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Joel and Ethan Coen
Ethan Coen and Joel Coen at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival
Born
Joel David Coen
Ethan Jesse Coen

(1954-11-29) November 29, 1954 (age 69) (Joel)
(1957-09-21) September 21, 1957 (age 67) (Ethan)
St. Louis Park, Minnesota
Other namesRoderick Jaynes
Occupation(s)Film Directors, producers, screenwriters, editors, cinematographers
Years active1984 – present
Spouse(s)Frances McDormand (Joel)
Tricia Cooke (Ethan)

Joel David Coen[1] (born November 29, 1954) and Ethan Jesse Coen[1] (born September 21, 1957), known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are American filmmakers. The brothers write, direct and produce their films jointly, although until recently Joel received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing. They often alternate top billing for their screenplays while sharing film credits for editor under the alias Roderick Jaynes. They are known in the film business as "the two-headed director", as they share a similar vision of their films. It is said that actors can approach either brother with a question and get the same answer.[2]

Biography

Early life

Joel and Ethan Coen grew up in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis, in a Jewish household.[3] Their father, Edward, was an economist at the University of Minnesota, and their mother, Rena, an art historian at St. Cloud State University.

When they were children, Joel saved money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super 8 camera. Together, the brothers remade movies they saw on television with a neighborhood kid, Mark Zimering ("Zeimers"),[citation needed] as the star. Their first attempt was a romp titled, Henry Kissinger, Man on the Go. Cornel Wilde's The Naked Prey (1966) became their Zeimers in Zambia,[4] which also featured Ethan as a native with a spear.

Education

The brothers graduated from St. Louis Park High School in 1973 and 1976. They both also graduated from Bard College at Simon's Rock in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.[3] Joel then spent four years in the undergraduate film program at New York University where he made a 30-minute thesis film called Soundings. The film depicted a woman engaged in sex with her deaf boyfriend while verbally fantasizing about having sex with her boyfriend's best friend, who is listening in the next room. Ethan went on to Princeton University and earned an undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1979.[3] His senior thesis was a 41-page essay, "Two Views of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy".

In the late 1970s, both brothers lived in the Weinstein dormitory at 5-11 University Place, an NYU dorm noted for housing such creatives as Ralph Bakshi, Rick Rubin, actor/writer Jonathan Schmock, and film makers Chris Columbus and Dan Goldman.

Personal lives

Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1984. They adopted a son from Paraguay, named Pedro McDormand Coen (Frances and all her siblings were adopted). McDormand has acted in six of the Coen Brothers' films, including a minor appearance in Miller's Crossing, a supporting role in Raising Arizona, lead roles in Blood Simple and The Man Who Wasn't There, her Academy Award winning role in Fargo, and her latest starring role in Burn After Reading. She also did a voice-over in Barton Fink.

Ethan is married to film editor Tricia Cooke.

Both couples live in New York City.[5]

Career

The 1980s

After graduating from NYU, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos. He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi, who was looking for an assistant editor on his first feature film The Evil Dead (1981).

In 1984, the brothers wrote and directed Blood Simple, their first film together. Set in Texas, the film tells the tale of a shifty, sleazy bar owner who hires a private detective to kill his wife and her lover. The film contains elements that point to their future direction: distinctive homages to genre movies (in this case noir and horror), plot twists layered over a simple story, a dark humor and mise en scene. The film starred Frances McDormand, who would go on to feature in many of the Coen brothers' films (and marry Joel). Upon release the film received much praise and won awards for Joel's direction at both the Sundance and Independent Spirit awards. M. Emmet Walsh also won Best Male Actor[6] at the 1986 Independent Spirit awards for his portrayal of Detective Visser.

Their next project was 1985's Crimewave, directed by Sam Raimi. The film was written by the Coens and Raimi. Joel and Raimi also made cameo appearances in Spies Like Us.

