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BMW i
Company typeSub-brand of BMW
IndustryAutomotive industry
Founded2011
ProductsPlug-in electric vehicles
OwnerBMW
ParentBMW

The BMW i is a sub-brand of BMW founded in 2011 to design and manufacture plug-in electric vehicles.[1][2][3] The company's initial plans call for the release of two vehicles; the i3 all-electric car and the i8 plug-in hybrid. Concept versions of both these vehicles were shown at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.[4]

Series production of the BMW i3 destined for retail customers began in September 2013,[5] and the European market launch took place in November 2013 with the first retail deliveries in Germany.[6] The BMW i8 was launched in Germany in June 2014.[7] The United States, Germany, the UK and Norway are the main markets for both models.

In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which is being given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand.[8] As of November 2016, four BMW electrified models have been released using BMW i technology, the BMW X5 xDrive40e, released in 2015, and the BMW 225xe Active Tourer, BMW 330e iPerformance, and BMW 740e iPerformance, released in 2016.[9][10]

BMW i sales reached the 50,000 unit milestone in January 2016.[11] Two years after its introduction, the BMW i3 ranked as the world's all-time third best selling all-electric car.[12] Global i3 sales achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in July 2016.[13] Combined global sales of BMW i and iPerformance plug-in hybrid models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016, three years after the inception of the i3. BMW's leading electrified model is the i3 with more than 60,000 units sold globally.[14]

History

Project i

BMW's "Project i" is a program created to develop lightweight eco-friendly urban electric car concepts designed to address the mobility and sustainability needs for people who live in megacities.[1][2] According to BMW, "Project i" has three phases. The Mini E demonstration was the first phase of this project, and it was followed by a similar field testing that began in January 2012 with the BMW ActiveE all-electric vehicle. The ActiveE was based on the BMW 1 Series Coupe and built considering the lessons learned from the Mini E trial. The last phase of "Project i" was the development of the i3 and i8 electric cars.[1][15][16]

The automaker expected that its first series production all-electric drive vehicle would help it achieve an overall fleet fuel economy average of 6.63 L/100 km (35.5 mpg) by 2016, as mandated by U.S. federal regulations. BMW expected high volume sales of the i3 to allow the company to continue selling several of its high-performance cars with low fuel economy in the U.S.[15]

BMW i Park Lane showroom in London.

In February 2011, BMW announced a new sub-brand, BMW i, to market the vehicles produced under Project i. BMW i vehicles are to be sold separately from BMW or Mini. The first two production models are the battery electric Mega City Vehicle, now called BMW i3, and a plug-in hybrid called BMW i8, which is the production version of the Vision Efficient Dynamics concept unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show and has an all-electric range of 50 kilometres (31 mi). Production of both plug-in electric cars was scheduled to start in Leipzig in 2013.[3][17]

Global i3 sales passed the 25,000 unit milestone in May 2015.[18] Combined global sales of the BMW i brand models passed the 30,000 mark in June 2015,[19] and the 50,000 unit milestone in January 2016.[11] Global sales of the BMW i3 achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in July 2016.[13]

Stores

The first BMW i store opened in June 2012 at BMW’s London Park Lane showroom. The carmaker premiered an updated version of the BMW i3 concept electric car and unveiled its i Pedelec electric bicycle concept.[20] On November 15, 2013, retail deliveries for the i3 began with a special ceremony in Munich.[6]

Using eDrive in core-brand BMW models

On 1 December 2014, BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its BMW i brand plug-in vehicles. The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing CO2 emissions below 100g/km.[21] In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand.[8]

Sales of BMW i and iPerformance designated plug-in hybrid drive models have grown strongly in Europe, accounting for 4% of all BMW vehicles sold in Western Europe in June 2016. The percentage is significantly higher in markets with strong incentives and infrastructural measures, such as Netherlands, with 14.9% of all BMW vehicles sold in June were BMW i or BMW iPerformance models, and Scandinavia with 13.2%. Combined global sales of BMW i or BMW iPerformance models totaled 23,675 units during the first half of 2016. This is the result of the expanded range of electrified models, which includes seven electrified models including plug-in hybrids. Sales of this type of vehicle during the first half of 2016 were just under 87% higher than the same period in 2015.[22] Combined global sales of BMW i and iPerformance plug-in hybrid models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016, three years after the inception of the BMW i3.[14]

Official fleet of BMW i3s and BMW i8s on duty at the 2016 Paris ePrix, France

Products

As of November 2016, only two BMW i models are offered, the BMW i3 all-electric car with optional range-extender (REx), and the BMW i8 plug-in hybrid. BMW intends a family car above the i3 to have an optional range extender.[23] As of May 2016, BMW i is present in 50 countries, with both the i3 and i8 plug-in vehicles.[24] In November 2016, BMW announced the company expected to deliver 60,000 of its electrified i and iPerformance models in 2016, and a sales target of 100,000 units for 2017. BMW set the goal to expand the share of its electrified models to between 15% and 25% of sales by 2025.[25]

BMW i8 (left) and i3 (right) concept cars unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt International Motor Show.

