Elisabeth A. Cawthon) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24783, retrieved 06 October 2007)
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  32. ^ Clarke, Ernest Wells, William (1818–1889) (rev. John Martin) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29019, retrieved 06 October 2007)
  33. ^ Waley, Daniel Buxton, Sydney Charles, Earl Buxton (1853–1934) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32224, retrieved 06 October 2007)
  34. ^ Ryder, Richard D. Greenwood, Sir Granville George (1850–1928) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/41162, retrieved 06 October 2007)
  35. ^ Cole, Margaret Horrabin, James Francis (1884–1962) (rev. Amanda L. Capern) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33995, retrieved 06 October 2007)
  36. ^ McWhirter, Norris Cecil, David George Brownlow, sixth marquess of Exeter (1905–1981) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30910, retrieved 06 October 2007)
  37. ^ Tebbs, op. cit. (p.95)
  38. ^ Election 2005 BBC News, 06 May 2005 02:29 BST
  39. ^ VOTE 2001 BBC News (retrieved 01 July 2007). Time of declaration given at Ask Aristotle The Guardian Unlimited (retrieved 01 July 2007)
  40. ^ Election 97 BBC News (retrieved 01 July 2007). Time of declaration given at Ask Aristotle The Guardian Unlimited (retrieved 01 July 2007)

See also


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