The next film by the brothers was the 1987 hit Raising Arizona, the story of an unlikely married couple: ex-convict H.I. (Nicolas Cage) and police officer Ed (Holly Hunter), who long for a baby but are unable to conceive. When a local furniture tycoon (Trey Wilson) appears on television with his newly born quintuplets and jokes that they "are more than we can handle," H.I. steals one of the quintuplets to bring up as their own. The film featured Frances McDormand, John Goodman, William Forsythe, Sam McMurray, and Randall "Tex" Cobb.

The 1990s

Miller's Crossing, released in 1990, starred Albert Finney, Gabriel Byrne, and future Coen brothers staple John Turturro. The film is set during the Prohibition era and tells the tale of feuding gangsters.

The following year, they made Barton Fink, set in 1941, the story of a New York playwright (the eponymous Barton Fink played by John Turturro) who moves to Los Angeles to write a B-movie. He settles down in his hotel room to commence the writing and gets writer's block, with inspiration from the man (John Goodman) next door. Barton Fink was a critical success, earning Oscar nominations and winning three major awards at 1991 Cannes Film Festival, including the Palme d'Or.[7] It was their first film with cinematographer Roger Deakins, a key collaborator for next 15 years.

In 1994, The Hudsucker Proxy (co-written with Raimi) revolves around a man who is made the head of a massive corporation with the expectation that he will ruin the company, so that the board can buy it for next to nothing. Instead, he ends up inventing the hula hoop and becomes both a success and a "personality" overnight.

The brothers returned to more familiar ground in 1996 with the crime thriller Fargo, set in their home state of Minnesota (Fargo, North Dakota appears in only a couple of early scenes). The movie tells the tale of Jerry Lundegaard (William H. Macy), a man with money problems, who has his wife kidnapped so that his wealthy father-in-law will pay the ransom that he can split with the kidnappers. His plan goes wrong when the kidnappers deviate from the plan and local cop Marge Gunderson (McDormand) starts to investigate. A critical and commercial success, with particular praise for its dialogue and McDormand's performance, the film received several awards including a BAFTA award and Cannes award for direction and two Oscars, one for Best Original Screenplay and a Best Actress Oscar for McDormand.

The Coens' next film, The Big Lebowski, was released in 1998. With its story of "The Dude" (Jeff Bridges), a Los Angeles slacker, used as an unwitting pawn in a fake kidnapping plot with his bowling buddies (Steve Buscemi and John Goodman). Despite a lukewarm reception from critics, it is now regarded as a classic cult film.[8]

The 2000s

Buoyed by the success of both Fargo and The Big Lebowski, the Coen brothers' next film O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) was another critical and commercial success. The title was borrowed from the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan's Travels, whose lead character, movie director John Sullivan, had planned to make a film with that title.[9] Based loosely on Homer's Odyssey (complete with a cyclops, sirens, et al.) the story is set in Mississippi in the 1930s and follows a trio of escaped convicts who have absconded from a chain gang and who journey home in an attempt to recover the loot from a bank heist that the leader has buried. But they have no idea what the journey is that they are undertaking. The film also highlighted the comic abilities of George Clooney who starred as the oddball lead character Ulysses Everett McGill (assisted by his sidekicks, played by Tim Blake Nelson and John Turturro). The film's bluegrass and old time soundtrack, offbeat humor and noted cinematography, made it a critical and commercial hit. The soundtrack CD became even more successful than the film, spawning a concert, a concert DVD of its own (Down from the Mountain) that coincided with a resurgence in interest in American folk music.

With Javier Bardem at the Cannes Film Festival.

The Coen brothers produced another noirish thriller in 2001, The Man Who Wasn't There. Set in late 1940s California, the film tells the tale of a laconic chain-smoking barber (played by Billy Bob Thornton), who in an effort to get some money together to invest in a dry cleaning business, decides to blackmail his wife's boss, who is also her lover. The film's twists and turns and dark humor were typical of Coen films, but here the slow build of the thriller, its dead-end roads look meant that the film was more for the purists rather than casual audiences.