As of November 2015, the i3 ranked as the world's third best selling all-electric car in history.[12] As of August 2016, a total of 65,638 units of both i brand vehicles had been sold worldwide since 2013, of which, 17,793 units were sold in 2014, 29,513 in 2015, and 16,855 during the first eight months of 2016.[26][27][28][29][30] The United States is the top selling market for both plug-ins, with 23,321 BMW i3s and 4,108 BMW i8s sold through October 2016.[24][31]

The demand for BMW i and iPerformance vehicles increased significantly during the first half of 2016. In June 2016, 4% of all BMW sales in Western Europe were electrified cars,[32] and again in July 2016, the electrified models captured 4% of all BMW sales in the region.[33] In the Netherlands, 43% of BMW 3 Series registrations in July 2016 corresponded to the plug-in hybrid BMW 330e iPerformance model, and 26% of BMW 2 Series Active Tourer registrations were for the BMW 225xe. Those figures were higher in Scandinavia, with the plug-in hybrid versions accounting for 45% of all BMW 3 Series sales, and 55% of all BMW 2 Series Active Tourer sales.[33] Sales of BMW iPerformance vehicles totaled 17,809 units during the first eight months of 2016.[30] Combined global sales of BMW i and BMW iPerformance vehicles totaled 34,664 units from January to August 2016, already exceeding 2015 total net sales of BMW electrified vehicles, and representing 2.3% of total BMW global sales during the first eight months of 2016.[30][34]

Sales of BMW plug-in hybrid and i3 electric cars in China totaled 1,796 units during the first nine months of 2016.[35] In the United States, sales of plug-in electric models represented 3.5% of BMW total sales in the country between January and June 2016, the highest share of plug-in vehicles sold for any carmaker in the American market except for Tesla Motors.[36] In July 2016, the i3 achieved a 7.5% share of all BMW passenger car sales in the American market. Accounting for all BMW plug-ins (i3, i8, X5 xDrive40e and 330e) sold in July 2016 (2,375 units), BMW also achieved a 9.2% share of the brand's total passenger and light trucks sales.[37]

Combined global sales of BMW’s electrified models totaled more than 40,000 units during the first three quarters of 2016.[38] Global sales of all plug-in electrified models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016, consisting of more than 60,000 i3s, over 10,000 i8s, and about 30,000 from combined sales of all BMW iPerformance plug-in hybrid models.[14]

BMW i3

Main article: BMW i3

Design and technology

The BMW i3 is an electric car, BMW's first zero emissions mass-produced vehicle. The i3 is the first volume production vehicle on the market featuring carbon-fiber reinforced plastic.[39] This vehicle gets its power from an electric motor powered by lithium-ion batteries. The i3 is built for everyday use, with an all-electric range of 130 to 160 km (81 to 99 mi). BMW is offering a range extender (“REx”) option powered by a 647 cc two-cylinder gasoline engine with a 9 L (2.0 imp gal; 2.4 US gal) fuel tank that engages when the battery level drops to a pre-specified point, acting purely as a generator to produce electricity to extend the range to about 240 to 300 km (150 to 190 mi).[40]

BMW i3 charging

According to BMW, at the beginning of the i3 release, the use of range-extender was much more than the carmaker expected, more than 60%. Over time it has decreased significantly, with some people almost never using it, and by early 2016 it is being regularly used in fewer than 5% of i3s.[23]

In May 2016, BMW announced that the 2017 model year (MY) BMW i3 will come with an improved battery pack with 50% more capacity (33 kWh) than the previous model with a corresponding range increase expected to achieve 114 mi (183 km) under the EPA cycle, and 195 mi (314 km) under the New European Driving Cycle.[24][41] The Range Extender (REx) variant features the same higher capacity battery as the all-electric model, with a corresponding all-electric range increase.[24] Deliveries of the 2017 MY i3 in the U.S. market began in the third quarter of 2016.[42] Both variants with the improved battery are available in the UK starting in July 2016.[41]

