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"Jat" redirects here. For other uses, see Jat (disambiguation).
Jat
जाट جاٹ ਜੱਟ
File:Ethnic Group-Jat People.jpg
Maharaja Churaman • Bhagat Singh • Gurdas Mann • Bobby Deol
Bhagat Dhanna • Foolabai • Maharaja Kishan Singh • Simi Garewal
Regions with significant populations
•  India •  Pakistan
Languages
• Punjabi • Hindi • Urdu
Religion
• Hinduism • Sikhism • Islam
Related ethnic groups
other Indo-Aryan peoples
JAT Maharaja Ranjit Singh's treasure:Lithograph showing a favourite horse, with an officer of the stables and his collection of famous jewels including the Koh-i-noor diamond marked as number 1

The Jat people (Hindi: [जाट Jāṭ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Punjabi: [ਜੱਟ Jaṭṭ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) are a historical mixed group of Indo-Scythian and Indo-Aryan linage,merged to form Jat people.[2] [3][4]Jat tribal group is native to the Punjab region.Other regions include Haryana,Rajasthan,Balochistan, NWFP, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[5][6][7][8][9]

The Jats rose to prominence following the 1669 Jat uprising against Mughal rule, and they ruled various princely states throughout the 18th century. After 1858, under the British Raj, the Jats were known for their service in the Indian Army, being categorized as a "martial race" by the British, specifically in the Jat Regiment ,the Punjab Regiment and the Sikh Regiment.

Today, they form a social group in both India and Pakistan, organized in numerous clans, with an estimated total population of roughly 33 million.[10]

Name

The name Jat has frequently been connected to the name of the Getae and Massagetae, beginning with James Tod (1829), suggesting an ultimate origin of the Jat tribal group in the Indo-Scythian period of roughly 200 BC to AD 400.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Alexander Cunningham connected the name of the Xanthii[18][19][20],

The tribal name Jat is first mentioned in the Mahabharata. Jat historian Thakur Deshraj suggested that Jat is a Prakrit derivation from Sanskrit jñāta, based on Panini's mention of Aṣṭādhyāyī in the form of shloka as जट झट सङ्घाते jat jhat sanghate.[21][22]

Deshraj further supposes that the name originates with the jñātisaṃgha (ज्ञातिसंघ) that according to the Mahabharata was formed by Krishna as a federation of Vrishni and Andhaka clans. [23]

Jats are further mentioned in a 5th century grammar treatise by Chandra, in the phrase अजय जर्टो हुणान ajaya jarto huṇān”, which refers to the defeat of Huns by two Jat rulers under the leadership of Yasodharman.[24]

G. C. Dwivedi writes that the Persian Majmal-ut-Tawarikh mentions Jats and Meds as the descendants of Ham (son of Noah), living in Sind on the banks of the river Bahar.[25][26] S.M. Yunus Jaffery believes that the Jat people have been mentioned in Shāhnāma, a well-known Persian epic.[27]

Origins and genetic studies

The Jats have apparently formed during the centuries following the collapse of the Kushan Empire, during the early medieval period. They are assumed to be the product of admixture of Indo-Scythian elements to local Indo-Aryan groups.[28]The study involved a genealogical DNA test which examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations in a single DNA "letter") on the Y chromosome (which occurs only in males). Jats share many common haplotypes with Ukrainian people, Germanic people, Slavic people, Baltic peoples, Iranian people, and Central Asian groups.[29][30][31] In 2007 a limited medical survey of haplotypes frequently found in the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana, and the Romani populations resulted in no matches.[32] However, the recent discovery in 2009 of the "Jat mutation" that causes a type of glaucoma in Romani people. The press release from Leeds University states:

"An international collaboration led by Manir Ali of the Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, first identified the ‘Jatt’ mutation in one of four Pakistani families. Further study amongst Roma populations in Europe showed that the same mutation accounted for nearly half of all cases of PCG [Primary congenital glaucoma] in that community. Manir Ali’s research also confirms the widely accepted view that the Roma originated from the Jatt clan of Northern India and Pakistan and not from Eastern Europe as previously believed."[33][34][35]

There is some evidence connecting the Jats and the Romani people, the descendants of Indo-Aryan groups which emigrated from India towards Central Asia during the medieval period.[36] There are serological[37] similarities shared with several populations that linked the two people in a 1992 study.[38][39]

History

Medieval period

Main article: Jats in the pre-Aurangzeb period

There are very few records concerning Jats prior to the 17th century. Some Jat states in Rajasthan (the Bikaner region, then known as Jangladesh) can be established for the 15th century, and with less certainty for the medieval period from about the 10th century.see-Jat states in Rajasthan.