Intolerable Cruelty, released in 2003, starred George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones; it was a throwback to the romantic comedies of the 1940s with a story based on Miles Massey, a hot shot divorce lawyer, and a beautiful divorcee whom Massey had managed to stop getting any money from her divorce. She sets out on a course to get even with him while he becomes smitten with her. Intolerable Cruelty divided the critics; some applauded the romantic screwball comedy elements of the movie, others wondered why the Coens would wish to supply us with their take on this genre.

In 2004, the Coen brothers made The Ladykillers, a remake of the Ealing Studios classic. The story revolves around a professor (played by Tom Hanks) who puts together a team to rob a casino. They rent a room in an elderly woman's house to execute the heist. When the woman discovers the plot, however, the gang decides to murder her to ensure her silence. This is easier said than done. The Coens received some of the most lukewarm reviews of their career with this movie; much criticism surmised that while the Coens have managed to make films in which a genre can be homaged or pastiched successfully, a relatively faithful reworking of an individual classic did not give them enough creative leeway to place a complete trademark touch on their work.

No Country for Old Men, released in November 2007, follows closely the 2005 novel by Cormac McCarthy. Vietnam veteran Llewelyn Moss (Josh Brolin), living on the Texas/Mexico border, stumbles upon, and decides to pocket, two million dollars in drug money. He then has to go on the run to avoid those looking to recover the money, including a sinister killer Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem) who confounds both Llewelyn and local sheriff Ed Tom Bell (Tommy Lee Jones). This plot line is a return to the dark, noir themes and also marks a notable departure, including a lack of regular Coen actors (with the exception of Stephen Root). The film has received nearly universal critical praise, garnering a 95% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes.[10] The film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay, all of which were received by the Coens, as well as Best Supporting Actor received by Bardem. (The Coens, as "Roderick Jaynes", were also nominated for Best Editor, but lost.) It was the first time since 1961 (Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise for West Side Story) that two directors had received the honor of Best Director at the same time.

In January 2008, Ethan Coen's play Almost An Evening premiered Off-Broadway at the Atlantic Theater Company Stage 2 and opened to mostly enthusiastic reviews. The initial run closed on February 10, 2008 but was moved to a new theatre for a commercial Off-Broadway run. The commercial run began in March, 2008, and ran until June 1, 2008 at the Bleecker Street Theatre in New York City, produced by The Atlantic Theater Company[11] and Art Meets Commerce.[12] In May 2009, the Atlantic Theater Company produced Coen's "Offices", as part of their mainstage season at the Linda Gross Theater.

Burn After Reading, a comedy starring Brad Pitt and George Clooney was released September 12, 2008; it portrays a collision course between a gym, spies and internet dating. Despite being released to mixed reviews, it debuted at number one in North America.

In 2009, they directed a television commercial for the Reality Coalition entitled "Air Freshener".[13]

A Serious Man was released on October 2, 2009. It has been described as a "gentle but dark" period comedy (set in 1967) with a low budget.[14] The film is based loosely on the Book of Job[citation needed] and the Coen brothers' own childhoods in a Jewish academic family in the largely Jewish suburb of St Louis Park, Minnesota.[14] Other filming took place in late summer 2008 in some neighborhoods of Roseville and Bloomington, Minnesota, at Normandale Community College, and at St. Olaf College. The movie went on to be nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture.

The 2010s

True Grit, based on the novel by Charles Portis, was released in 2010.[15] Filming was done primarily in Granger, Texas with some filming done in Austin, Texas. Jeff Bridges, who starred in the Coens' The Big Lebowski, stars as Marshal Rooster Cogburn. Matt Damon, Josh Brolin, and Hailee Steinfeld also appear in the movie.[16] True Grit was nominated for ten Academy Awards but failed to take any home.