Production

BMW invested US$100 million to build a plant in Moses Lake, Washington to manufacture the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic used on the vehicles' body panels.[15] The plant is located in an area that has large access to hydroelectric power.[15] The carbon fiber is then shipped to Germany, where it first gets fabricated and is then shipped to the automotive production plant in Leipzig.[15]

Markets and sales

BMW i3 badge

The first i3 deliveries to retail customers in Europe took place at the official market launch ceremony held in Munich on 15 November 2013.[6] The i3 was also launched in the UK in November 2013.[43] The release in the American market took place in May 2014.[44] As of November 2015, the BMW i3 is available in 49 countries, and with the core phase of the market introduction finished, only some smaller markets are still to follow.[12]

Since its introduction, global cumulative sales totaled more than 60,000 units by early November 2016, three years after its market launch, making the i3 the top selling BMW electrified model, representing 60% of combined BMW i and BMW iPerformance models.[14] BMW i3 sales grew from 16,052 units in 2014 to 24,057 in 2015.[27][28] As of November 2016, the United States is the i3 top selling market with 23,950 units sold since its inception.[24][45][46] The other top markets are Norway with 8,034 new units registered through November 2016,[47][48][49][50] Germany with 6,811 units registered through September 2016,[51][52][53][54] and the UK with almost 6,000 i3s sold through October 2016.[55]

Norway has the largest BMW i3 market penetration per capita in the world.[56]

Norway has the world's largest i3 market penetration per capita due to its population size,[56] As of November 2016, Norway is also the world's second largest market for the BMW i3, accounting for more than 13% of total i3 production since inception.[57] In another achievement, the BMW i3 ranked as the top selling new passenger car model in Norway in November 2016, capturing a market share of 7.7% of total new car sales.[58][50]

Two years after it market launch, the BMW i3 became the top selling electric vehicle in Germany. In Norway the BMW i3 was the best-selling model across the entire BMW range during 2015.[12] The i3 ranked third among all-electric cars sold worldwide in 2014, after the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S.[59][60] The BMW i3 was again the world's third best selling all-electric car in 2015, and also ranked fifth in 2015 among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars.[61] As of November 2015, the i3 ranked as the world's third best selling all-electric car in history.[12]

BMW i8

Main article: BMW i8

The BMW i8 plug-in hybrid is the production version of the BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics concept unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show and has an all-electric range of 35 kilometres (22 mi). Production of both plug-in electric cars is scheduled to start in Leipzig in 2013.[3] Powering the front wheels will be an electric motor (131 hp), while the rear wheels will make use of a 1.5-litre 3-cylinder gasoline engine (231 hp).[62] Zero to 60 mph sprint timings are estimated to be less than 4.5 seconds using both power sources.[4] The positioning of the motor and engine over the axles also makes it benefit from a 50/50 weight distribution.[62]

BMW i8 badge

The production version of the i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show.[63] BMW plans to sell the i8 in about 50 countries, with the U.S. expected to be the largest sales market. In Europe, the UK, Germany and France are expected to be the top markets.[64] Retail deliveries began in Germany in June 2014.[7] Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. started in August 2014.[65]

As of December 2015, global sales totaled 7,197 i8s, of which, 1,741 units were sold in 2014, and 5,456 in 2015.[27][28] In 2015 global sales of the BMW i8 exceeded the combined figure of all other hybrid sports cars produced by other manufacturers.[66] The United States is the leading market with 4,108 units delivered through October 2016,[67][68][69] followed by the UK with about 1,700 sold through October 2016,[55] and Germany with 986 i8s registered through September 2016.[52][53][54] Since mid-2014 more than 10,000 BMW i8s have been sold worldwide by early November 2016, making the i8 the world's top selling plug-in electrified sports cars.[14]

The BMW i8 Roadster concept was unveiled at the 2012 Beijing Auto Show. In October 2016, BMW announced that the roadster variant would be added to the BMW i lineup in 2018. The i8 roadster is expected to get a longer-range batter.[70]

Life-Drive

Both the i3 and i8 will benefit from BMW’s Life-Drive platform which makes use of light-weight materials.[2] Both cars will come with an aluminum chassis, and in the case of the i8, the windshield, top, doors and fenders are made from polycarbonate glass, with the body having a drag coefficient of 0.26.[71]

EPA ratings

The following are the BMW i3 (both 60 and 94 ampere-hour per hour batteries) and i8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ratings for all-electric range and fuel economy.

