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Viral disease

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Viral disease
Other namesviral infection
Transmission electron micrograph of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virions
SpecialtyInfectious disease

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Structural Characteristics

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

Pragmatic Rules

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

Baltimore Group

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[citation needed]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I[3][4] Adenovirus[3][4] N[3][4]
Herpesviridae I[3][4] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[5][6][7] Y[3][4]
Papillomaviridae I[3][8] Human papillomavirus[3][8] N[3][8]
Polyomaviridae I[3][9] BK virus, JC virus[3][9] N[3][9]
Poxviridae I[3][4] Smallpox[3][4] Y[3][4]
Parvoviridae II[3][4] Parvovirus B19[3][4] N[3][4]
Reoviridae III[10] Rotavirus,[10] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N[4]
Astroviridae IV[11] Human astrovirus[4] N[4]
Caliciviridae IV[10] Norwalk virus[4] N[4]
Coronaviridae IV[12] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,[4] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y[4]
Flaviviridae IV[3][4][13] Hepatitis C virus,[3] yellow fever virus,[3] dengue virus,[3] West Nile virus,[3] TBE virus,[4] Zika virus Y[3][4]
Hepeviridae IV[14] Hepatitis E virus[4] N[4][14]
Matonaviridae IV[3][4][15] Rubella virus[3][16] Y[3][4]
Picornaviridae IV[17] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[4] rhinovirus N[4]
Arenaviridae V[18] Lassa virus[4][18] Y[4][18]
Bunyaviridae V[19] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[4] Y[4][19]
Filoviridae V[20] Ebola virus,[20] Marburg virus[20] Y[4]
Orthomyxoviridae V[3][21] Influenza virus[3][21] Y[3][21]
Paramyxoviridae V[22] Measles virus,[3] Mumps virus,[3] Parainfluenza virus[3][4] Y[3][22]
Pneumoviridae V [23] Respiratory syncytial virus[3] Y[3]
Rhabdoviridae V[24] Rabies virus[3][4] Y[3][4]
Unassigned[25] V[25] Hepatitis D[25] Y[25]
Retroviridae VI[3][26] HIV[3][4] Y[3][4]
Hepadnaviridae VII[3] Hepatitis B virus[3][4] Y[3][4]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
  • fecal-oral[3]
  • venereal[3]
  • direct eye contact[3]
 None[3]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None[3]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[3]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual[32]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[3]
  • safe sex[3]
HIV Retroviridae HAART,[3] such as protease inhibitors[34] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[34]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[3]
  • blood product screening[3]
  • safe sex[3]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[3]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None[3]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[3]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin)[3]
  • hand washing[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[3]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[3]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None[3]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also

References

  1. ^ Taylor, M.P.; Kobiler, O.; Enquist, L. W. (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (42). PNAS: 17046–17051. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10917046T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212926109. PMC 3479527. PMID 23027939.
  2. ^ Hunt, M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (PDF). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354–366. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Table 1 in: Dimitrov, Dimiter S. (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2): 109–22. doi:10.1038/nrmicro817. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 7097642. PMID 15043007.
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  6. ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
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  11. ^ Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Méndez E, Arias CF (2015). "Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells". J. Virol. 89 (20): 10359–70. doi:10.1128/JVI.01225-15. PMC 4580174. PMID 26246569.
  12. ^ Stapleford, Kenneth A.; Miller, David J. (2010). "Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function". Viruses. 2 (5): 1055–68. doi:10.3390/v2051055. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3187604. PMID 21994671.
  13. ^ Cook, S.; Moureau, G.; Harbach, R. E.; Mukwaya, L.; Goodger, K.; Ssenfuka, F.; Gould, E.; Holmes, E. C.; de Lamballerie, X. (2009). "Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda". Journal of General Virology. 90 (11): 2669–78. doi:10.1099/vir.0.014183-0. ISSN 0022-1317. PMC 2885038. PMID 19656970.
  14. ^ a b "Hepeviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  15. ^ Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Holmes, Edward C. (2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (8): 617–26. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 3324781. PMID 21725337.
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  17. ^ Tuthill, Tobias J.; Groppelli, Elisabetta; Hogle, James M.; Rowlands, David J. (2010). "Picornaviruses". Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 343: 43–89. doi:10.1007/82_2010_37. ISBN 978-3-642-13331-2. ISSN 0070-217X. PMC 3018333. PMID 20397067.
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  19. ^ a b "Bunyaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  20. ^ a b c "Filoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h "Orthomyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Paramyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  23. ^ "Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  24. ^ a b c d "Rhabdoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  25. ^ a b c d "Deltavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  26. ^ "Retroviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  27. ^ a b c d "Enterovirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  28. ^ Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med. 81 (9): 537–43. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132. PMID 25183845.
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  31. ^ a b c d "Picornaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g "Hepadnaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  33. ^ a b "Flaviviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Human immunodeficiency virus 1". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  35. ^ a b c d "Papillomaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  36. ^ a b c "Togaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
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