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This article is about the Greek City of Corinth. For other uses, see Corinth (disambiguation).
Corinth
Κόρινθος
Settlement
Acrocorinth with the walled gates.Beyond to the north is the Gulf of Corinth.
Acrocorinth with the walled gates.Beyond to the north is the Gulf of Corinth.
Official seal of Corinth
Seal
CountryGreece
Administrative regionPeloponnese
Area
 • Total102.2 km2 (39.5 sq mi)
Highest elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2001)[1]
 • Total36,556
 • Density360/km2 (930/sq mi)
DemonymCorinthian
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
201 00
Area code(s)27410
Vehicle registrationKP
Websitewww.korinthos.gr

Corinth, or Korinth (Greek Κόρινθος, Kórinthos) ([ˈkorinθos] ⓘ) is a city in Greece. In antiquity it was a city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. To the west of the isthmus lies the Gulf of Corinth, to the east lies the Saronic Gulf. Corinth is about 78 kilometres (48 mi) southwest of Athens. The isthmus, which was in ancient times traversed by hauling ships over the rocky ridge on sledges, is now cut by a canal.

Corinth is now the capital of the prefecture of Corinthia. The city is surrounded by the coastal townlets of (clockwise) Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site. Geophysically the city is likewise surrounded by the narrow coastal plain of Vocha, Corinthian Gulf, Corinth Canal, Saronic Gulf, Oneia Mountains, and the monolithic rock of Acrocorinth where the medieval acropolis was built.

History

Main article: Ancient Corinth

Prehistoric era

The city was founded in the Neolithic Age, circa 6000 BC. According to myth, the city was founded by Corinthos, a descendant of the god Helios (the Sun), while other myths suggest that it was founded by the goddess Ephyra, a daughter of the titan Oceanus, thus the ancient name of the city (also Ephyra).

Before the end of the Mycenaean period (1100 BC) the Dorians attempted to settle in Corinth. While at first they failed, their second attempt was successful when their leader Aletes followed a different path around the Corinthian Gulf from Antirio.

Some ancient names for the place, such as Korinthos, derive from a pre-Greek, "Pelasgian" language; it seems likely that Corinth was also the site of a Bronze Age Mycenaean palace-city, like Mycenae, Tiryns or Pylos. According to myth, Sisyphus was the founder of a race of ancient kings at Corinth. It was also in Corinth that Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, abandoned Medea. During the Trojan War Corinthians participated under the leadership of Agamemnon.

Archaic Age

Street in ancient Corinth.

747 BC | Bacchiad clan abolished monarchy and established their own aristocratic oligarchy.

747-650 BC | During Bacchiad rule Corinth becomes unified state.

747-650 BC | Large scale public buildings/monuments constructed during Bacchaid rule.

733 BC | Corinth established colonies at Corcyra and Syracuse.

730 BC | Corinth emerged as a highly advanced Greek city.

658-628 BC | Cypselus removed the Bacchiad aristocracy from power and ruled for three decades.

650 BC | Temples to Apollo and Poseidon built under tyranny of Cypselus.

600 BC | The tyrant Periander brought Corcyra to order.

581 BC | Periander's nephew who succeeded him was assassinated causing Corinth's dictatorship to come to an end.

581 BC | Isthmian Games established by leading families.

570 BC | Silver coins called 'colts' or 'foals' were started to be used.

550 BC | Corinth becomes ally of Sparta.

525 BC | Corinth formed a conciliatory alliance with Sparta against Argos.

519 BC | Corinth mediated between Athens and Thebes.

491 BC | Corinth mediated between Syracuse and Gala.

481-480 BC | Conference at Isthmus of Corinth (previous conference had been at Sparta) established Hellenic League, which allied against Persia under the Spartans.

Just before the beginning of the classical period, the trireme was developed here. This ship design would become widespread in the navies of the Mediterranean area until the late Roman period. Corinth took part in the first naval battle on record, against the Hellenic city of Corcyra. (Thucydides 1:13)

Classical Greek era

Corinthian stater.Obverse:Pegasus with Qoppa () beneath.Reverse:Athena wearing Corinthian helmet.Qoppa symbolised the archaic writing of the city (Ϙόρινθος).
The Temple of Apollo in Corinth.
Statues in the Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.

458 BC | Corinth defeated by Athens at Megara.

435 BC | Corinth and Corcyra war over Epidamnus.

433 BC | Athens allies with Corcyra against Corinth.

432-430 | Siege/Battle of Potidaea.