K.R. Qanungo writes that when Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh, the Kaikan region in Sindh was in independent possession of the Jat people.[40] In addition to frequent interaction with Jats (who for them represented Indians), the first Arab invasions of Persia and Sindh were met by the Jat people. According to Thakur Deshraj and Cunningham, Jat people of the Panwhar clan ruled Umerkot in Sindh prior to Mughal ruler Humayun.[41][42]

Thakur Deshraj also mentions that the Susthan region in Sindh was ruled by Chandra Ram, a Jat of Hala clan. Chandra Ram lost his kingdom (known as Halakhandi) to the Muslim invaders sent by Muhammad bin Qasim.[43][44]

There is no information of any important Jat state in a period of two centuries following Kushan rule. However, in the beginning of fifth century, there is evidence of the Jat ruler Maharaja Shalinder ruling from "Shalpur" (the present-day Sialkot); his territory extended from Punjab to Malwa and Rajasthan. This is indicated by the Pali inscription obtained by James Tod from village Kanswa[45] in Kota state in year 1820 AD.[46]

Jat uprising and aftermath

Main articles: 1669 Jat uprising and Jat history (1669-1858)
Coat of arms of Bharatpur rulers
File:Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana.jpg
Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana of Gohad
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
ca. 1835-40
Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala

In 1699, the Jat people of the Gokula region around Mathura rebelled against the powerful Mughal rulers (see 1669 Jat uprising).[47] The rebellion resulted from political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent, and further aggravated by the religious persecution and discrimination.[48]

In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Jat resistance resumed, organized under the leadership of Churaman (1695–1721). Churaman's nephew, Badan Singh (1722–1756), established a kingdom centered at Deeg, from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura. Badan Singh's eldest son and successor, Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763), extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak (including Bhiwani), Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon. He has been described as one of the greatest Jat rulers.[49][50] Suraj Mal moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur in 1733. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, had previously laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. During the British Raj, the princely state of Bharatpur covered an area of 5,123 km2, and its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded to the dominion of India in 1947.

Jat states of the 18th century

According to Cunningham and William Cook, the city of Gohad was founded in 1505 by the Jats of Bamraulia village, who had been forced to leave Bamraulia by a satrap of Firuz Shah Tughluq. Gohad developed into an important Jat state, and was later captured by the Marathas. The Jat people of Gohad signed a treaty with the British and helped them capture Gwalior and Gohad from the Marathas. The British kept Gwalior and handed control of Gohad to Jat people in 1804.[51] Gohad was handed over to the Marathas under a revised treaty dated 22 November 1805 between the Marathas and the British. As a compensation for Gohad, the Jat ruler Rana Kirat Singh was given Dhaulpur, Badi and Rajakheda; Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805.[51]

In the 10th century, the Jat people took control of Dholpur, which had earlier been ruled by the Rajputs and the Yadavs. Dholpur was taken by Sikandar Lodhi in 1501, who transferred it to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, the Dholpur fort fell to Babur and continued to be ruled by the Mughals until 1707. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur, and his family retained it until 1761. After that, Dholpur was taken successively by the Jat ruler Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon, but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. In 1806, Dholpur again came under the Jat rulers, when it was handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad. Dholpur thus became a princely state, a vassal of the British during the Raj.

Ballabhgarh was another important princely state established by the Jat people of the Tewatia clan, who had come from Janauli village. Balram Singh, the brother-in-law of Maharaja Suraj Mal was the first powerful ruler of Ballabhgarh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was another notable king of this princely state.

