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April 2015 Nepal earthquake

Coordinates: 28°08′49″N 84°42′29″E / 28.147°N 84.708°E / 28.147; 84.708
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2015 Nepal earthquake
April 2015 Nepal earthquake is located in Nepal
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Kathmandu
Kathmandu
UTC time??
Magnitude7.8Mw[1] or 8.1 Ms[2]
Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)[1]
Epicenter28°08′49″N 84°42′29″E / 28.147°N 84.708°E / 28.147; 84.708[1]
TypeThrust[1]
Areas affected
Max. intensityIX (Violent)[1]
Aftershocks6.6Mw on 25 April at 12:30[3]
6.7Mw on 26 April at 12:54[4]
No. of aftershocks = 120 (As of 1 May 2015)
Casualties7,347+ confirmed dead.[i] [5] 14,000+ injured[6]

The 2015 Nepal earthquake, (the Gorkha earthquake)[7][8] which killed more than 7,000 people and injured more than twice as many,[i] occurred at on 25 April, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8Mw[1] or 8.1Ms[2] and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter lay in Barpak village of Gorkha district and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).[1]

It was the most powerful disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[9][10][11] Some casualties have also been reported in the adjoining areas of India, China, and Bangladesh.

The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19,[12] making it the deadliest day on the mountain in history.[13] It triggered another huge avalanche in Langtang valley, where 250 are now missing.[14][15]

Hundreds of thousands of houses were destroyed rendering people homeless with entire villages flattened,[16][17][14] across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square and the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[18][19]

Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at NST.[4] The country is at continued risk of landslides as well.[20]

Earthquake

Map of the earthquake and its aftershocks

The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[21] with its epicenter approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately twenty seconds.[22] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.9 Mw and finally downgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.9 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-five aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.6 Mw.[23]

According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[21] Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (75 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in just 30 seconds.[24]

The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the MFT], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[25] According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[26]

Geology

M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014

Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate,[27] occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[28] These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[29] Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[29]

The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.[1][30]

The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[31]

Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[32] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[33]

Intensity

Nepal earthquake ShakeMap

According to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on the USGS website, the intensity in Kathmandu was IX (Violent).[1] Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,[34] in the Indian capital region around New Delhi[35] and as far south as Karnataka.[36] Many buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[37] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter.[38] Tremors were felt in Pakistan[39] and Bhutan.[1]

Aftershocks

Main article: List of aftershocks after the 2015 Nepal earthquake

A major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST (07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.[39][40] The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri and Assam.[41] The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.[42]

A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault was an 11° dip striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).[43] The USGS says the aftershock on Sunday registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).[41]

Assuming that this earthquake was the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following month.[44] As of 1 May 2015, 120 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes above 4 Mw.[45][46]

Immediate aftermath

Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Ref.
Nepal Nepal > 7,240
 > 14,122
 [i] [47][48]
India India 78 288 [49]
China China 25 383 [50]
Bangladesh Bangladesh 4 200 [51]
Total > 7,347 > 14,993
Foreign casualties in Nepal
Country Deaths Ref.
India India 40 [52]
France France 10 [53]
China China 4 [54]
Italy Italy 4 [55]
United States United States 3 [56]
Canada Canada 2 [57]
Germany Germany 2 [58][59]
Australia Australia
India India 		1 [60][61]
Estonia Estonia 1 [62]
Hong Kong Hong Kong
United Kingdom United Kingdom 		1 [63][64]
Israel Israel 1 [65]
Japan Japan 1 [66]
New Zealand New Zealand 1 [67]
Spain Spain 1 [68]
United States United States
Vietnam Vietnam 		1 [69]
Total 73

Casualties

Nepal

The earthquake killed more than 7,000[70] and injured more than twice as many, as of 1 May 2015,[i] [47] Nepal's Prime Minister, Sushil Koirala, has said[10] that the number could reach 10,000.[71] The rural death toll may have been lower than expected as villagers were outdoors working during the time the quake hit.[72]

On 27 April, The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.[73] Hundreds of people are still considered missing and more than 450,000 are displaced.[48]

India

As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister, Rajnath Singh confirmed that 56 people died in the state of Bihar, 12 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[74]

Founder of Patanjali Yogpeeth Swami Ramdev and Acharya Balkrishna narrowly escape in the Quake as they were in Nepal for a Yoga Camp.[75]

Avalanches on Mount Everest

Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches

This earthquake caused many avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 climbers, including Google executive Dan Fredinburg,[76] are dead, with dozens injured or missing.