404 BC | Sparta refuses to destroy Athens causing bad relations with Corinth. Corinth joins Argos, Boetia, and Athens against Sparta in Corinthian War.

379 BC | Corinth and as part of the Peloponnesian League joins Sparta in an attempt to defeat Thebes and eventually take over Athens.

366 BC | The Athenian Assembly ordered Chares to occupy the Athenian ally and install a democratic government. But failed when Corinth, Phlius and Epidaurus allied with Boeotia backing Corinth up in the war.

338 BC | First congress of Corinth.

337 BC (Spring) | Second congress of Corinth established Common Peace.

337 BC (Summer) | During the time Philip began ravishing through Greece, the "League of Corinth" or the "Greek League" brought all of Greece, except Sparta, into alliance and united the country. The purpose was to end inter-country wars and focus on keeping Philip II out.

In classical times the ancient city rivaled Athens and Thebes in wealth, based on the Isthmian traffic and trade. Until the mid-6th century Corinth was a major exporter of black-figure pottery to cities around the Greek world. Athenian potters later came to dominate the market. It was once believed that Corinth housed a great temple on its ancient acropolis dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite; yet excavations of the temples of Aphrodite in Corinth reveal them to be small.[2] Despite the mythical story from Strabo of there being more than one thousand temple prostitutes employed at the Temple of Aphrodite, this was likely not accurate as the story rests on a misunderstanding.[2] Corinth was also the host of the Isthmian Games.

In the 7th century BC, when Corinth was ruled by the tyrants Cypselus (r. 657-627 BC) and his son Periander (r. 627-585 BC), the city sent forth colonists to found new settlements: Epidamnus (modern day Durrës, Albania), Syracuse, Ambracia (modern day town of Lefkas), Corcyra (modern day town of Corfu) and Anactorium. Periander also founded Apollonia in Illyria (modern day Fier, Albania) and Potidaea (in Chalcidice). Corinth was also one of the nine Greek sponsor-cities to found the colony of Naukratis in Ancient Egypt. Naucratis was founded to accommodate the increasing trade volume between the Greek world and the pharaohnic Egypt, during the reign of Pharaoh Psammetichus I of the 26th dynasty.

Corinthian order columns in ancient Corinth.
Corinthian column capital.

Periander was considered one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. During his reign the first Corinthian coins were struck. He was the first to attempt to cut across the Isthmus to create a seaway to allow ship traffic between the Corinthian and the Saronic Gulf. He abandoned the venture due to the extreme technical difficulties he met, but he created the Diolkos (a stone-build overland ramp) instead. The era of the Cypselids, ending with Periander's nephew Psammetichus, named after the hellenophile Egyptian Pharaoh Psammetichus I (see above), was the golden age of the city of Corinth.

During this era Corinthians developed the Corinthian order, the third order of the classical architecture after the Ionic and the Doric. The Corinthian order was the most complicated of the three, showing the accumulation of wealth and the luxurious lifestyle in the ancient city-state, while the Doric order was analogous to the strict and simple lifestyle of the older Dorians like the Spartans, and the Ionic was a balance between those two following the philosophy of harmony of Ionians like the Athenians.

Horace is quoted as saying: "non licet omnibus adire Corinthum", which translates as "Not everyone is able to go to Corinth",[3] due to the expensive way of life that prevailed in the city. The city was renowned for the temple prostitutes of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, who served the wealthy merchants and the powerful officials living in or traveling in and out of the city. The most famous of them, Lais, was said to have extraordinary abilities and charged tremendous fees for her favours.

The city had two main ports, one in the Corinthian Gulf and one in the Saronic Gulf, serving the trade routes of the western and eastern Mediterranean, respectively. In the Corinthian Gulf lay Lechaion, which connected the city to its western colonies (Greek: apoikoiai) and Magna Graecia, while in the Saronic Gulf the port of Kenchreai served the ships coming from Athens, Ionia, Cyprus and the rest of the Levant. Both ports had docks for the large war fleet of the city-state.

The city was a major participant in the Persian Wars, offering 40 war ships in the sea Battle of Salamis under the admiral Adeimantos and 5,000 hoplites (wearing their characteristic Corinthian helmets[citation needed]) in the following Battle of Plataea but afterwards was frequently an enemy of Athens and an ally of Sparta in the Peloponnesian League. In 431 BC, one of the factors leading to the Peloponnesian War was the dispute between Corinth and Athens over the Corinthian colony of Corcyra (Corfu), which probably stemmed from the traditional trade rivalry between the two cities.