Patiala and Nabha were two important Sikh[52][53] states in Punjab, ruled by the Jat-Sikh [54] people of the Siddhu clan.[55] The Jind state in present-day Haryana was founded by the descendants of Phul Jat of Siddhu ancestry.[55] These states were formed with the Military assistance of the 6th Sikh Guru, known as Guru Har Gobind.[56] The rulers of Faridkot were Brar Jat Sikhs.[57] The princely state of Kalsia was ruled by Sandhu Jat Sikhs.[58]

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) of the Sandhawalia[55] Jat clan of Punjab became the Sikh emperor of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. He united the Sikh factions into one state, and conquered vast tracts of territory on all sides of his kingdom. From the capture of Lahore in 1799, he rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab. To secure his empire, he invaded Afghanistan, and defeated the Pathan militias and tribes. Ranjit Singh took the title of "Maharaja" on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the city of Amritsar. In the year 1802, Ranjit Singh successfully invaded Kashmir.

Other Jat states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included Kuchesar (ruled by the Dalal Jat clan of Mandoti, Haryana), and the Mursan state (the present-day Hathras district in Uttar Pradesh) ruled by the Thenua Jats.

The Jat people also briefly ruled at Gwalior and Agra. The Jat rulers Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana (1707–1756) and Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana (1757–1782) occupied the Gwalior fort twice, Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana from 1740 to 1756, and Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana from 1780 to 1783. Maharaja Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761 and it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774.[59] After Maharaja Suraj Mal, Maharaja Jawahar Singh, Maharaja Ratan Singh and Maharaja Kehri Singh (minor) under resident ship of Maharaja Nawal Singh ruled over Agra Fort.

Culture and society

Main article: Life and culture of Jat people

The life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Central Asian colonists of South Asia.[60][61] The Jat lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit.[62] Whenever they lost their kingdoms, Jat people retired to the country-side and became landed barons and the landlords with their swords girded round their waists.[60] They would draw the sword out of the scabbard at the command of their panchayat to fight with the invaders. Jat people have a history of being brave and ready fighters.[60] They are fiercely independent in character and value their self respect more than anything, which is why they offered heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly.[60] They are known for their pride, bravery and readyness to sacrifice their lives in battle for their people and kinsmen.[61] In the government of their villages, they appear much more democratic. They have less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected headmen.[60]

Military

File:A Jat soldier.JPG
A Jat Infantry Soldier

A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment, where they have also been highly decorated. The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army, it is one of the longest serving and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army[63]. The regiment has won 19 battle honours between 1839 to 1947[64] and post independence 5 battle honours, eight Mahavir Chakra, eight Kirti Chakra, 32 Shaurya Chakras, 39 Vir Chakras and 170 Sena medals[65] Major Hoshiar Singh of Rohtak,Haryana won the Paramvir Chakra during Indo-Pak war of 1971. Rohtak district, which has a high density of Jat people, has the distinction of producing the highest number of Victoria Cross winners of any district in India.

A WW1 (1914-1918) Jat Army Officer's Brass Button - from the famous 9th Jat Regiment an elite-fighting Unit of the Jat Regiment

The Jat people were designated by British officials as a "Martial Race". "Martial Race" was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" (peoples) that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle, and to possess qualities like courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness, hard working, fighting tenacity and military strategy. The British recruited heavily from these Martial Races for service in the colonial army.[66]

Traditionally they have dominated as the political class in Punjab.[67]

A number of Jat people belonging to the political classes have produced many political leaders, including the 6th Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh. Moreover, there have been many Jat Kings and warriors throughout history.[68]

The Jat people are one of the most prosperous groups in India on a per-capita basis (Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states).[69]

Social customs

Main article: Social customs of Jat people
Jat marriage:Toran ceremony
Tejaji fairs are organized in all areas inhabited by Jats

All Jats, irrespective of their official or financial positions in life, have equal social status .

The only criterion of superiority is age. The Jat people are ethnically and culturally required to marry within their community. With the advancement of modern civilization, as people are becoming less dependent upon and more tolerant towards each other, the joint family system is going out of vogue; it is still prevalent in the less advanced areas.

Religion

Jat people are followers of many faiths. Today they mostly follow Hinduism, Islam, or Sikhism, with a minority following Christianity, especially Jats living in the in UK.