BMW i3 EPA ratings [72][73][74][75]
Model Year
model		 Fuel/EV range Combined City/Highway Notes
BEV
(94 A·h)		 2017 114 mi (183 km) 118 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 129 mpg-e/
106 mpg-e
BEV
(60 A·h)		 2014
2015
2016		 81 mi (130 km) 124 mpg-e
(27 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 137 mpg-e
(25 kW-hrs/100 mi)/
111 mpg-e
(30 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 [a]
REx
(94 A·h)		 2017 Electricity only
97 mi (156 km)		 111 mpg-e
(30 kWh/100 mi)		 - [b]
Gasoline only
83 mi (134 km)		 35 mpg -
REx
(60 A·h)		 2014
2015
2016		 Electricity only
72 mi (116 km)		 117 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 97 mpg-e/
79 mpg-e
Gasoline only
78 mi (126 km)		 39 mpg/
41 mpg		 37 mpg
BMW i8 EPA ratings [81]
BMW i8 2014
2015
2016		 Electricity only
15 mi (24 km)		 76 mpg-e
(43 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 - [c]
Gasoline only
315 mi (507 km)		 28 mpg 28 mpg/
29 mpg
Notes:
  1. ^ Between May 2014 and October 2016 the all-electric BMW i3 60 A·h was the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle of all years regardless of fuel type.[76][77][78]
  2. ^ The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in hybrid or EREV[72][74][79] while CARB as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx).[80] Since June 2014 the BMW i3 REx is the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle current year vehicle with a gasoline engine in terms of its MPG-e combined gasoline/electricity rating.[73]
  3. ^ The i8 does not run on 100% electricity as it consumes 0.1 gallons per 100 mi in EV mode.

BMW iPerformance

The BMW X5 xDrive40e is a plug-in hybrid with an all-electric range of 23 km (14 mi) that uses BMW i cars technology.

Launched in Europe and the U.S. in 2015, the BMW X5 xDrive40e is the first plug-in hybrid released under the core BMW brand. The use of BMW's eDrive technology on the established X5 platform is a direct technology transfer from the BMW i cars, in particular, from the BMW i8 technology.[9]

In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which was given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand.[8] The first BMW car launched to the market with the "iPerformance" model designation was the BMW 330e iPerformance, initially named the 330e. Deliveries in the American market began in the second quarter of 2016.[82] The new designation was also used on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new BMW 7 Series, the BMW 740e iPerformance.[8]

The iPerformance models take advantage of technical expertise regarding electric motors, battery cells and electronic control systems. Visible indicators for the vehicles with this designation are a BMW i logo on the front side panel, BMW i-style blue elements in the kidney grille and wheel hubs, and an eDrive logo on the C-pillar. Customers can also make use of the BMW i 360° ELECTRIC range of products and services, including the BMW i Wallbox.[8]

As of November 2016, four BMW electrified models have been released, the BMW X5 xDrive40e, BMW 225xe Active Tourer, BMW 330e iPerformance, and the BMW 740e iPerformance.[10] The BMW 530e iPerformance is scheduled to be released in Europe March 2017 as part of the upcoming seventh generation BMW 5 Series lineup.[83]