After the end of the Peloponnesian War, Corinth and Thebes, which were former allies with Sparta in the Peloponnesian League, had grown dissatisfied with the hegemony of Sparta and started the Corinthian War against it, which further weakened the city-states of the Peloponnese. This weakness allowed for the subsequent invasion of the Macedonians of the north and the forging of the Corinthian League by Philip II of Macedon against the Persian Empire.

In the 4th century BC, Corinth was home to Diogenes of Sinope, one of the world's best known cynics.

Hellenistic Period

335 BC | Alexander appointed the hegemon of the Greek League to unite in the fight against Persia.

332 BC | The Greek League was dead and Alexander was in control of Greece.

249 BC | Revolt of Alexander of Corinth.

243 BC | Corinth taken from Macedonians by Sicyon and the Achaeans.

146 BC | Corinth destroyed by Rome during Battle of Corinth.

Roman era

Further information: Roman Greece
The ancient roman fountain.
Ancient roman statue in the Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.

The Romans under Lucius Mummius destroyed Corinth following a siege in 146 BC; when he entered the city Mummius put all the men to the sword and sold the women and children into slavery before he torched the city, for which he was given the cognomen Achaicus as the conqueror of the Achaean League (see Battle of Corinth). While there is archeological evidence of some minimal habitation in the years afterwards, Julius Caesar refounded the city as Colonia laus Iulia Corinthiensis in 44 BC shortly before his assassination. Under the Romans, it became the seat of government for Southern Greece or Achaia (according to Acts 18:12–26) and was noted for its wealth.

When the apostle Paul first visited the city (AD 51 or 52), Gallio, the brother of Seneca, was proconsul. Paul resided here for eighteen months (see Acts 18:1-18). Here he first became acquainted with Aquila and Priscilla, and soon after his departure Apollos came from Ephesus.

Paul visited Corinth for a "second benefit" (see 2 Corinthians 1:15), and remained for three months, according to Acts 20:3. During this second visit in the spring of 58 it is likely the Epistle to the Romans was written.[4]

Paul also wrote two of his epistles to the Christian community at Corinth, the First Epistle to the Corinthians and the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. The first Epistle reflects the difficulties of maintaining a Christian community in such a cosmopolitan city.

Byzantine era

Further information: Byzantine Greece
The Cathedral of St. Paul the Apostle.
The walled gates of Acrocorinth.

The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 375 and again in 551. During Alaric's invasion of Greece, in 395–396, Corinth was one of the cities he despoiled, selling many of its citizens into slavery.

During the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I, a large stone wall was erected from the Saronic to the Corinthian gulf, protecting the city and the Peloponnesean peninsula from the barbarian invasions of the north. The stone wall was about six miles (10 km) long and was named Examilion (exi=six in Greek). During this era Corinth was the seat of the Thema of Hellas (representing modern day Greece).

In November 856, an earthquake in Corinth killed an estimated 45,000.[citation needed]

In the 12th century (during the reign of the Comnenus dynasty), the wealth of the city, generated from the silk trade to the Latin states of western Europe, attracted the attention of the Sicilian Normans under Roger of Sicily, who plundered it in 1147.

Principality of Achaea

In 1204, Geoffrey I de Villehardouin, nephew of the homonymous famous historian of the Fourth Crusade, was granted Corinth after the sack of Constantinople, with the title of Prince of Achaea. From 1205-1208 the Corinthians resisted the Frankish domination from their stronghold in Acrocorinth, under the command of the Greek general Leo Sgouros. The French knight William of Champlitte led the crusader forces. In 1208 Leo Sgouros killed himself by riding off the top of Acrocorinth, but from 1208 to 1210 the Corinthians continued to resist the enemy forces. After the collapse of the resistance and for the years to come, Corinth became a full part of the Principality of Achaea, governed by the Villehardouin's from their capital in Andravida of Elis. Corinth was the last significant town of Achaea on its northern borders with another crusader state, the Duchy of Athens. The Byzantines reconquered the city and it became part of the despotate of Morea in 1388. The Ottomans captured it in 1395. The Byzantines captured it again in 1403. Theodore II Plaiologos, who was Despot of Morea, built the Hexamilion wall across the Isthmus of Corinth.