In 1925, the population of the Jat people was around nine million in South Asia, made up of followers of three major religions as shown below as per Kalika Ranjan Qanungo:[60]

The Jat People Religious Demographic
The Jat People are mainly concentrated in the greater Punjab region
Historically, the Jat people have sent a very high percentage of their eligible men to the army.
Religion Jat Population %
Hinduism 47%
Islam 33%
Sikhism 20%

Most Jat Gotras (which also have the most population) fall under the Hindu Jat Gotra list according to various books on Jat History. During the early 1900s four million Jats of present-day Pakistan were mainly Muslim by faith and the nearly six million Jats of present-day India were mostly divided into two large groups: Sikhs, concentrated in Punjab, and Hindu; in accordance with the Hindu varna system the Jats belong to Kshatriya varna. The alternate view is that Jats belonged to the Sudra[70][71] Varna of the Hindu caste system, because they did not follow Brahmanic rites and rituals [72][73]. Also because they tend to be mostly farmers in Punjab and Haryana, they could be termed as Vaishya[74]. Some historians consider Jats, along with Kayasthas and Gujars, out of purview of varna system.[75]

It is speculated that Jats were Sakas (of Scythian origin) or republic kshatriyas, like the Khatris, Tarkhan people, Rajputs, Lohars, Gujjars and Kambojas, and these communities are closely (genetically) related to the Jat community.

Those of the Punjabi areas of India and Pakistan are more often landlord farmers. Numerically, Jat people form the largest percentage of the Sikh community.

The Jat Muslims in the western regions are organized in hundreds of groups tracing their descent through paternal lines.

Most Sikh Jats were converted from Hindus, so they would join forces with the Khalsa to fight against the Mughal monarchy.

Language

Jat people usually speak Punjabi Urdu, Gojri, Dogri, Sindhi, Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Malvi). Sikh and Muslim Jat people from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi, Saraiki, Pothohari, and Jhangochi).

Clan system

See also: Jat clan system
File:Jat Mahasabha Function.jpg
All India Jat Mahasabha Centenary Celebrations 2007, Seen in the image are Dharmendra, Dara Singh, Kamal Patel

The Jat people have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineage clans, Panchayat system or Khap. A clan was based on one small gotra or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law.[76] The big Jat clans now are so big that many individuals in them are only related to each other by individuals that lived typically hundreds of years ago. Mutual quarrels of any intensity could be settled by orders of Jat elders. In times of danger, the whole clan rallied under the banner of the leader. The Jat Khap or Panchayat system is territorial and highly democratic. A number of Khaps form a Sarva Khap embracing a full province or state. Negotiations were done at Sarva Khap level.

In addition to the conventional Sarva Khap Panchayat, there are regional Jat Mahasabhas affiliated to the All India Jat Mahasabha to organize and safeguard the interests of the community, which held its meeting at regional and national levels to take stock of their activities and devise practical ways and means for the amelioration of the community.[77]

The Jat people clan names are unique in South Asia. However, some of their clan names do overlap with the Rajputs and Gujjars.[78] List of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania,[79] Bhaleram Beniwal.[80][81] Mahendra Singh Arya and others,[82] Thakur Deshraj,[83] Dilip Singh Ahlawat,[84] Ram Swarup Joon[85] etc. The above lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj, Ram Swarup Joon and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras. Some websites of Jats have also prepared list of Jat Gotras with details of history and distriburion.[86]

Demographics

Today, the largest population centre is located in the Punjab region,Hariyana, Rajasthan and there are smaller distributions across the world, due to the large immigrant diaspora. In the immigrant diaspora major populations centres include the U.K., U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, Indonesia, Russia, Belgium and Australia.

Population estimates

The Jat People Religious Demographic
The Jat People are mainly concentrated in the greater Punjab region

.

The census in 1931 in India recorded population on the basis of ethnicity. In 1925, according to Qanungo[87] the population of Jatts was around nine million in South Asia and was made up of followers of three major religions as shown below.


Religion Jat Population %
Hinduism 47%
Islam 33%
Sikhism 20%

Dhillon (1988), states by taking population statistical analysis into consideration the Jatt population growth of both India and Pakistan since 1925, Quanungo's figure of nine million could be translated into a minimum population statistic (1988) of 30 million.[88]

According to earlier censuses, the Jati or Jat people accounted for approximately 25% of the entire Sindhi-Punjabi speaking area, making it the one of "largest single socially distinctive group" in the region.[89]

Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria) states, adequate statistics about Jat people population are available in the Census Report of India of 1931, which is the last and the most comprehensive source of information on the Jat people, who were estimated to be approximately ten million in number at that time.[90] From 1931 to 1988 the estimated increase in the Jat people population of the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan respectively is 3.5% Hindu, 3.5% Sikh and 4.0% Muslim.[91]Sukhbir Singh estimates that the population of Hindu Jatts, numbered at 2,210,945 in the 1931 census, rose to about 7,738,308 by 1988, whereas Muslim Jatts, numbered at 3,287,875 in 1931, would have risen to about 13,151,500 in 1988. The total population of Jatts was given as 8,406,375 in 1931, and estimated to have been about 31,066,253 in 1988.

