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Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn

Coordinates: 40°41′20″N 73°56′40″W / 40.68889°N 73.94444°W / 40.68889; -73.94444
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Bedford–Stuyvesant
Neighborhood of Brooklyn
Nickname: 
Bed-Stuy
Motto: 
"Do or Die"
Bedford–Stuyvesant is located in New York City
Bedford–Stuyvesant
Bedford–Stuyvesant
Location
Bedford–Stuyvesant is located in New York
Bedford–Stuyvesant
Bedford–Stuyvesant
Bedford–Stuyvesant (New York)
Bedford–Stuyvesant is located in the United States
Bedford–Stuyvesant
Bedford–Stuyvesant
Bedford–Stuyvesant (the United States)
Coordinates: 40°41′20″N 73°56′40″W / 40.68889°N 73.94444°W / 40.68889; -73.94444
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CityNew York City
BoroughBrooklyn
Area
[1]
 • Total2.782 sq mi (7.21 km2)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total157,530
 • Density57,000/sq mi (22,000/km2)
Ethnicity
 • White10.1%
 • Black70.1%
 • Hispanic15.0%
 • Asian1.8%
 • Other3.0%
Economics
 • Median income$37,518
ZIP codes
11205, 11206, 11216, 11221, 11233, 11238
Area code718, 347, 929, and 917
Row houses on MacDonough Street

Bedford–Stuyvesant (/ˈbɛdfərdˈstaɪvəsənt/; colloquially known as Bed–Stuy[2] and Bedford-Stuy) is a neighborhood of 153,000 inhabitants in the north central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 3,[3] Brooklyn Community Board 8, and Brooklyn Community Board 16.[citation needed] The neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPD's 79th[4] and 81st[5] precincts. In the City Council, the district is represented by Robert Cornegy of the 36th Council District.

Bedford–Stuyvesant is bordered by Flushing Avenue to the north (bordering Williamsburg), Classon Avenue to the west (bordering Clinton Hill), Broadway to the east (bordering Bushwick and East New York), and Atlantic Avenue to the south (bordering Crown Heights and Brownsville).[6] It is served by Postal Service ZIP Codes 11205, 11206, 11216, 11221, 11233, and 11238. The main north/south thoroughfare is Nostrand Avenue, but the main shopping street is Fulton Street; the latter lies above the main subway line for the area, on the A and ​C trains. Fulton Street runs east–west the length of the neighborhood and intersects high-traffic streets including Bedford Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Stuyvesant Avenue. Bedford–Stuyvesant actually comprises four neighborhoods: Bedford, Stuyvesant Heights, Ocean Hill, and Weeksville (also part of Crown Heights). Part of Clinton Hill was once considered part of Bedford–Stuyvesant.

For decades, it has been a cultural center for Brooklyn's African- American population. Following the construction of the IND Fulton Street Line[7] in 1936, African Americans left an overcrowded Harlem for greater housing availability in Bedford–Stuyvesant. From Bedford–Stuyvesant, African Americans have since moved into the surrounding areas of Brooklyn, such as East New York, Crown Heights, Brownsville, and Fort Greene. Bedford–Stuyvesant has many historic brownstones. These homes were developed for the expanding middle- to upper-middle class from the 1890s to the late 1910s. Many of these homes contain highly ornamental detailing throughout their interiors and have classical architectural elements, such as brackets, quoins, fluting, finials, and elaborate frieze and cornice banding.

History

Bedford–Stuyvesant (red) in Brooklyn (yellow) and New York City (light gray).

Founding

The neighborhood's name combines the names of the Village of Bedford and the Stuyvesant Heights neighborhoods. Stuyvesant is derived from Peter Stuyvesant, the last governor of the colony of New Netherland.

17th and 18th centuries

In the second half of the 17th century, the lands which constitute the present neighborhood belonged to three Dutch settlers: Dirck Janse Hooghland, who operated a ferryboat on the East River, and farmers Jan Hansen, and Leffert Pietersen van Haughwout. In pre-revolutionary Kings County, Bedford was the first, major settlement east of the Village of Brooklyn on the ferry road to the town of Jamaica and eastern Long Island. Stuyvesant Heights, however, was farmland; the area became a community after the American Revolutionary War. In 1838, the Weeksville subsection was recognized as one of the first, free African-American communities in the United States.[8]

For most of its early history, Stuyvesant Heights was part of the outlying farm area of the small hamlet of Bedford, settled by the Dutch during the 17th century within the incorporated town of Breuckelen. The hamlet had its beginnings when a group of Breuckelen residents decided to improve their farm properties behind the Wallabout section, which gradually developed into an important produce center and market. The petition to form a new hamlet was approved by Governor Stuyvesant in 1663. Its leading signer was Thomas Lambertsen, a carpenter from Holland. A year later, the British capture of New Netherland signaled the end of Dutch rule. In Governor Nicolls' Charter of 1667 and in the Charter of 1686, Bedford is mentioned as a settlement within the Town of Brueckelen. Bedford hamlet had an inn as early as 1668, and, in 1670, the people of Breuckelen purchased from the Canarsie Indians an additional area for common lands in the surrounding region.

