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Republic of China Military Academy

Coordinates: 22°37′09.0″N 120°21′56.2″E / 22.619167°N 120.365611°E / 22.619167; 120.365611
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22°37′09.0″N 120°21′56.2″E / 22.619167°N 120.365611°E / 22.619167; 120.365611

Republic of China (Taiwan) Military Academy
中華民國陸軍軍官學校
Former names
Whampoa Military Academy (1924–1926)
Central Military Academy (1927–1949)
Chinese Workers and Peasants Military Academy
MottoFraternity, Devotion, Sincerity
TypeService academy
EstablishedMay 1, 1924; 100 years ago (May 1, 1924)
SuperintendentMaj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷)
Location
Fengshan District, Kaohsiung
,
Taiwan
CampusSuburban
Websitewww.cma.edu.tw
Republic of China Military Academy
Main gate
Traditional Chinese中華民國陸軍軍官學校
Simplified Chinese中华民国陆军军官学校
Literal meaningRepublic of China Army Officer School
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōnghúa Mīngúo Lùjūn Jūnguān Xúexiào
Wade–GilesChung-hua Min-kuo Lu-chün Chün-kuan Hsüeh-hsiao
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu
abbreviation
Traditional Chinese陸軍官校
Literal meaningArmy Officer School
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLùjūn Guānxiào
Wade–GilesLu-chün Kuan-hsiao
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLio̍k-kun Koaⁿ-hāu
Whampoa Military Academy
Main gate
Traditional Chinese黃埔軍校
Simplified Chinese黄埔军校
Literal meaningYellow Port Army School
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHuángpǔ Jūnxiào
Wade–GilesHuang-p'u Chün-hsiao
Southern Min
Hokkien POJN̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu

The Republic of China Military Academy (Chinese: 中華民國陸軍軍官學校; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu), also known as the Taiwan Military Academy, is the service academy for the army of the Republic of China in Taiwan. Previously known as the Whampoa Military Academy, the military academy produced commanders who fought in many of China's conflicts in the 20th century, notably the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.

The military academy was officially opened on May 1, 1924, but the first lessons began on June 16, 1924. The inauguration was on Changzhou Island offshore from the Whampoa (Huangpu) dock in Guangzhou, thus earning its name. During the inaugural ceremonies, Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech that was later to become the lyrics of the national anthem of the Republic of China. It has been considered one of the most important institutions of the Republic of China together with the National Chengchi University, which is a prestigious incubator for senior civil service. After the Republic of China government retreated from China to Taiwan in 1950, the academy was re-established as the Republic of China Military Academy.

Establishment

Sun Yat-sen [middle behind the table] and Chiang Kai-shek [on stage in uniform] at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.
Flag of the ROCMA

After the death of Yuan Shikai, China fragmented into numerous fiefdoms ruled by regional warlords. Sun Yat-sen attempted in 1917 and 1920 to set up a base in his native Guangdong to launch a Northern Expedition to unite China under his Three Principles of the People. However, his government remained militarily weaker than the local warlords' armies. Calls by Sun for arms and money were ignored by the Western powers.[who?][citation needed] Then, in 1921, the representative of Comintern, Henk Sneevliet (using the name Maring), met with Sun in Guangxi. He proposed setting up a military academy to train officers for the revolutionary army, which confirmed Sun's ideas. The Chinese Communist Party sent Li Dazhao and Lin Boqu to discuss with Sun and his party on how to set up the academy. In 1924, in the 1st National Congress of the Kuomintang, the policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and CCP was passed as guidance for KMT. As a result, the final decision of the establishment of a military academy was made, and a preparatory committee was set up accordingly. The money necessary for the construction and support of the Academy in 1924-1925 was provided by the Soviets.

Colleges established by Dr. Sun Yat-sen
Established Re-established
"One military"
Whampoa Military Academy 		In 1924
Guangzhou		 In 1950
Kaohsiung
"One civil"
Sun Yat-sen University 		In 1924
Guangzhou		 In 1980
Kaohsiung

Organization, training, and students

Flag of the National Revolutionary Army (now as the Republic of China Army

In the beginning, the Academy had only one department which provided soldiers with basic training. While the main Academy goal was preparation of infantry units, it also provided special classes for artillery, engineering, communication, logistical and machine gun units. A special department for preparation of political agitators was established later.

Zhou Enlai as Director of the political department, Whampoa Military Academy.

The academy concentrated the revolutionary military talents at the time. Sun took the job of Premier of this academy in person although it was just an honorary title. Sun's favorite and rising star Chiang Kai-shek was appointed the first commandant of the academy. Liao Zhongkai, the famous leftist in the Kuomintang and Sun's treasury secretary, was appointed as representative of KMT to the academy. Zhou Enlai, Hu Hanmin and Wang Jingwei were instructors in the political department. He Yingqin and Ye Jianying were once military instructors.