The region-wise break-up of the total Jatt people population (including the Jat Hindu, Jat Sikh and Jat Muslim) is given in the following table. The Jat people, approximately 73%, are located mainly in the Punjab region:[92]


Name of region Jat Population 1931 Approx
Percentage
Punjab region 6,068,302 73 %
Rajasthan 1,043,153 12 %
Uttar Pradesh 810,114 9.2 %
Jammu & Kashmir 148,993 2 %
Balochistan 93,726 1.2 %
NWFP 76,327 1 %
Bombay Presidency 54,362 0.7 %
Delhi 53,271 0.6 %
CP & Brar 28,135 0.3 %
Ajmer-Marwar 29,992 0.3 %
Total 8,406,375 100 %


Jat people in Pakistan

See also: Jats of Jammu & Kashmir State and Muslim Jat of Punjab

A large number of the Jat people live in Pakistan[93] and occupy dominant roles in public life in Pakistan Punjab and Pakistan in general.[94][95]

In addition to the Punjab, Jat communities are also found in Pakistani administered Kashmir, in Sindh, particularly the Indus delta and among Seraiki speaking communities in southern Punjab, the Kachhi region of Baluchistan and the Dera Ismail Khan District of the North West Frontier Province.

Jat people in India

Jat people are considered a forward class in all the states of India with those of Punjabi or Haryana origin. Some specific clans of Jat people are classified as OBC in some states, e.g. Jat Muslim in Gujarat[96] and Mirdha Jat people (except Jat Muslims) in Madhya Pradesh.[97] Land reforms, particularly the abolition of Jagirdari and Zamindari systems, Panchayati Raj and Green revolution, to which Jat people have been major contributors, have immensely contributed to the economic betterment of the Jat people.

Adult franchise has created enormous social and political awakening among Jat people. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of north India. However since demise of Charan Singh and Devi Lal and rise of OBC and Bahujan Samaj Party their influence is on decline. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.[98]

Jat diaspora

The Association of Jats of America (AJATA) is the main Jat people organization of North America.[99] It serves as the main body, forum and lobby for Jat people issues in North America.