Landslides in the Langtang Valley

In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park around 250 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[77] and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[78] The village of Langtang has been destroyed by the avalanche. Around 300 were estimated to have died in smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang that were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.[15][79][80][81]

Damage

Before
Remains after the earthquake
The Dharahara tower

Hundreds of thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages especially, near the epicentre, flattened,[17][14] with hardly any house left standing.[16] The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations, with commercial flights planned to resume on April 26.[82] It has since shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[83] and many workers are not at their posts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or because they are dealing with its aftereffects.[84]

Kathmandu Durbar Square before the earthquake

Reports from Christian websites reported that church buildings fell onto the heads of congregations while they were praying leaving at least 500 Christians dead & 400 churches wiped out.[85][86]

Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[22] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[87][88][89][90] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side of Janaki Mandir has been reported to be damaged.[91] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the nine-storey Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Few other monuments, including the Kumari Temple and the Taleju Bhawani Temple, among others, have partially collapsed.[92]

The top of the Jay Bageshwori Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[93] Telephone service in Kathmandu has been sporadic since the quake, as has electricity.[84]

In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shanker, Uma Maheshwor Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungmati were destroyed. In Tripureshwor, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or partially destroyed.[93]

Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchowk Bhagwati, in Kavrepalanchowk District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Janaki Mandir in Janakpur, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were partially destroyed.[93]

Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[93]

Economic effects

Road damage in Nepal

Harvest could be lost this season as people hit by the calamity would get only a short time window to plant crops before this year's cycle of rains set in, forecasters had warned.

Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[94] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[95] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through 2020 to attract investment.[95] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the temblor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "It’s too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal’s GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[95]

Building damage as a result of the earthquake

"This is a very catastrophic event in a very poor nation. The cost of reconstruction over the next few years will be massive. Rebuilding costs could easily exceed USD$5 billion, which would be about 20 percent of Nepal's gross domestic product. Massive international disaster relief and rescue efforts will be needed urgently, as well as large-scale international financial and technical assistance for long-term reconstruction of the economy." said Rajiv Biswas, chief Asia-Pacific economist at Colorado-based consultancy services IHS Inc.[95][96]

Role of the internet and social media

Volunteering public from around the globe put up details of collapsed houses and trapped, homeless and hungry people, and messages and contact details of people willing to help and people who needed help,[97] posted from wherever communication systems were still standing, onto local maps,[98][99] for volunteers on the ground to try verify the claims of both, wherever they were able to go. First responders, from Nepali citizens to the Red Cross and Nepal army used this data. This was made possible from experience gained, and lessons learned from the Haiti and Indonesia earthquakes, with data in place in anticipation of this eventuality[100]

The earthquake received extensive coverage on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Close to 5 million tweets relating to Nepal were published during the first three days following the disaster.[101] Official Nepal government social media profiles were also used by the Nepal Police,[102][103] the Office of the Prime Minister of Nepal Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund[104] and the National Emergency Operation Centre.[105] A group of popular Nepalese accounts on social media were constantly providing rescue and relief information to the world. The hashtag #NepalEarthquake was in popular use on Twitter,[106] and a subreddit on the website Reddit was also created.[107]

On 3rd May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trending worldwide in the response of insensitive and inhumane news broadcasted by indian media in Twitter. Many people praised the aid and effort by Indian Government for the support , but, alleged Indian media to broadcast fake,misleading,insensitive news about the disaster and for occupying place where relief kits,blankets,food or rescue personnels could have been sent. The media was alleged to broadcast the news about support and aid from their countries only. The Indian users respond with hastags #sorrynepal and #DontComeBackIndianMedia. [108]

Rescue and relief

Nepal Army and Turkish Disaster Relief aid worker working together

About 90 percent of soldiers from the Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken area in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.[109] Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts.[110] Survivors were found up to 5 days after the earthquake.[111]

As of 1 May 2015, international aid agencies like Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu,[16] and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities.[112][113] Fear of epidemic looms over shortage of water and toilets, and the makeshift nature of living conditions.[114]

on 3 May the airport was closed to large aircraft after its runway sustained damage from the influx of flights delivering aid.[115][116]

International aid

Being Nepal's immediate neighbour, India was the first to respond, with Operation Maitri, which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces within hours.[117] It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals.

