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Pangasinan language

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Pangasinan
Native to Philippines
RegionIlocos Region and Central Luzon
Native speakers
(1.16 million cited 1990 census)
9th most spoken native language in the Philippines[1]
Latin (Baybayin, Pangasinan or Filipino alphabet);
Historically Baybayin
Official status
Official language in
Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated byCommission on the Filipino Language
Language codes
ISO 639-2pag
ISO 639-3pag
Linguasphere31-CGA-f
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: Salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: Idioma pangasinense) is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines.

Pangasinan is the name for the language, people, and province or region of the Philippines. The Pangasinan language, also called "Pangasinense", its hispanicized name, is spoken by more than one and a half million Pangasinan people (indigenous speakers) in the province of Pangasinan alone. Pangasinan is also spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, and by Pangasinan immigrants in the United States. Pangasinan is the primary language in the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is the official regional language in the province of Pangasinan, with a total population of the province of 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census).

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. [2][3] Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar.[4] The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:

  • Pangasinan
  • Ibaloi
  • Karao
  • I-wak
  • Kalanguya
  • Keley-I
  • Kallahan
  • Kayapa
  • Tinoc

Pangasinan is spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.

Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

Distribution

Pangasinan is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinan. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac, and Zambales.

History

Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinense are descendants of these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in Pangasinan. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Grammar

Sentence Structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan language is agglutinative language.

Pronouns

Personal

  Absolutive Independent Absolutive Enclitic Ergative Oblique
1st person singular siák ak -k(o) ed siak
1st person dual sikatá ita, ta -ta ed sikata
2nd person singular siká ka -m(o) ed sika
3rd person singular sikató -, -a to ed sikato
1st person plural inclusive sikatayó itayo, tayo -tayo ed sikatayo
1st person plural exclusive sikamí kamí mi ed sikami
2nd person plural sikayó kayó yo ed sikayo
3rd person plural sikara ira, ra da ed sikara

Affixes

a:-UM-
MAKAN-, AKAN-
PINAGKA-
INKA-
KA
KA-AN
-AN
SAN-
SANKA-
SANKA-AN
MA-
MAY-
MAY-EN
MANKA-, ANKA-, MANGA-
KI-AN
INKI-
KI-
NA-AN, A-AN
NI-AN
EN-
-IN-
I-
I-AN
IN-
INY-
IN-AN

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog, Ilokano and Pangasinan.

English Tagalog Ilokano Pangasinan
one isa maysa sakey, isa
two dalawa dua duara, dua
three tatlo tallo talora, talo
four apat uppat apatira, apat
five lima lima limara, lima
six anim innem anemira, anem
seven pito pito pitora, pito
eight walo walo walora, walo
nine siyam siam siamira, siam
ten sampu sangapulo samplora, samplo,sangapolo

Cardinal Numbers:

Pangasinan English
isa, sakey, san- one
dua, dua'ra (dua ira) two
talo, -tlo, talo'ra (talo ira) three
apat, -pat, apatira (apat ira) four
lima, lima'ra (lima ira) five
anem, -nem, anemira (anem ira) six
pito, pito'ra (pito ira) seven
walo, walo'ra (walo ira) eight
siam, siamira (siam ira) nine
polo, samplo (isa'n polo), samplo'ra (isa'n polo ira) tens, ten
lasus, sanlasus (isa'n lasus) hundreds, one hundred
libo, sakey libo thousands, one thousand
laksa, sanlaksa (isa'n laksa), sakey a laksa ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal Numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with prefix KUMA- (KA- plus infix -UM). Example: kumadua, second.

Associative Numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-. Example: katlo, third of a group of three.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, third part.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, first time; pidua, second time; pinlima, fifth time.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- (MAMI- or MAMIN- for present or future tense, and AMI- or AMIN- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, once; amidua, twice; mamitlo, thrice.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, one each; sanderua, two each.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, twice each; magsi-pamidua, each twice.

Phonology

Traditional Pangasinan has fifteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone. Modern Pangasinan has incorporated from English and Spanish the following seven consonants: c, f, j, q, v, x, and z.