The North American Jat Charities (NAJC) is one of the main Jat people Charities of North America. It serves as a charity for the welfare Jat people in North America.[100]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jat population 1988. Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration.1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8
  2. ^ YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database.
  3. ^ Tod, J., (Lt. Col.), Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol.1, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829, pp. 623.
  4. ^ Sir Alexander Cunningham, (Sir, Major-General, and former Director-General of the Archeological Survey of India), Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971, first published in 1888, pp. 33..
  5. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Bhim Singh Dahiya, Jats the Ancient Rulers, Dahinam Publishers, Sonepat, Haryana.
  6. ^ Calvin Kephart, Races of Mankind (Their Origin and Migration), Peter Owen Ltd., London, 1961
  7. ^ Calvin Kephart, Races of Mankind (Their Origin and Migration), Peter Owen Ltd., London, 1961
  8. ^ Surjit Mansingh, Historical Dictionary of India, Vision Books, 1998, pp. 203-204. ISBN 8170943094.
  9. ^ Herbert Risley: The People of India
  10. ^ History and study of the Jats. Professor B. S. Dhillon, year=1994, Beta Publishers, ISBN 1895603021
  11. ^ J. A. Leake (1967). The Geats of Beowulf. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. p. 68, 172. ISBN 029904050X. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ B. S. Dhillon (1994). History and study of the Jats. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1895603021. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ John Marshall, A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24.
  14. ^ Hewitt, J.F., The Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times in India, South-Western Asia and Southern Europe, Archibald Constable & Co., London, 1894, pp. 481-487.
  15. ^ Latif, S.M., History of the Panjab, Reprinted by Progressive Books, Lahore, Pakistan, 1984, first published in 1891, pp. 56.
  16. ^ John Marshall (archaeologist), A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24.
  17. ^ Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol.1, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829, pp. 623.
  18. ^ Alexander Cunningham, Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971, first published in 1888, pp. 33.
  19. ^ Latif, S.M., History of the Panjab, Reprinted by Progressive Books, Lahore, Pakistan, 1984, first published in 1891, pp. 56.
  20. ^ Hewitt, J.F., The Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times in India, South-Western Asia and Southern Europe, Archibald Constable & Co., London, 1894, pp. 481-487.
  21. ^ Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998, Page-1
  22. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Ithas, Delhi, 1992, pp. 96, 101
  23. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Ithas, Delhi, 1992, p. 30
    धन्यं यशस्यम आयुष्यं सवपक्षॊथ्भावनं शुभम
    ज्ञातीनाम अविनाशः सयाथ यदा कृष्ण तदा कुरु Mahabharata (XII.82.27)
    dhanyaṃ yaśasyam āyuṣyaṃ svapakṣodbhāvanaṃ śubham
    jñātīnām avināśaḥ syād yathā kṛṣṇa tathā kuru Mahabharata (XII.82.27)
    माधवाः कुकुरा भॊजाः सर्वे चान्धकवृष्णयः (Andhaka+Vrishni)
    तवय्य आसक्ता महाबाहॊ लॊका लॊकेश्वराश च ये Mahabharata (XII.82.29)
    mādhavāḥ kukurā bhojāḥ sarve cāndhakavṛṣṇayaḥ
    tvayy āsaktā mahābāho lokā lokeśvarāś ca ye Mahabharata (XII.82.29)
  24. ^ CV Vaidya, History of Medieval Hindu India
  25. ^ G.C. Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Delhi, Ed Vir Singh, 2003, p. 7
  26. ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jat people, Ed Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 16
  27. ^ S.M. Yunus Jaffery:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Page 36-37, Ed. by Vir Singh, Publisher - M/S Originals (an imprint of low priced publications), A-6, Nimri commercial Centre, Near Ashok Vihar, Phase-IV, Delhi-110052
  28. ^ B.S. Dhillon: History and Study of the Jats,ISBN: 1895603021
  29. ^ YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database
  30. ^ Tod, J., (Lt. Col.), Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol.1, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829, pp. 623.
  31. ^ Sir Alexander Cunningham, (Sir, Major-General, and former Director-General of the Archeological Survey of India), Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971, first published in 1888, pp. 33..
  32. ^ ""The search with the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana most frequent haplotypes resulted no matches in Romani populations."". Fsijournal.org. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  33. ^ "Jatt mutation found in Romani populations". Medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  34. ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090415074850.htm www.sciencedaily.com
  35. ^ http://www.leeds.ac.uk/media/press_releases/current09/glaucoma.htm Leeds University Press Release
  36. ^ "Gypsy identities, 1500–2000: from ... - Google Books". Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  37. ^ "The role of the Romanies: images and ... - Google Books". Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  38. ^ "ROMANI Project - Manchester". Romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  39. ^ Hancock, Ian. Ame Sam e Rromane Džene/We are the Romani people. p. 13. ISBN 1902806190
  40. ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Vir Singh, 2003, p.17
  41. ^ Memoirs of Humayun, p. 45
  42. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.705
  43. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 702.
  44. ^ Sindh Ka itihas, p.30
  45. ^ "The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan". Museumsrajasthan.gov.in. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  46. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.208-211
  47. ^ Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed. by Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 15
  48. ^ Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed. by Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 25
  49. ^ Siyar IV, p. 28
  50. ^ K.R. Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 97
  51. ^ a b Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985) : "Gohad ke Jaton ka Itihas" (Hindi), p.63-71
  52. ^ SINGH,BHAGAT A History of Sikh Misals Patiala,India, Punjabi University. 1993, First Edition
  53. ^ Patiala Heritage Society. "Reference to Sikh State". Patialaheritage.in. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  54. ^ "Reference to Sikh States". Patiala.nic.in. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
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  57. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C&pg=PA541&dq=faridkot+brar&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=faridkot%20brar&f=false
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  59. ^ Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982, Pages 197–200
  60. ^ a b c d e f Kalika Ranjan Qanungo: History of the Jats, Delhi 2003. Edited and annotated by Vir Singh
  61. ^ a b Mangal sen Jindal (1992): History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats), Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 ISBN 81-85431-08-6, Page-17, 36.
  62. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose
  63. ^ http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849.
  64. ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/bajwa.html .
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  67. ^ History of Punjab politics: Jats do it!
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  78. ^ Marshall, J., A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24.
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  86. ^ List of Jat Gotras on Jatland In Pakistan the head of Pakistan Muslim League(Q) and former prime Minister Ch. Shujaat Hussain is a jat also. His Cousin Ch. Pervaiz Ilahi who was the Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistani) is also a jat.
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  88. ^ History and study of the Jats. B. S. Dhillon, year=1994, Beta Publishers, ISBN 1895603021
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  91. ^ Sukhbir Singh q. in "Suraj Sujan", August, September and October Issues, 1990, Maharaja Suraj Mal Sansthan, C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi.
  92. ^ Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. 1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8
  93. ^ The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. 1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8
  94. ^ B. S. Dhillon (1994). History and study of the Jatts. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1895603021. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  95. ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jat people, Ed Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003
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  97. ^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Madhya Pradesh". National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  98. ^ K L Sharma:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Vir Singh,p.14
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Further reading