On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized to respond to the earthquake. However, they faced challenges in getting assistance to the country and struggled to distribute it amid the widespread devastation, especially in areas cut-off, outlying the capital, Kathmandu[118][119] The global response was coordinated by the Nepalese government through its National Emergency Operation Center,[118] however, relief efforts were hampered by skepticism of pilferage, resulting in a tussle over control of the distribution of funds and aid,[120][121] aid mismatch, congestion and customs delay at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts[122][123]

UNICEF appealed for donations, as close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak due to rotting dead bodies, as well as psychological counseling as of 29 April 2015. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.[124] As of 2 May 2015 Nepal's finance minister said they not received promised cash donations. The list below shows immediate aid provided for rescue and relief and the promised cash donation.[125]

Summary of international relief efforts in Nepal and surrounding countries following the 2015 Nepal earthquake
More details in Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake
Aid agency / Country Cash donation (USD) Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid Source
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11-member team left Kathmandu for Ghorka (200 km north-west) (61 staff deployed) Water and sanitation – makeshift camps – Tudikhel (Kathmandu), Bhaktapur (14 km east of Kathmandu), first-aid material to Bhaktapur hospital [112][119]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies $535,664.55 emergency fund activated Volunteers (first-aid, search-&-rescue) Blood-bank supplies to areas in the capital [113]
 European Union $3.3 million Aid, first-response teams and civil-protection experts [126]
 Algeria $1 million 70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies [127]
 Australia $4 million AUD$2.5 million to Australian NGOs; $2.0 million to UN partners; $500,000 to the Australian Red Cross. 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis-response team [128][129]
 Austria $835,000 Austrian Red Cross search-&-rescue staff [130]
 Azerbaijan 1 ton of medical supplies, tents, blankets and water (Ministry of Emergency Situations) [131]
 Bangladesh BAF Lockheed C-130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials – tents, dry food, water, blankets, etc. A 34-member team (6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials) Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted. [132][133][134][135]
 Belgium $1 million Search-&-rescue teams [129]
 Bhutan $1 million 63 personnel medical team [136][137][138][139]
[140]
 Brunei 8 man relief team (2 doctors, 4 paramedics from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) and Brunei’s Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) [141]
 Canada $4.16 million; $832,000 to the Canadian Red Cross A Boeing C-17 with supplies – blankets, jerry-cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps 150 Canadian troops; a Disaster Assistance Response Team – 30 experts; pledges by humanitarian organizations; immigration assistance [142][143][144][145]
[146]
 China $9.9 million Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response for citizens China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) – 268 members, 26 search-&-rescue dogs [147][148][149][150]
[151][152][153]
 Colombia Fundraising by the Colombian Red Cross Over 1,500 volunteers from national societies. Evacuation of citizens and aid (when needed) [154][155][156][157]
 Czech Republic $791,378 A Boeing 737 – blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team. 36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens. [158][159][160]
 Denmark $744,000 Aid (TBD) [161]
 Estonia Fundraising 15 rescue workers and medics (could not land – airport congestion) [162][163][164]
 Finland $2.25 million, fundraising – Finnish Red Cross Medical and logistical supplies A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team [165][166][167]
 France Equipment and supplies Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, (more help if needed) [168][169]
 Germany A mobile medical centre 52 relief workers team – physicians, searchers, dog squads; the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA) [170][171][172]
 Greece Search-&-rescue teams [129]
 Hong Kong $6.45 million [173][174]
 India Material aid in Operation Maitri:

• 8 tons of baby food
• Over 100 tons of medical supplies
• 75,000 vials of insulin
• Over 200 tons of water
• 100,000 bottles of water every day from the Indian Railways
• Hundreds of tons of food and dry rations
• 43 tons of relief material
• 10 tons of blankets
• Several tons of stretchers, tents
• A reverse osmosis (RO) plant
• Oxygen regenerators & cylinders
• 345 tons of relief material, dry food and essential medicines from the state governments of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

 Rescue aid

• 16 National Disaster Response Force teams, over 1,000 personnel, search-&-rescue dogs
• Hundreds of retired Indian Gorkha soldiers of the Indian Army
• Hundreds of Indian Army and Indian Air Force personnel
• Military task forces headquartered in Kathmandu and Barpak
• Relief sorties by Ilyushin Il-76, C-130J Hercules, C-17 Globemaster, Antonov An-32 aircraft
• Civilian aircraft
• Helicopters – Mi-17, Cheetah, HAL Dhruv ALH
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• 18 member medical team
• 3 field hospitals
• 2 mobile teams of specialist doctors
• 41 member medical team - Rajasthan
• Indian Air Force rapid action medical team
• 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel
• Light vehicles
• Earth moving equipment
• 18 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces (Indian Army Corps of Engineers)
• Indian Oil Corporation team
• PowerGrid Corporation of India engineers
• 36+ vehicles – ambulances and water tankers – from the Sashastra Seema Bal
• 39 member Indian Army team deployed at the Everest Base Camp to search for, rescue and assist climbers

Evacuation of over 20,000 Indian citizens and hundreds of foreign nationals by air and road