Ottoman Rule

In 1458, five years after the final Fall of Constantinople, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire conquered the city and its mighty castle. The Ottomans renamed it Gördes. It became the Sanjak centre of Morea in Rumelia Province. The Venetians captured it in 1687 and it fell under the control of the Republic of Venice according to Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Ottomans retook the city in 1715. It was the capital of Mora Province between 1715–1731 and the Sanjak centre between 1731-1821.

Independence

During the Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830 the city was destroyed by the Turkish forces.[citation needed] The city was officially liberated in 1832 after the Treaty of London. In 1833, the site was considered among the candidates for the new capital city of the recently founded Kingdom of Greece, due to its historical significance and strategic position. Athens, then an insignificant town, was chosen instead.

Modern Corinth

The Corinth Canal cuts through the Isthmus.

In 1858, the old city of Corinth (now known as Αρχαία Κόρινθος / Ancient Corinth; a town 3 km (1.9 mi) SW of the modern city) was totally destroyed by an earthquake. It was rebuilt after a further earthquake in 1928 and again after a great fire in 1933. The new city of Corinth was founded on the coast of the Gulf of Corinth. Corinth is the second largest city in the periphery of Peloponnese after Kalamata (53,659 inh. in 2001). In the census of 1991 the city had a population of 28,071 while latest data 2001 showed an increase of 2,363 inhabitants (+8,4%) to 30,434. Between the census of 1981 and that of 1991 the city had one of the fastest-increasing populations in the country.[citation needed]

The Municipality of Corinth or Dimos Korinthion had a population of 36,991 in 2001. The municipality includes the town of Ancient Corinth (1,770 inh.), where the ancient and the medieval city used to be built at the foothills of the rock of Acrocorinth 3 km from the new city centre, the town of Examilia (1,547 inh.), and the smaller settlements of Xylokeriza (777 inh.) and Solomos (686 inh.).

The Corinth Canal, carrying ship traffic between the western Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea, is about 4 km east of the city, cutting through the Isthmus of Corinth.

A city square is located next to its port. The port operates north of the square, and serves the local needs of industry and agriculture. It is mainly a cargo exporting facility. The town centre is home to some surprisingly glamorous shops and bars for a relatively small town, as well as high quality local leather and jewellery outlets.

Corinth is a major industrial hub at a national level. Copper cables, petroleum products, medical equipment, marble, gypsum, ceramic tiles, salt, mineral water & beverages, meat products, and gums are produced nearby. As of 2005, a period of de-industrialization has commenced as a large pipework complex, a textile factory and a meat packing facility disrupted their operations.

The city has a station of an electric railway line (Proastiakos) to the Athens metropolitan area. This was completed in 2008. Expectations for further economic and residential expansion are significant due to this new development.

The city is also a major road hub being the entry point to the Peloponnesian peninsula, the southernmost area of continental Greece.

Port

The port is situated close to the northwest entrance of the Corinth Canal, at 37 56.0’ N / 22 56.0’ E (Local Time: [GMT +2]). It is an artificial harbour (depth app. 9 metres (30 feet), protected by a concrete mole (length app. 930 metres, width 100 metres, mole surface 93,000 m2) in front of the town of Corinth. A new pier finished in the late 1980s doubled the capacity of the port. The reinforced mole protects anchored vessels from strong northern winds. The port facilities are well protected around their perimeter by high iron fences.

Within the port a customs office facility and a Hellenic Coast Guard post operate 24/7. Sea traffic is limited to trade in the export of local produce, mainly citrus fruits, grapes, marbles, aggregates and some (less) domestic imports. The Port of Corinth operates as a contingency facility for general cargo ships, bulk carriers and ROROs, in case of strikes at Piraeus port. There is a ferry line (RORO) connecting Corinth to Italy.

Sport

The city's association football team is Korinthos F.C. (Π.Α.E. Κόρινθος) established in 1999 after the merger of the Pankorinthian Football Club (Παγκορινθιακός) and the Corinth Football Club (Κόρινθος). During the 2006-2007 season, the team played in the Greek Fourth Division's Regional Group 7. The team went undefeated that season and it earned the top spot.[5] This granted the team a promotion to the Gamma Ethnikí (Third Division) for the 2007-2008 season. For the 2008-2009 season, Korinthos F.C. competed in the Gamma Ethniki (Third Division) southern grouping.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece

Corinth is twinned with:

See also

Corinth in Ancient Works of History

Aristotle

Economics Book 2.1346a Aristotle is discussing economy and revenue and rulers' various tactics to replenish treasuries and their administration skills. He says that "Cypselus of Corinth had made a vow that if he became master of the city, he would offer to Zeus the entire property of the Corinthians. Accordingly, he commanded them to make a return of their possessions."

