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Replicant (operating system)

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Replicant
Replicant logo
DeveloperPaul Kocialkowski[1]
OS familyUnix-like
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree software
Initial releaseMid-2010; 14 years ago (2010)
Latest release6.0 0004[2] (June 3, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-06-03)) [±]
Repository
Package managerAPK
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
UserlandBionic C library,[3][4] mksh shell,[5] native core utilities with a few from NetBSD[6]
LicenseApache License 2.0, GNU GPLv2, and various other licenses
Official websitewww.replicant.us
Replicant 4.0 on the Nexus S
An example of phone information in Replicant, including a brief hardware description

Replicant is a free and open source operating system, written in the C (programming language) [7], based on the Android mobile platform, which aims to replace all proprietary Android components with free software counterparts.[8] It is available for several smartphones and tablet computers.[9]

The name Replicant is drawn from the fictional replicant androids in the Blade Runner movie.[8] Replicant is sponsored and supported by the Free Software Foundation.[8]

History

The Replicant project started in mid-2010 with an effort to consolidate various initiatives attempting to produce a fully free-as-in-freedom Android derivative for the HTC Dream. The original team consisted of Bradley M. Kuhn, Aaron Williamson, Graziano Sorbaioli and Denis ‘GNUtoo’ Carikli.[10] The project quickly led to the writing of replacement code for the non-free parts that were required to make the HTC Dream functional. The first component to be replaced permitted audio to work without a proprietary library. Replicant originally provided its own FOSS application repository, which was later replaced by F-Droid.[11][12][self-published source][13][self-published source]

The Radio Interface Layer, software that handles communication with the modem, was replaced by free code, thus making the telephony part usable. A library handling the GPS was then adapted from free code that was originally written for another phone and permitted the HTC Dream to have GPS working with Replicant.[13][self-published source]

Early versions of Replicant were based on the Android Open Source Project code, while versions 2.2 (April 2011) and later use CyanogenMod as their base, in order to make supporting more devices easier.[14][15]

As development continued, many members of the original Replicant team retired from the project, making Denis "GNUtoo" Carikli the only remaining member from the original team still actively working on the project. In April 2011, Paul Kocialkowski decided to get involved with the project and gradually became the main Replicant developer, after successfully porting it to the Nexus S and Galaxy S devices.[1][16]

Replicant is sponsored and supported by the Free Software Foundation,[8] which also hosts Replicant's source code.[17]

Releases

The following table lists major releases of Replicant:

Version Release date Based on Notes
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2[18] 26 April 2011 — —
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 16 November 2012 Android 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich" Five updates have been released; the last one, 0005, was released on October 1, 2013.[19]
Current stable version: 4.2[20][21] 2 September 2015 CyanogenMod 10.1, based on Android 4.2 "Jelly Bean" Four updates have been released; the most recent one, 0004, was released on September 2, 2015.[2]
Future release: 6.0 TBA CyanogenMod 13.0,[22] based on Android Marshmallow/AOSP 6.0.x| "At Replicant, things are moving again: Replicant is being updated from Android 4.2 to Android 6.0 by Wolfgang Wiedmeyer. [..] This work is currently being done for the Galaxy S 3 (I9300)."[23]
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Security

See also: Security-focused operating system

In March 2014, Replicant developers found and closed a vulnerability present in a wide range of Samsung Galaxy products that allowed the baseband processor to read and write the device's storage,[24] sometimes with normal user privileges and sometimes as the root user depending on device model. Replicant's lead developer Paul Kocialkowski claimed it was a backdoor,[25][24] but this was contested by Dan Rosenberg, a senior security researcher at Azimuth Security, who said there was "virtually no evidence for the ability to remotely execute this functionality".[26]

Development

On January 3, 2013, the project released Replicant 4.0 SDK as a fully libre replacement to Android SDK.[27] The Replicant SDK was released in response to Google updating the license for add-ons and binaries under a proprietary agreement.[28]

Hardware support

Supported devices

Scope of the Replicant project has been gradually expanded to include support for new devices, starting with the Nexus One, Nexus S and Galaxy S. As of January 2014, the following devices are supported, with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth requiring proprietary firmware in order to work:[9]

Device Device Class Codename Replicant version 2D graphics 3D graphics Sound Telephony Mobile Data NFC GPS Sensors Camera Wi-Fi Bluetooth
Nexus S Smartphone crespo 4.2 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy S Smartphone galaxysmtd 4.2 Yes No Yes Yes Yes — No Yes Yes Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy SII Smartphone galaxys2 4.2 Yes (fast) No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy Note (original) Smartphone n7000 4.2 Yes (slow) No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Proprietary Proprietary
Galaxy Nexus Smartphone maguro 4.2 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (7.0) Tablet computer p3100 4.2 Yes (fast) No Yes Yes Yes — No Yes No Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (10.1) Tablet computer p5100 4.2 Yes (slow) No Yes Yes Yes — No Yes No Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy SIII Smartphone i9300 4.2 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes (back) / proprietary (front) Proprietary Proprietary
Samsung Galaxy Note 2 Smartphone n7100 4.2 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes (back) / proprietary (front) Proprietary Proprietary
Goldelico OpenPhoenux GTA04 Smartphone gta04 4.2 Yes No Yes Work in progress Work in progress — Yes Work in progress Work in progress Proprietary Proprietary