[175][176][177][178]
[179][180][181][182][183]
[184][185][186]
[187][188][189][190][191]
 Indonesia $2 million 2 Boeing 737-400s belonging to the Indonesian Armed Forces and Garuda Indonesia, flew with 6 tons of relief supplies – blankets, body bags, food, water
hospital and sleeping tents, medical equipment: and medicines
 66 personnel of SAR and Medical team [192][193]
 Iran An 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) relief package (via India) [194][195][196]
 Israel Three IAF Hercules and two El Al Boeing 747-400 jets carrying a joint IDF and Foreign Ministry search-&-rescue team and 95 tons of equipment including a field hospital (with premature-babies ward), cutters, electronic sniffers, generators, and lighting equipment. The planes were also used for evacuation. 264 person search-&-rescue team, including physicians. [197][198][199]
 Italy $334,000[citation needed] [200]
 Japan $8.4 million Emergency relief supplies worth US$210,000 70 experts – Foreign Ministry, the National Police Agency, and JICA, along with rescuers, search-&-rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators [129][201][202]
 Malaysia 20 doctors – Mercy Malaysia; 30-man rescue team – Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team [203][204]
 Maldives Other aid (TBA) [205]
 Mexico Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers. [170][206][207]
 Monaco Other aid (TBA) [170]
 Netherlands $4.45 million by the government and $9,612,266.66 raised by GIRO 555 Action ('Netherlands helps Nepal') 5 tons of relief supplies 62-man and 8-dog team; several physicians, nurses, and engineers [208][209]
 New Zealand $771,000 in humanitarian aid 45 urban search and rescue technicians, 2 aid workers and an engineer. [210][211]
 Norway $17.3 million [212]
 Pakistan Four Lockheed C-130 planes with a 30-bed hospital, 2,000 military meals, 600 blankets, 200 tents, and other assorted relief items Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined ERRA-NDMA's special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs [213][214]
 Philippines Soldiers, Philippine Red Cross staff, and volunteers [215][216]
 Poland 81 firefighters of the State Fire Service, 12 search and rescue dogs, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid [217][218]
 Qatar 2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent Aid operations [219]
 Russia Two Ilyushin Il-76 airplanes with 'a team of 90 rescuers and rescue equipment,' and 'a batch of humanitarian aid of food products and articles of daily necessity.' 50 highly skilled rescue workers [220][221]
 Singapore $100,000 55 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force; officers from Singapore's police forces, including the Gurkha Contingent; another relief team .[129][222]
 Slovenia $55,000 [223][224][225]
 South Africa A search and rescue team composed of members of the South African Police Service with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation. [226]
 South Korea $1 million 40 search and rescue workers [227][228]
 Spain 30 tons of humanitarian aid, including more than 3,200 blankets, 1680 awnings and 500 kitchen sets, donated in part by Spanish Red Cross. 47 soldiers of the Military Emergencies Unit and seven agents of the Civil Guard, with 60 tons of material, in order to find Spanish citizens unlocated. [229][230][231]
 Sri Lanka SLAF C-130 Hercules flight and SriLankan Airbus A330 flight with 17 tonnes of medicine, engineering, signal and ordnance equipment, supportive transport requirements, water bottles, health accessories, dry rations, and water purification tablets, etc. Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 military personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors; 97 service personnel: 72 Army personnel, 14 Navy personnel, 11 Air Force personnel [232][233]
  Switzerland Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician [234]
 Sweden $1.5 million 60 search and rescue staff, along with dogs [235]
 Taiwan $300,000 Nepal rejected Taiwan's offer to send search and rescue teams due to "China factor". [236][237]
 Thailand $200,000 by government
$302,000 by the king 		Medics and rescue staff [238][239][240][241]
 Turkey 1,000 tents and 320 food packages. Up to 96 search and rescue staff [242]
 United Arab Emirates $1.36 million Medical and food supplies, purchased from India 88 search and rescue staff [129][243]
 United Kingdom $23.14 million, of which $7.713 million was donated by the government and $7.713 million was donated by the public 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 11 tonnes of equipment A team of 60 search and rescue responders and medical experts deployed by the Department for International Development; engineers from the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas [244][245][246]
[247]
 United States $10 million A disaster response team from USAID; Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base; Los Angeles County's Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2; U.S. Army Green Beret soldiers; 100 Marines; two helicopters and four V-22 Osprey VTOL aircraft [248][249][250][251]
[252][253]
 Vatican City $100,000 [254]

See also

References

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Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Note: Officially, Dead - 6,841, Injured - 14,089 per current update (14,446 per last update), Destroyed Houses - Total 315,556 - per current update (10,477+14,187+141,233+149,659) (Total 329,119 - per last update(10,445+14,201+160,786+143,687)), Homeless - Not filled up. Data as of May 2, 2015 16:50 hrs. Source: National Emergency Operation Centre (Nepal Govt.) Nepali English
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