Nicomachean Ethics Book 3.8 He is discussing five types of courage and the characteristics of courageous people verses those thought to be courageous. He describes instances in which people face danger in ignorance and are perceived to be courageous, but when they are no longer ignorant, they run away from the fight. He uses the example of the Argives who were forced to confront the Spartans in the battle at the Long Walls of Corinth in 392 BC.

Politics 1274a [Aristotle] discusses law givers. The tells the story of [Philolaus] of Corinth, a Bacchiad who was a lawgiver at Thebes. He became the lover of Diocles, the winner of the olympic games. They both lived for the rest of their lives in Thebes. Their tombs were built near one another and Philolaus' tomb points toward the Corinthian country while Diodes' faces away.

Demosthenes

Philippic I Book 4.24 Demosthenes acknowledges that Philip’s military force exceeds that of Athens and thus they must develop a tactical advantage. He notes the importance of a citizen, army as opposed to one made up of mercenary soldiers, citing a previous mercenary force in Corinth. In this particular force, citizens fought alongside mercenaries and beat the Lacedaemonians.

On The Crown Book 18.96 Athens had marched on Haliartus and Corinth during a time when the Lacedaemonians held many Greek lands. Demosthenes is reminding the Athenians that personal feelings must not affect policy and that others will try to use one’s unchecked spite as a source of control. He notes that “the Athenians of those days had good reason to bear malice against the Corinthians and the Thebans for their conduct during the Decelean War; but they bore no malice whatever.”

Against Leptines Book 20.52 Regarding the Corinthian exiles. Demosthenes is recounting information he heard from elders who we can assume had been alive during the event in question. Athens had fought the Lacedaemonians in a great battle near Corinth. The city decided not to harbor the defeated Athenian troops, but instead sent heralds to the Lacedaemonians.

Book 20.53 The Corinthian heralds opened their gates to the defeated Athenian army and refused to betray them to the victorious Lacedaemonian army. Demosthenes notes that they “chose along with you, who had been engaged in battle, to suffer whatever might betide, rather than without you to enjoy a safety that involved no danger.” These actions saved the Athenian troops and their allies.

Herodotus

In Herodotus Histories: Book 1.24 Harpist Arion is sailing home on a Corinthian vessel when the Corinthians decide to kill him and steal his money. Arion begs them to let him sing a last song and then he will kill himself. He throws himself overboard and escapes to Taernarus on the back of a dolphin. He presents himself to Periander and the sailors are found to be guilty.

Book 3.52 Periander kills his wife Melissa. His son finds out and refuses to talk to him. Periander sends his son away to Corcyra.

Book 3.53 Periander wants his son Lycopron to replace him as sovereign of Corinth. His son is finally convinced to come home on the condition that Periander go to Corcyra while he goes back to Corinth. The Corcyreans hear about this and kill Lycophron in order to keep Periander out of their country.

Book 5.92 B,D Corinthian oligarchy and birth story of Cypselus.

Book 5.92 E Cypselus gets an oracle from Delphi. Interprets it to mean he should take over Corinth. He does, and becomes the first tyrant of Corinth.

Book 5.92F Cypselus reigned for 30 years and was succeeded by his son Periander.

Book 5.93 Athenians and Corinthians entreat Spartans not to harm a Greek city.

Book 7:202 400 Corinthians are listed as fighting with the Spartan 300 against the Persians.

Book 9:88 Men surrendered by Thebas sent to Corinth by Pausanias where they were put to death.

Book 9:105 Corinthians were considered second best fighters to the Athenians.

Isocrates

On the Peace Speech 68, section 68 Isocrates speaks of the formation of the anti-Spartan alliance made in 395 in Corinth.

Thucydides

Book 1.13 Corinthian war against the Corcycraeans was the first naval war in history. According to Thucydides, Corinth was the first place in Hellas to build triremes. The Corinthians were also known for their wealth because of its location on the isthmus. All information to and from the Polyponesis traveled through Corinth, because many travelers came through delivering messages and goods.