Upcoming, planned films and uncompleted projects

The Coens hoped to film James Dickey's novel To the White Sea.[17] They were due to start production in 2002, with Jeremy Thomas producing and Brad Pitt in the lead role, but it was cancelled when the Coens felt that the budget offered was not enough to successfully produce the film.

A project which has been mooted for several years is Hail Caesar, the third of the so called Numskull trilogy, a comedy starring George Clooney as a matinee idol making a biblical epic. However in an interview for the Los Angeles Times in February 2008, the Coens said that it did not exist as a script but only as an idea.[18]

It has been announced that the Coen brothers will write and direct an adaptation of Michael Chabon's novel, The Yiddish Policemen's Union. They will produce the film with Scott Rudin for Columbia Pictures.[19]

In a 1998 interview with Alex Simon for Venice magazine, the Coens discussed a project called The Contemplations which would be an anthology of short films based on stories in a leatherbound book from a 'dusty old library'.[20]

As well as their own projects, they have involvement in two other productions. One is Suburbicon, a comedy starring and directed by George Clooney. It will be written and produced by the Coens.[21] In addition they have provided the screenplay for a remake of the 1966 film Gambit, due to star Colin Firth and Ben Kingsley.[22] Both films were slated for a 2009 release, but delayed.

Joel stated that "a Cold War comedy called 62 Skidoo is one I'd like to do someday".[23]

The Coen brothers have stated that they are interested in making a sequel to Barton Fink called Old Fink, which would take place in the 1960s, around the same time period as A Serious Man. The brothers have stated that they have had talks with John Turturro in reprising his role as Fink, but they were waiting "until he was actually old enough to play the part".[24]

Turturro has also stated that he would be interested in making a spinoff of "The Big Lebowski" about his character, Jesus, but the Coens have not publicly confirmed the likelihood of this project going forward.[25]

Production company

Coen brothers founded their own film production company, called Mike Zoss Productions, located in New York City, which has been credited on films from O Brother, Where Art Thou?.[26]

Directing distinctions

The 14 movies by the Coen brothers, 1984–2009: box office performance, user ratings (from IMDb), critical reaction (from Rotten Tomatoes)

In the past, Joel and Ethan Coen have had to split the producer and director credits due to guild rules that disallowed co-sharing of the director credit to prevent rights and ownership issues. The only exception to this rule is if the co-directors are an "established duo". Now that they are able to share the director credit (as an established duo), the Coen brothers have become only the third duo to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director. The first two pairs to achieve this were Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins (who won for West Side Story in 1961) and Warren Beatty and Buck Henry (who were nominated for Heaven Can Wait in 1978).

With eight Academy Award nominations for No Country for Old Men including Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, and Film Editing (Roderick Jaynes), the Coen Brothers have tied the record for the most nominations by a single nominee (counting an "established duo" as one nominee) for the same film. Orson Welles set the record in 1941 with Citizen Kane being nominated for Best Picture, Director, Actor, and Screenplay (with Herman J. Mankiewicz). Warren Beatty tied Welles' record when Beatty was nominated for Best Picture, Director, Actor, and Screenplay for Reds in 1981. Alan Menken also then achieved the same feat when he was nominated for Best Score and triple-nominated for Best Song for Beauty and the Beast in 1991.

Collaborators

See also: List of frequent Coen Brothers collaborators and List of noted film director and cinematographer collaborations

The Coens used cinematographer Barry Sonnenfeld through Miller's Crossing until Sonnenfeld left to pursue his own directing career, which includes such films as The Addams Family, Get Shorty, and Men in Black. Roger A. Deakins has been the Coen brothers' cinematographer for all their films since except Burn After Reading, on which they employed Emmanuel Lubezki.[27]

Sam Raimi also helped write The Hudsucker Proxy, which the Coen brothers directed; and the Coen brothers helped write Crimewave, which Raimi directed. Raimi took tips about filming A Simple Plan from the Coen brothers, who had recently finished Fargo (both films are set in blindingly white snow, which reflects a lot of light and can make metering for a correct exposure tricky). Raimi has cameos in Miller's Crossing and The Hudsucker Proxy. They met when Joel Coen was hired as one of the editors of The Evil Dead (mentioned on the movies' commentary).