Alphabet

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ng:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ng o p q r s t u v w x y z

Swadesh list in English and Pangasinan

English - Pangasinan

  1. I - siak, ak
  2. you (singular) - sika, ka
  3. he - sikato (he/she), to
  4. we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
  5. you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
  6. they - sikara, ra
  7. this - aya
  8. that - aman, atan
  9. here - dia
  10. there - diman, ditan
  11. who - siopa, opa, si
  12. what - anto, a
  13. where - iner
  14. when - kapigan, pigan
  15. how - pano, panon
  16. not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
  17. all - amin
  18. many - amayamay, dakel
  19. some - pigara (piga ira)
  20. few - daiset, melag
  21. other - arom
  22. one - isa, sakey
  23. two - dua, duara
  24. three - talo, talora (talo ira)
  25. four - apat, apatira (apat ira)
  26. five - lima, limara (lima ira)
  27. big - baleg
  28. long - andokey
  29. wide - maawang, malapar
  30. thick - makapal
  31. heavy - ambelat
  32. small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
  33. short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
  34. narrow - mainget
  35. thin - mabeng, maimpis
  36. woman - bii
  37. man (adult male) - laki, bolog
  38. man (human being) - too
  39. child - ogaw, anak, ilalak (offspring)
  40. wife - asawa, kaamong, akolaw
  41. husband - asawa, kaamong, masiken
  42. mother - ina
  43. father - ama
  44. animal - ayep
  45. fish - sira
  46. bird - billit, (chick) sibong, siwsiw
  47. chicken - manok
  48. dog - asu
  49. louse - kotu
  50. nits - yels
  51. snake - oleg
  52. worm - biges, alumbayar
  53. tree - kiew, tanem
  54. forest - kakiewan, katakelan
  55. stick - bislak, bolawit
  56. fruit - bonga
  57. seed - bokel
  58. leaf - bolong
  59. root - lamut
  60. skin of a fruit - obak
  61. flower - rosas
  62. grass - dika
  63. rope - singer, lubir, taker
  64. skin - baog, katat
  65. meat - laman
  66. blood - dala
  67. bone - pokel
  68. fat (n.) - mataba, taba
  69. egg - iknol
  70. horn - saklor
  71. tail - ikol
  72. feather - bagu
  73. hair - buek
  74. head - olu
  75. ear - layag
  76. eye - mata
  77. nose - eleng
  78. mouth - sangi
  79. tooth - ngipen
  80. tongue - dila
  81. fingernail - kuku
  82. foot - sali
  83. leg - bikking, bitking
  84. knee - pueg
  85. hand - lima
  86. wing - payak
  87. belly - eges
  88. guts - pait
  89. neck - beklew
  90. back - beneg
  91. breast - suso
  92. chest - pagew
  93. heart - puso
  94. liver - altey
  95. drink - inom
  96. eat - mangan, akan, kamot
  97. bite - ketket
  98. suck - supsup, suso
  99. spit - lutda, lupda
  100. vomit - uta
  101. blow - sibuk
  102. breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa
  103. laugh - elek
  104. see - nengneng
  105. hear - dengel
  106. know - amta, kabat
  107. think - nonot
  108. smell - angob, amoy
  109. fear - takot, takut
  110. sleep - ogip
  111. life - bilay
  112. die - onpatey, patey
  113. kill - manpatey, pateyen
  114. fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
  115. hunt - managnop, anop, manerel
  116. hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
  117. cut - tegteg, sugat
  118. split - pisag, puter, paldua
  119. stab - saksak, doyok, torok
  120. scratch - gogo, dapigas, korkor
  121. dig - kotkot
  122. swim - langoy
  123. fly (v.) - tekyab
  124. walk - akar
  125. come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
  126. lie - dokol (lie down)
  127. prone - tikleb
  128. sim's - diking
  129. sit - yorong
  130. stand - alagey
  131. turn - liko, telek
  132. fall - pelag
  133. give - iter, itdan
  134. hold - benben
  135. squeeze - pespes
  136. rub - kuskos, gorgor
  137. wash - oras
  138. wipe - punas
  139. pull - goyor
  140. push - tolak
  141. throw - topak
  142. tie - singer
  143. sew - dait
  144. count - bilang
  145. say - ibaga
  146. sing - kansyon
  147. sound - togtog
  148. play - galaw
  149. float - letaw
  150. flow - agos
  151. freeze - kigtel
  152. swell - larag
  153. sun - agew, banua, ugto (noon)
  154. moon - bulan
  155. star - bitewen
  156. water - danum
  157. rain - uran
  158. river - ilog, kalayan
  159. lake - ilog, look
  160. sea - dayat
  161. salt - asin
  162. stone - bato
  163. sand - buer
  164. dust - dabuk
  165. earth - dalin
  166. cloud - lurem
  167. fog - kelpa
  168. sky - tawen
  169. wind - dagem
  170. snow - linew
  171. ice - pakigtel
  172. hard - tukel
  173. smoke - asiwek, asewek
  174. fire - apuy, pool, dalang, sinit
  175. ashes - dapol
  176. burn - pool
  177. road - dalan,(other dialects) basbas, polong
  178. mountain - palandey
  179. stink - ampaseng, ambanget
  180. red - ambalanga
  181. green - ampasiseng, pasiseng, maeta, eta
  182. yellow - duyaw
  183. white - amputi, puti
  184. black - andeket, deket
  185. night - labi
  186. day - agew
  187. year - taon
  188. warm - ampetang, petang
  189. cold - ambetel, betel
  190. full - naksel, napno
  191. new - balo
  192. old - daan
  193. good - duga, maong, abig
  194. bad - aliwa, mauges
  195. rotten - abolok, bolok
  196. dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
  197. straight - maptek, petek
  198. round - malimpek, limpek, tibokel
  199. sharp - matdem, tarem
  200. dull - epel, purel
  201. smooth - patad
  202. wet - ambasa, basa
  203. dry - amaga, maga
  204. correct - duga, tua
  205. wrong - aliwa
  206. near - asinger, abay
  207. far - arawi, biek (other side)
  208. right - kawanan
  209. left - kawigi
  210. at - ed
  211. in - ed
  212. with - iba
  213. and - tan
  214. if - no
  215. because - ta, lapu ed
  216. name - ngaran
  217. none - anggapo
  218. there is - wa, wala
  219. what - anto
  220. which - dinan
  221. wherever - iner man
  222. Season - panaon
  223. rainy days - mama-oran
  224. summer - tiagew
  225. kneel - talimukor
  226. i don't know - agku anta
  227. i love you - inaro taka
  228. i don't like you - ag taka labay
  229. i like you - labay taka
  230. deaf- telek
  231. lame - piley
  232. dumb - emel
  233. sit - yurong
  234. stand - alagey
  235. eyelash - kurimatmat
  236. teeth - ngipen
  237. fetch - asol, man-asol
  238. beautiful - magana
  239. handsome- matalindeg
  240. ugly- aliw-diwa
  241. lier - matila
  242. lie - tila
  243. cry - akis
  244. thief - matakew
  245. steal - takew
  246. shout - iyag
  247. flirt - sayet, manjalteng, mantalingayet
  248. whore - patakkok
  249. use - usar