The serious lack of expert teachers was the biggest problem for the Academy. That is why lectures delivered by Soviet officers were extremely popular with students. A.S. Bubnov, G.I. Gilev, M.I. Dratvin, S.N. Naumov prepared lectures which explained the development of military thought throughout human history and the division between western and Soviet schools of military thought.

Alumni record of the first group students of Republic of China Military Academy.

Soviet officers taught different military subjects in the Academy using their broad experience gained during the Russian Civil War. Among them were I. Vasilevich (Janovsky), N. Korneev, M. Nefedov, F. Kotov (Katyushin), P. Lunev, V. Akimov Galina Kolchugina (wife of Vasily Blyukher who was commander-in-chief of all Soviet volunteer forces sent to China) read a course of lectures on political agitation.

The first two groups of students prepared by the Academy became the core for the formation of the first two National Revolutionary Army regiments (V.A. Stepanov was an advisor provided by the Soviet Union to help in this matter). The first two prepared groups of students included 500 officers, the third one had 800 officers and the fourth group had 2000.

Legendary graduates include Nationalist commanders Chen Cheng, Du Yuming, Xue Yue, Hu Zongnan, Hu Lien and Guan Linzheng and Communist commanders Lin Biao, Xu Xiangqian, Zuo Quan, Liu Zhidan and Chen Geng. The young cadets first showed their training and courage in the war against local warlord and dissident of Sun, Chen Jiongming in the Eastern Expedition for unifying Guangdong province. Then they made greater contributions in the Northern Expedition.

Whampoa Military Academy students training

The Muslim Ma clique General Ma Zhongying, who commanded the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), attended the Whampoa military academy in Nanjing in 1929.[1][2][3]

Influence

Modern picture of the former Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou

The Whampoa Military Academy plays an important role in Chinese history. It not only supplied many military commanders for both the KMT and CCP, but also its graduates went on to wield significant influence on both parties' policies and governance. Especially for Chiang and KMT, the Whampoa Clique was pivotal for his governance. It competed with other cliques of KMT such as the New Guangxi Clique led by Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi, CC Clique led by Chen Lifu and Chen Guofu, Politics Research Group led by Yang Yongtai (楊永泰) and Zhang Qun. At the same time, when the CCP built its first Red Army after the Nanchang Uprising in 1927, most of its commanders were from Whampoa. In the following two decades, the CCP trained its army in the Whampoa way.

The motto of the academy "Camaraderie" (Chinese: 親愛精誠; lit. 'Fraternity', 'Sincerity', 'Expertise', 'Integrity') was proclaimed by Sun Yat-sen at the opening ceremonies. Ironically, during the Chinese Civil War, several commanders in both the KMT and the CCP were trained and educated in Whampoa. They fought for different beliefs and ideals although they used to live and study together like brothers in arms.

The academy also had significant influence over the 20th century history of other Asian countries. The fourth term of the Academy saw students not only from all parts of China, but also from different parts of Asia enroll. For example, there were 30 Koreans among them. Some were brought up in China while others were active participants during the national liberation movement of Korea in 1917-1926 and emigrated to China later only to take up arms for struggle for freedom of their country upon finishing their education.

Additionally, a large number of students were originally from Vietnam. This group was led by the exiled leader to-be of the Communist Party of Vietnam and future leader of the Vietnamese struggle for independence, Ho Chi Minh.

Relocations

The original Whampoa Military Academy existed from 1924 to 1926. Over 6 terms it enrolled more than 7000. However, after Chiang Kai-shek purged the Chinese Communist Party during the Northern Expedition, the academy was moved (and renamed as Central Military Academy - CMA 中央陸軍軍官學校 and later as Chinese Workers and Peasants Military Academy) to the newly established capital in Nanjing after the defeat of the warlords in 1928. The academy moved again in 1938 to Chengdu during the Japanese invasion.

Relocation to Taiwan

In 1950, after the Communist victory in mainland China and the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the academy was re-established in Fengshan, Kaohsiung as the Republic of China Military Academy (陸軍官校). The original site of the academy in Guangzhou is now a museum.