William Preston Robertson is an old friend of the Coens who helped them with re-shoots on Blood Simple and provided the voice of the radio evangelist. He is listed in the credits as the "Rev. William Preston Robertson". He has provided vocal talents on most of the Coens' films up to and including The Big Lebowski. He is also credited in Sam Raimi's Evil Dead II and he wrote The Making of The Big Lebowski with Tricia Cooke.

All of their films aside from 1985's Crimewave have been scored by Carter Burwell, although T-Bone Burnett produced much of the traditional music in O Brother, Where Art Thou? and The Ladykillers and was also in charge of archive music for The Big Lebowski. Skip Lievsay handles the post-production sound work for all of their films.

All of their films have been edited by "Roderick Jaynes". Jaynes is, however, an alias to refer collectively to the two Coen brothers.

Awards

Academy Awards

Both Ethan and Joel have been nominated for thirteen Academy Awards (twice under their alias Roderick Jaynes) and have won two Oscars for screenwriting (original screenplay for Fargo and adapted screenplay for No Country for Old Men). They received their first awards for Best Achievement in Directing and Best Picture for No Country for Old Men.

1991: Barton Fink

1996: Fargo

2000: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

2001: The Man Who Wasn't There

2007: No Country for Old Men

2009: A Serious Man

2010: True Grit (all nominations)

BAFTA Awards

1996: Fargo

2000: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

2001: The Man Who Wasn't There

2007: No Country for Old Men

2008: Burn After Reading

2009: A Serious Man

2010: True Grit (all nominations)

Cannes Film Festival

1991: Barton Fink

1994: The Hudsucker Proxy

1996: Fargo

2000: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

2001: The Man Who Wasn't There

2004: The Ladykillers

  • Jury Prize (Irma P. Hall, won - for her acting)
  • Palme d'Or (nominated)

2007: No Country for Old Men

Filmography

Year Film Director
credit		 Academy Award Golden Globe BAFTA
Nominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins
1984 Blood Simple Joel
1987 Raising Arizona
1990 Miller's Crossing
1991 Barton Fink 3 1
1994 The Hudsucker Proxy
1996 Fargo 7 2 4 6 1
1998 The Big Lebowski
2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou? 2 2 1 5
2001 The Man Who Wasn't There 1 3 1 1
2003 Intolerable Cruelty
2004 The Ladykillers Joel & Ethan
2007 No Country for Old Men 8 4 4 2 9 3
2008 Burn After Reading 2 3
2009 A Serious Man 2 1 1
2010 True Grit 10 8 1
Total 33 6 17 3 20 5

Casting

See also: List of frequent Coen Brothers collaborators

The Coen brothers often cast certain actors more than once in their films. They have worked twice with Jeff Bridges and at least three times with George Clooney, Holly Hunter (who also did an uncredited voice in Blood Simple), Frances McDormand (who also had an uncredited role in Miller's Crossing and did an uncredited voice in Barton Fink), John Turturro, Steve Buscemi, Josh Brolin, Michael Badalucco, John Goodman, Richard Jenkins, Stephen Root, and Jon Polito.