See also

References

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  47. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2014). "CO2-utslippet i desember 2013" (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2016-01-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 51 new i3s were registered in Norway in 2013.
  48. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "CO2-utslippet i desember 2014" (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2015-02-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) See graph: Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2014, til og med desember.
  49. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2016). "Bilsalget i 2015" (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2016-10-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 2,403 new i3s, including the REx variant, were registered in Norway in 2015.
  50. ^ a b Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2016-12-01). "Bilsalget i november" (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2016-12-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Click on "Modellfordelt" to display the top 20 selling new cars in Norway: BMW i3 registrations totaled 3,540 units during the first eleven months of 2016
  51. ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2014). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2013 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen" (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2014-05-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 559 units were registered in Germany in 2013.
  52. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2014" (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 2,233 i3s and 400 i8s were registered in Germany in 2014.
  53. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2015" (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2016-01-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 2,271 i3s and 393 i8s were registered in Germany in 2015.
  54. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (October 2016). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im September 2016 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen" (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2016-11-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 1,748 i3s and 193 i8s were registered in Germany between January and October 2016.
  55. ^ a b "BMW i8 and i3 showcased in the capital" (Press release). London: BMW Group PressClub United Kingdom. 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-06. Close to 6,000 units of the BMW i3 have been sold in the UK since its launch in 2013.
  56. ^ a b Luca Ciferri (2014-06-06). "BMW sales boss bullish on 'born electric' range". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  57. ^ Skogstadlast, Knut (2016-12-02). "Dette er Norges mest solgte bil akkurat nå". ABC Nnyheter (ABC news (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-12-03. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ Hegvold, Ola (2016-12-02). "BMW med elbil-sjokk i november". Adressa (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-12-03. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ "Statement and presentation by Dr. Norbert Reithofer, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG, Annual Accounts Press Conference in Munich on 18 March 2015" (Press release). Munich: BMW Group. 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  60. ^ Jeff Cobb (2015-02-10). "2014's Top-10 Global Best-Selling Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-03-21. A total of 16,052 i3s were sold in 2014, with global cumulative sales since their introduction totaling 17,529 units through the end of 2014.
  61. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-12). "Tesla Model S Was World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-01-23. The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 (50,366), followed by the Nissan Leaf (about 43,000), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (about 39,000), the BYD Qin (31,898) and the BMW i3 (24,057).
  62. ^ a b BMW Group (2013-08-07). "BMW Group presents prototype of i8 plug-in hybrid; first use of new 3-cylinder engine". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  63. ^ Anita Lienert (2013-08-02). "2015 BMW i8 Set for Debut at 2013 Frankfurt Auto Show". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
  64. ^ Pia Krix (2013-08-09). "BMW sees U.S., UK, Germany as top markets for i8". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 2013-08-11.[permanent dead link‍]
  65. ^ Eric Loveday (2014-08-16). "BMW Delivers First US i8". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  66. ^ Bruce, Chris (2016-02-12). "Protonic Red BMW i8 will bow in Geneva". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2016-02-13. See details in the original BMW press release.
  67. ^ Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2014 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-10. See section "December 2014 Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers"
  68. ^ Jeff Cobb (2016-01-06). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
  69. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-02). "October 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  70. ^ Sage, Alexandria (2016-10-14). "BMW will add plug-in hybrid i8 roadster in 2018". Reuters. Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  71. ^ Hong, Patrick (2010). "Future Vision". Road & Track. 61 (7): 40–45.
  72. ^ a b United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2014-07-04). "Compare Side-by-Side: 2014 BMW i3 BEV & 2014 BMW i3 REx". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
  73. ^ a b "Fueleconomy.gov's Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, 2017 Model Year)". fueleconomy.gov. 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2016-11-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help) Excludes all-electric vehicles. Click on the tab "EPA Rated – All Years. The 2013–2014 Chevrolet Volt has a combined fuel economy of 62 MPG-e.
  74. ^ a b United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2014-08-20). "Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (updated August 2014)" (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-26. pp. 33 and 36
  75. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-09-29). "Compare Side-by-Side: 2015 BMW i3 REX, 2016 BMW i3 REX, 2017 BMW i3 REX (94 Amp-hour battery), and 2017 BMW i3 BEV (94 Amp-hour battery)". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  76. ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-11-16). "Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-19. The 2014–16 BMW i3 BEV was the most efficient EPA-certified vehicles considering all fuels and of all years until November 2016, when it was surpassed by the 2017 Hyundai Ioniq Electric. As of November 2016, the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco hybrid car is most efficient EPA-certified vehicle with a gasoline engine without plug-in capability.
  77. ^ Edelstein, Stephen (2016-11-21). "Hyundai Ioniq Electric beats Prius Prime, BMW i3 on energy efficiency". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  78. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-11-16). "Model Year 2017 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-19. pp. 32–36.
  79. ^ John Voelcker (2014-05-01). "2014 BMW i3 Electric Car Rated At 81 Miles, 124 MPGe: BREAKING". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-05-01. See details in EPA window sticker.
  80. ^ John Voelcker (2014-05-02). "2014 BMW i3 Range-Extended Model Gets Full $2,500 CA Rebate For Electric Cars". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  81. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2014-08-21). "2014 BMW i8". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
  82. ^ Millikin, Mike (2016-03-22). "BMW prices 330e iPerformance PHEV in US starting at $44,695; 14 miles AER". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  83. ^ Cole, Jay (2016-10-13). "BMW 530e iPerformance Debuts, Arrives In March – Specs, Video". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
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