List of superintendents

Note: "slass year" refers to the alumnus's class year, which usually is the same year they graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.
A "—" in the class year column indicates a superintendent who is not an alumnus of the Academy.
# Start End Name Photo Class year Notability
1. 2 May 1924 October 1947 Chiang Kai-shek — Generalissimo; 1st president of the Republic of China
2. October 1947 September 1949 Lt. Gen. Guan Linzheng (關麟徵) — General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief
3. September 1949 December 1949 Lt. Gen. Chang Yao-ming (張耀明) 1924 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
4. October 1950 31 October 1954 Lt. Gen. Lo Yu-lun (羅友倫) 1929 General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief
5. 1 September 1954 31 March 1957 Lt. Gen. Hsieh Chao-chih (謝肇齊) 1929 Lieutenant general; vice president of the Army, Navy and Air Force Joint Staff University
6. 1 April 1957 31 December 1960 Lt. Gen. Hsu Ju-cheng (徐汝誠) 1929 Lieutenant general; deputy chief of the General Staff for Operations, MND-GSH
7. 1 January 1961 March 1965 Lt. Gen. Ai Ai (艾靉) 1926 Lieutenant general; deputy executive Minister of National Defense
8. March 1965 31 March 1970 Lt. Gen. Chang Li-fu (張立夫) 1929 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
9. 1 April 1970 February 1973 Lt. Gen. Lin Chu-yao (林初耀) 1933 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
10. February 1973 31 March 1976 Lt. Gen. Chin Tsu-hsi (秦祖熙) 1937 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
11. 1 April 1976 December 1977 Lt. Gen. Yen Pai-chien (言百謙) 1941 General; director of the Joint Operations Training Department, MND
12. December 1977 December 1979 Lt. Gen. Hsu Li-nung (許歷農) 1939 General; director of the General Political Warfare Department, MND
13. December 1979 30 June 1981 Lt. Gen. Chu Chih-yuan (朱致遠) 1939 Lieutenant general; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief
14. 1 July 1981 30 June 1983 Lt. Gen. Lu Kuang-yi (盧光義) 1949 Lieutenant general; director of the Military Intelligence Bureau, MND
15. 1 July 1983 30 June 1985 Lt. Gen. Huang Hsing-chiang (黃幸強) 1949 General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief
16. 1 July 1985 December 1986 Lt. Gen. Huang Yao-yu (黃耀羽) 1952 Lieutenant general; deputy director-general of the National Security Bureau
17. December 1986 30 June 1989 Lt. Gen. Tang Yuan-pu (湯元普) 1960 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
18. 1 July 1989 60 June 1991 Lt. Gen. Hu Chia-chi (胡家麒) 1961 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
19. 1 July 1991 September 1993 Lt. Gen. Yang Te-chih (楊德智) 1964 General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief
20. September 1993 July 1996 Lt. Gen. Ma Teng-ho (馬登鶴) 1960 Lieutenant general; ROC Combined Services Force Vice Commander-in-Chief
21. July 1996 July 1997 Lt. Gen. Tung Chao-yang (童兆陽) 1965 Lieutenant general; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief
22. July 1997 January 1998 Lt. Gen. Ting Yu-chou (丁渝洲) 1966 General; secretary-general of the National Security Council
23. January 1998 28 February 2002 Lt. Gen. Chang Yueh-heng (張岳衡) 1965 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
24. 1 March 2002 30 June 2005 Lt. Gen. Yang Kuo-chiang (楊國強) 1972 Lieutenant general; incumbent director-general of the National Security Bureau
25. 1 July 2005 30 June 2006 Lt. Gen. Wang Ken-lin (王根林) 1971 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
acting 1 July 2006 31 July 2006 Lt. Gen. Chia Fu-yi (賈輔義) 1970 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy (acting)
The rank of the superintendent was demoted from lieutenant general to major general by the disarmaments policy of the then President Chen Shui-bian.
26. 1 October 2006 July 2010 Maj. Gen. Chen Liang-pei (陳良沛) 1979 Major general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
27. July 2010 30 June 2012 Maj. Gen. Chuan Tzu-jui (全子瑞) 1981 Lieutenant general; incumbent ROC Army Chief of Staff
28. 1 July 2012 February 2015 Maj. Gen. Liu Te-king (劉得金) 1983 Lieutenant general; incumbent director of the Telecommunications Development Office, MND-GSH
29. February 2015 present Maj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷) 1985 Major general; incumbent superintendent of the ROC Military Academy

Faculties

  • Center for General Education
  • Department of Civil Engineering
  • Department of Physics
  • Department of Foreign Languages
  • Department of Political Science
  • Department of Management Science
  • Department of Chemistry
  • Department of Electrical Engineering
  • Department of Mechanical Engineering
  • Department of Information Management[4]

Notable alumni

Main category: Whampoa Military Academy alumni

Transportation

The academy is within walking distance south of Dadong Station of the Kaohsiung MRT.

See also

References

  1. ^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
  2. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
  3. ^ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6.
  4. ^ "Academic Units". R.O.C. Military Academy.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whampoa Military Academy and Republic of China Military Academy (Fongshan).
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