Casting
Actor Blood Simple (1984) Raising Arizona (1987) Miller's Crossing (1990) Barton Fink (1991) The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) Fargo (1996) The Big Lebowski (1998) O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) Intolerable Cruelty (2003) The Ladykillers (2004) Paris, je t'aime: Tuileries (2006) No Country For Old Men (2007) To Each His Own Cinema: World Cinema (2007) Burn After Reading (2008) A Serious Man (2009) True Grit (2010)
Michael Badalucco checkY checkY checkY
Jeff Bridges checkY checkY
Josh Brolin checkY checkY checkY
Steve Buscemi checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
George Clooney checkY checkY checkY
Charles Durning checkY checkY
John Goodman checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
Holly Hunter checkY checkY checkY
Richard Jenkins checkY checkY checkY
Warren Keith checkY checkY checkY checkY
Frances McDormand checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
John Mahoney checkY checkY
Steve Park checkY checkY
Jon Polito checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
Stephen Root checkY checkY checkY
Leon Russom checkY checkY
Tony Shalhoub checkY checkY
J. K. Simmons checkY checkY
Peter Stormare checkY checkY
Billy Bob Thornton checkY checkY
John Turturro checkY checkY checkY checkY
M. Emmet Walsh checkY checkY

Other works

Bibliography

  • Cheshire, Ellen & Ashbrook, John. 2000. Joel and Ethan Coen. "The Pocket Essential" 3rd Revised edition published in 2005 includes all films and some subsidiary works (Crimewave, Down from the Mountain, Bad Santa) up to The Ladykillers. ISBN 978-1904048398.

References

  1. ^ a b According to the State of Minnesota. Minnesota Birth Index, 1935-2002. Minnesota Department of Health. Searchable at http://www.ancestry.com
  2. ^ "O Coen brothers, where art thou going to put the Oscar?". London: The Sunday Times. 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  3. ^ a b c "Coen brothers prove two heads are better than one". Agence France-Presse. 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  4. ^ "Joel and Ethan Coen: Biography". The Gods of Filmmaking. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  5. ^ Ian Nathan (January 2008). "The Complete Coens". Empire. p. 173. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ "Best Male Actor 1986 Spirit Awards". Ulike.net. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  7. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Barton Fink". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  8. ^ Joe Morgenstern (2006-11-07). "Deconstructing the Dude - Why 'The Big Lebowski' is a cult classic -- and a cultural touchstone". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  9. ^ "Trivia for Sullivan's Travels (1941)". IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  10. ^ "No Country for Old Men (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  11. ^ "Atlantic Theater Company". Atlantic Theater Company. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  12. ^ art meets commerce - web design, internet marketing, videos, theatricals, events.
  13. ^ "Coen Brothers Direct New "Clean Coal" Ad". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  14. ^ a b Covert, Colin (2008-09-06). "In Twin Cities, Coen brothers shoot from heart". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  15. ^ Michael Fleming (March 22, 2009). "Coen brothers to adapt 'True Grit' - Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  16. ^ "Coen Brothers to film 'True Grit' remake in NM". Boston Herald. February 12, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  17. ^ Patterson, John. "We've killed a lot of animals". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  18. ^ "Coen brothers' road less traveled leads this time to 'No Country for Old Men'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  19. ^ Purcell, Andrew (2008-02-08). "Scott Rudin is on a roll". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  20. ^ Simon, Alex. "Brother's Keepers". Venice Magazine (April 1998). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ^ Davis, Erik (2005-11-27). "Clooney to direct [[Suburbicon]]". Cinematical.com. Retrieved 2008-02-26. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  22. ^ Davis, Erik (2007-12-28). "The Coen Brothers Want a Little Spaghetti with Their Next Western". Cinematical.com. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  23. ^ Smriti Mundhra (2001-10-31). "10 Questions: Joel Coen". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  24. ^ Adam Rosenberg (2009-09-21). "EXCLUSIVE: Coen Brothers Want John Turturro To Get Old For 'Barton Fink' Sequel, 'Old Fink'". MTV. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  25. ^ Adam Rosenberg (2009-09-21). "EXCLUSIVE: 'Big Lebowski' Jesus Spin-off 'Could Happen' But Not Yet, Say Ethan And Joel Coen". MTV. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  26. ^ Mike Zoss Production Inc. "Mike Zoss Production Inc - New York, New York (NY) | Company Profile". Manta.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  27. ^ "Burn After Reading: The Coens go back to their kooky roots". Empire. December 2007. p. 30. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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