  • Historical Evidence Chapter 1:Scythic Origin of the Rajput Race by Mulchand Chauhan
  • Rattan Singh Bhangoo. Prachin Panth Parkash, Punjabi, Published in 1841.
  • Bal Kishan Dabas. Political and Social History of the Jats". Sanjay Prakashan, 2001. ISBN 81-7453-045-2
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Indian Army History: France to Kargil. 2001.
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Navin Jat History. Shaheed Dham Trust, Bhiwani, Haryana, India.
  • Kanungo. History of the Jats.
  • Natthan Singh. Jat-Itihas. Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, Gwalior, 2004.
  • Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria). The Jats: Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations. Manthan Publications, Rohtak, Haryana. ISBN 81-85235-22-8
  • K. Natwar Singh. Maharaja Suraj Mal.
  • Prakash Chandra Chandawat. Maharaja Suraj Mal Aur Unka Yug (1745–1763). Jaypal Agencies, Agra. 1982. (in Hindi)
  • Raj Pal Singh. Rise of the Jat Power. Harman Pub. House. ISBN 81-85151-05-9
  • Aadhunik Jat Itihas. Dharmpal Singh Dudee & Mahinder Singh Arya. Jaypal Agency, Agra. 1998.
  • Ram Swaroop Joon. History of the Jats.
  • Shashi Prabha Gupta. Demographic Differentials Among the Rajputs and the Jats: A Socio-Biological Study of Rural Haryana. Classical Pub. House. ISBN 81-7054-180-8
  • Thakur Deshraj Jat Itihasa Maharaja Suraj Mal. Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi. 1936. (in Hindi)
  • Girish Chandra Dwivedi The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Surajmal Educational Society, New Delhi, India. ISBN- 81-7031-150-0.
  • Atal Singh Khokkar. Jaton ki Utpati evam Vistar. Jaipal Agencies, 31-1 Subashpuram, Agra, UP, India 282007. 2002.
  • Chaudhary Kabul Singh. Sarv Khap Itihasa (History of the Jat Republic). Shoram, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. India. 1976.
  • Nihal Singh Arya. Sarv Khap Panchayat ka Rastriya Parakram (The National Role of the Jat Republic of Haryana). Arya mandal, B 11 Om Mandal, Nangloi, New Delhi, India. 1991
  • Mangal sen Jindal. History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats). Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002. ISBN 81-85431-08-6
  • Vir Singh. The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India. Surajmal Educational Society, D K Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2004. ISBN 81-88629-16-2
  • B. S. Dhillon History and study of the Jats, Beta Publishers. 1994. ISBN 1895603021
  • Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology By Melvin Ember, Page 777,http://books.google.com.au/books?id=W_nVHIDgbogC&pg=PA777&lpg=PA777&dq=jatts+are+shudras&source=bl&ots=2B_tLhsqd0&sig=Wq_NllPsYbt5R0j1ESxY5f2V1mI&hl=en&ei=Q0swSs2uHpOCkQW5t4T_Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#PPA777,M1
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