Book 6.73 Three Syracusan generals went to Corinth and Lacedaemon to acquire allies for the Sicilian War.

Book 6.88 The Corinthians "voted at once to aid them (the Syracusans) hear and soul themselves". They also sent a group to Lacedaemon where they found Alcibiades. From there the Syracusans, Corinthians and Alcibiades convinced the Lacedaemonians to join their forces. After a convincing speech from Alcibiades, the Lacedaemonians agreed to send troops to aid the Sicilians.

Book 7.39 With the Syracusan troops in Athens, Ariston, a Corinithinan helmsman had the idea to move the market down to the sea which would allow the commanders to have a full meal, and then attack the Athenians while they were least expecting it. A messenger was sent to the market and the plan was carried through. The Athenians, expecting the Syracusan troops to be busy at the market, went upon their daily tasks, unprepared for battle. Suddenly the Athenians realized the Syracrusan troops were waging battle upon them so they scrambled to meet the Syracusans at the sea for battle. In the end, the Syracusan troops claimed victory and the Athenians retreated.

Xenophon

Hellenica, by Xenophon Books 3-7 Detailed description of the events of the Corinthian war.

Problems in the History

A problem faced by historians in the study of Corinth is the lack of written material regarding social life and economy. The writing that is available is either not interested in discussing the economy at all or is irritatingly vague. Historians have turned to archaeological evidence in order to answer questions about these institutions of Corinthian culture. While archaeological evidence is highly useful and informative, it is also speculative and subject to error in interpretation.

Furthermore, natural disasters such as earthquakes and destruction by the Romans under Lucius Mummius in 146 BC almost completely obliterated the Corinth of the Ancient Greeks. Subsequently, the entire city was rebuilt. The current remains of Corinth may reflect a city that was much different from what the Ancient Greeks - or even the Roman invaders - would have seen.

Much of the archaeological evidence can be interpreted using cross cultural comparison to sites with similar evidence and much more detailed histories. They can also compare evidence to cultural phenomena in the present in order to make more exact interpretations. Historians are able to use this evidence in combination with the primary sources they have such as Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, etc. in order to piece together the history of an ancient culture such as that found in Corinth.

Another problem historians face in the study of not only Corinth but the Ancient World in general, is establishing the border between myth and historical events. Many ancient historians were also entertainers and were concerned with their number of viewers and listeners. It is thought that they would pad out a story to make it more enjoyable if the true history was not interesting enough. As stories were transmitted, different parts of those stories were changed, possibly giving rise to a story that is totally different from the original account. Although such corrupted stories do not tell us exact history, they can provide insight into the culture and concerns of former times.

Notable people

Ancient

Modern

Other locations named after Corinth

Due to it's ancient history and the presence of St. Apostle Paul in Corinth some locations all over the world have been named Corinth:

United States
Brazil
Colombia
El Salvador
Nicaragua

References

  1. ^ De Facto Population of Greece Population and Housing Census of March 18th, 2001 (PDF 39 MB). National Statistical Service of Greece. 2003.
  2. ^ a b Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Volume 1, pg. 733.
  3. ^ Stone, Jon R. (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations. p. 76. ISBN 0415969093.
  4. ^ Bryant, T. A. (1982). Today's Dictionary of the Bible. Bethany House Publishers, NY.
  5. ^ http://www.paskorinthos.gr/2006-2007.html
  6. ^ "Gemellaggio tra Siracusa e Corinto". Liberta Sicilia. 8 January 2008.

External material

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corinth.

External references

  • Partial text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897
  • "Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Adkins. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece New York: Facts on File. 1997."
  • Alcock, Susan E. and Robin Osborne (ed.s). Classical Archaeology Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 2007.
  • "Del Chiaro, Mario A (ed). Corinthiaca: Studies in Honor of Darrell A. Amyx. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 1986."
  • "Grant, Michael. The Rise of the Greeks. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1987."
  • "Hammond, A History of Greece. Oxford University Press. 1967."History of Greece, including Corinth from "the early civilizations" (6000-850) to "the splitting of the empire and Antipater's occupation of Greece" (323-321).
  • "Kagan, Donald. The Fall of the Athenian Empire. New York: Cornell University Press. 1987."
  • "Salmon, J.B. Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1984."
  • British Admiralty charts:BA1085, BA1093, BA1600

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