Likely additions

Additional target devices are evaluated, based on the suitability of their hardware platforms and required device drivers; as of January 2014, devices listed below are not yet supported, and porting Replicant to them is only in consideration.[29]

Device Codename Replicant Version
Nexus 10 manta 4.2

In November 2013, it was announced that Replicant could work on a Fairphone device and that the bootloaders may even be free software. The Fairphone team seemed "definitely interested" in helping to get Replicant ported to the device.[30] In December 2014, Fairphone admitted that it had failed to convince chipset vendor MediaTek to open up the source code for first-generation Fairphones.[31]

Rejected devices

Based on either the unsuitability of their hardware platforms or the lack of available free software drivers, porting Replicant to the devices listed below has been considered and rejected.[29]

Device Possibility Reason
Galaxy Tab 8.9 Unlikely Tegra slowness
Nexus 7 (all versions) Possible but unlikely Too many proprietary drivers[32]
Nexus 4 Very unlikely Too many proprietary drivers
Motorola Defy Impossible Kernel is signed

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "People - Replicant". Redmine.replicant.us. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  2. ^ a b Carikli, Denis (June 3, 2022). "New Replicant 6.0 0004 release and Replicant 11 status". replicant.us. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  3. ^ "Replicant". replicant.us.
  4. ^ "android/platform/bionic/".
  5. ^ "android/platform/external/mksh/".
  6. ^ "android/platform/system/core/toolbox/".
  7. ^ "Replicant Developer's Guide". Replicant Wiki. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d McAllister, Neil (July 26, 2013). "FSF passes collection plate for free Android clone Replicant". The Register. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Replicant Status". redmine.replicant.us. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  10. ^ "Replicant: distribution Android 100% libre". LinuxFr.org. September 20, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  11. ^ Puttergill, Rowan (October 3, 2011). "Replicant: Making Android truly free". Memeburn. Burn Media.
  12. ^ Currie, Andrew (August 24, 2011). "F-Droid, the Android app store for freedom beards. | Open attitude". Open attitude. (Blog). Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  13. ^ a b Par aKa (October 10, 2011). "Le projet Replicant ou Android totalement libre présenté par PaulK". Framablog. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  14. ^ Manuel Jose (July 2013). "A Fully Free Android based Mobile OS? FSF is Aiming for the Skies with Replicant Project". techdrivein.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  15. ^ Rohan Pearce (March 10, 2012). "Replicant developer interview - Building a truly free Android". techworld.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  16. ^ "Replicant developer interview - Building a truly free Android - Interview - Techworld.com". Features.techworld.com. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  17. ^ Kocialkowski, Paul (July 1, 2015). "Replicant source code hosting and RMLL 2015". Replicant.
  18. ^ "Replicant 2.2 SDK Available". Replicant. April 26, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
  19. ^ Paul Kocialkowski (October 1, 2013). "Replicant 4.0 0005 images release". Replicant. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  20. ^ "Replicant". replicant.us.
  21. ^ Paul Kocialkowski (September 2, 2015). "Replicant 4.2 kicks out!". Replicant. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  22. ^ "Replicant 6.0, at least for the Samsung Galaxy S3". Retrieved September 6, 2016. SELinux is running in enforcing mode (also in recovery mode).[..] I was able to get the Samsung-RIL and libsamsung-ipc code updated. [..] Compiled images if you can't or don't want to build it yourself (build date: 25.3.16) [..] replicant-6.0.zip
  23. ^ "Replicant 6.0 early work, upstream work and F-Droid issue Replicant". replicant.us. August 8, 2016.
  24. ^ a b Kocialkowski, Paul (March 12, 2014). "Replicant developers find and close Samsung Galaxy backdoor". FSF's blog. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  25. ^ Paul Kocialkowski. "Samsung Galaxy Back-door". Replicant Wiki. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  26. ^ Goodin, Dan (March 14, 2016). ""Virtually no evidence" for claim of remote backdoor in Samsung phones". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  27. ^ "Replicant 4.0 SDK release | Replicant project". Replicant.us. January 3, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  28. ^ "What's up with the Android SDK? - Paul Kocialkowski's coding blog". Code.paulk.fr. January 5, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  29. ^ a b "Targets Evaluation". Replicant. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  30. ^ About the Fairphone, in the official Replicant blog.
  31. ^ Our approach to software and ongoing support for the first Fairphones, in the official Fairphone blog.
  32. ^ "Nexus 7 2013? - Replicant". replicant.us.
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