Orthography

See also: Filipino alphabet and Filipino orthography

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Pangasinan Literature

Pangasinan was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinan written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía, and María C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolución Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story.

Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adiós in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in English, Tagalog, and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan. Some Pangasinan are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.

Malinac ya Labi (Original Version)

This Pangasinan folk love song was composed by Julian Velasco.

Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day koguip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen
(Repeat)

Refrain:
Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay
(Repeat Refrain)

Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi

Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace

Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew

Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Suddenly I awake

Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love

Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When it's you that I see

Napunas lan amin
All are wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear

No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Of your sweet kindness

Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
 Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Until life is gone

Our Father in Pangasinan

Ama mi a wala kad tawen Nagalang so ngaran Mo Onsabid sikami panarian Mo Onorey linawam diad dalin onung ed tawen. Say kanen min inagew-agew Iter mod sikami ed agew aya Tan paandian Mo ray utang mi Onung na panamaandi miy kasalanan day akapankasalanan ed sikami Tan ag Mo kami iter ed tukso Ilaban Mo kami ed mauges. Ama mi.

List of foreign words

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), podir (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), birdi (verde, green), ispiritu ("espíritu", spirit), and santo (holy, saint).

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

  • Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario Hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
  • Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
  • Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
  • Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
  • Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
  • Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
  • Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
  • Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
  • Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
  • Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
  • Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
  • Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
  • Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
  • Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
  • Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
  • Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
  • Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
  • Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
  • Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
  • Mel V. Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (Corpuz Press, Calasiao, Pangasinan, March 2007).
  • Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).

See also

References

  1. ^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
  2. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Fox, James J. (August 19–20, 2004). "Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies" (PDF).
  4. ^ Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2003-2008). "The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Pangasinan edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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