Bedford Corners, approximately located where the present Bedford Avenue meets Fulton Street, and only three blocks west of the present Historic District, was the intersection of several well traveled roads. The Brooklyn and Jamaica Turnpike, constructed by a corporation founded in 1809 and one of the oldest roads in Kings County, ran parallel to the present Fulton Street, from the East River ferry to the village of Brooklyn, thence to the hamlet of Bedford and on toward Jamaica via Bed–Stuy. Farmers from New Lots and Flatbush used this road on their way to Manhattan. Within the Stuyvesant Heights Historic District, the Turnpike ran along the approximate line of Decatur Street. Cripplebush Road to Newtown and the Clove Road to Flatbush also met at Bedford Corners. Hunterfly Road, which joined the Turnpike about a mile to the east of Clove Road, also served as a route for farmers and fishermen of the Canarsie and New Lots areas.

At the time of the Revolution, Leffert's son Jakop was a leading citizen of Bedford and the town clerk of Brooklyn. His neighbor, Lambert Suydam, was captain of the Kings County cavalry in 1776. An important part of the Battle of Long Island took place in and near the Historic District. In 1784, the people of the Town of Brooklyn held their first town meeting since 1776.

19th century

In 1800, Bedford was designated one of the seven districts of the Town of Brooklyn, and, in 1834, it became part of the seventh and ninth wards of the newly incorporated City of Brooklyn.

The present, gridiron, street system was laid out in 1835, as shown by the Street Commissioners map of 1839, and the blocks were lotted. The new street grid led to the abandonment of the Brooklyn and Jamaica Turnpike in favor of a continuation of Brooklyn's Fulton Street, which was opened up just south of the Historic District in 1842. The lands for the street system within what is now Bedford–Stuyvesant however were not sold to the City of Brooklyn until 1852. Earlier in the same year Charles C. Betts had purchased Maria Lott's tract of land. This marked the end of two centuries of Dutch patrimonial holdings. Betts, as Secretary of the Brooklyn Railroad Company acquired the land for the horsecar, later trolley, lines on Fulton Street and for investment purposes. Most of the streets were not actually opened, however, until the 1860s. Streets in Bedford–Stuyvesant were named after prominent figures in American history. Francis Lewis was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, whilst Bainbridge, Chauncey, Decatur and MacDonough were naval heroes of the Tripolitan War and the War of 1812. The Dripps Map of 1869 shows that the area was still largely rural with a few freestanding houses mostly on MacDonough Street. The real development of the district began slowly at first, accelerating between 1885 and 1900, and gradually tapering off during the first two decades of the 20th century.

Along Stuyvesant Avenue

With the building of the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad in 1833, along Atlantic Avenue, Bedford was established as a railroad station near the intersection of current Atlantic Avenue and Franklin Avenues. In 1836, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad was taken over by the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR). In 1878, the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway established its northern terminal with a connection to the LIRR at the same location.[9]

Construction of masonry row houses in the 1870s began to transform the rural district into an urban area. The first row of masonry houses in Stuyvesant Heights was built in 1872 on MacDonough Street for developer Curtis L. North. In the 1880s and 1890s, more rows were added, most of the Stuyvesant Heights north of Decatur Street looked much as it does today. Stuyvesant Heights was emerging as a neighborhood entity with its own distinctive characteristics. The houses had large rooms, high ceilings, and large windows and were built primarily by German immigrants.[10] The people who bought these houses were generally upper-middle-class families, mostly lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent, with a sprinkling of English people; there were also a few professionals. A contemporary description calls it a very well kept residential neighborhood, typical of the general description of Brooklyn as "a town of homes and churches."

Built in 1863, the Capitoline Grounds were the home of the Brooklyn Atlantics baseball team.[11] The grounds were bordered by Nostrand Avenue, Halsey Street, Marcy Avenue, and Putnam Avenue.[11] During the winters, the operators would flood the area and open an ice-skating arena. The grounds were demolished in 1880.[citation needed]

Macon Street and Arlington Place

In 1890, the city of Brooklyn founded another subsection Ocean Hill, a working-class predominantly Italian enclave.

In the last decades of the 19th century, with the advent of electric trolleys and the Fulton Street Elevated, Bedford–Stuyvesant became a working-class and middle-class bedroom community for those working in downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York City. At that time, most of the pre-existing wooden homes were destroyed and replaced with brownstone rowhouses.

20th century

1900s to 1950s

In 1907, the completion of the Williamsburg Bridge facilitated the immigration of Jews and Italians from the Lower East Side of Manhattan.[12]

During the 1930s, major changes took place due to the Great Depression years. Immigrants from the American South and the Caribbean brought the neighborhood's black population to around 30,000, making it the second largest Black community in the city at the time. During World War II, the Brooklyn Navy Yard attracted many blacks to the neighborhood as an opportunity for employment, while the relatively prosperous war economy enabled many of the resident Jews and Italians to move to Queens and Long Island. By 1950, the number of blacks had risen to 155,000, comprising about 55 percent of the population of Bedford–Stuyvesant.[12] In the 1950s, real estate agents and speculators employed blockbusting to turn a profit. As a result, formerly middle class white homes were being turned over to poorer black families. By 1960, eighty-five percent of the population was black.[12]

1960s

Confrontation between black protesters and police at Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue during the 1964 riot

Gang wars erupted in 1961 in Bedford–Stuyvesant. During the same year, Alfred E. Clark of The New York Times referred to it as "Brooklyn's Little Harlem."[13] One of the first urban riots of the era took place there. Social and racial divisions in the city contributed to the tensions, which climaxed when attempts at community control in the nearby Ocean Hill-Brownsville school district pitted some black community residents and activists (from both inside and outside the area) against teachers, the majority of whom were white, many of them Jewish. Charges of racism were a common part of social tensions at the time.

In 1964, race riots broke out in the Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem after an Irish-American NYPD lieutenant, Thomas Gilligan, shot and killed an African American teenager, James Powell, aged 15.[14] The protest spread to Bedford–Stuyvesant and resulted in the destruction and looting of many neighborhood businesses, many of which were Jewish-owned.[citation needed] Race relations between the NYPD and the city's black community were strained as police were seen as an instrument of oppression and racially biased law enforcement; further, at that time, few black policemen were present on the force.[15] In predominantly black New York neighborhoods, arrests and prosecutions for drug-related crimes were higher than anywhere else in the city, despite evidence that illegal drug-use rates among the black community were at least the same as in the white community, further contributing to the problems between the white-dominated police force and black community. Coincidentally, the 1964 riot took place throughout the NYPD's 28th and 32nd precincts, in Harlem, and the 79th precinct, in Bedford–Stuyvesant, which at one time were the only three police precincts in the NYPD where black police officers were allowed to patrol.[16] Race riots followed in 1967 and 1968, as part of the political and racial tensions in the United States of the era, aggravated by continued high unemployment among blacks, continued de facto segregation in housing, and the failure to enforce civil rights laws.

Following the 1964 election, With the help of local activists and politicians, such as Civil Court Judge Thomas Jones, grassroots organizations of community members and businesses willing to aid were formed and began the rebuilding of Bedford–Stuyvesant.

In 1965, Andrew W. Cooper, a journalist from Bedford–Stuyvesant, brought suit under the Voting Rights Act against racial gerrymandering.[17] The lawsuit claimed that Bedford–Stuyvesant was divided among five congressional districts, each represented by a white Congress member.[18] It resulted in the creation of New York's 12th Congressional District and the election in 1968 of Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman and West Indian American ever elected to the US Congress.[19] In early 1975, when Seatrain Shipbuilding, inside the Brooklyn Navy Yard, laid off a large number of shipbuilders – with 80% of those affected living in and around Bedford–Stuyvesant – it was Congresswoman Chisholm who came to their rescue. Chisholm convinced the government to restructure existing loans and guarantee new loans backed by the VLCC's Stuyvesant and Bay Ridge so the shipbuilders could resume work.

Senator Kennedy speaks with a boy while touring Bedford–Stuyvesant

In 1967, Robert F. Kennedy, who was elected US Senator for the State of New York, was tasked on fighting the war on poverty as protests against discrimination broke out across the urban north while the issues of the civil rights movement in southern states were still more of a priority for African American rights activists. Rather than focus on problems facing African Americans outside of New York, Kennedy launched a study of problems facing the urban poor in Bedford–Stuyvesant, which received almost no federal aid and was the city's largest non-white community.[20][21] The Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation was established as the United States’ first community development corporation, envisioned by Kennedy, along with Jacob Javits, Elsie Richardson, Franklin A. Thomas, John Doar, and other activists.[22] The Manhattan-based Development and Services Corporation (D&S) was established, which was composed of business, banking and professional leaders which advised and fundraised private funding for the BSRC’s projects.[22] Kennedy's program was soon used as a nationwide model in other large urban areas to fight the War on Poverty.

The abandoned Sheffield Milk bottling plant on Fulton Street was turned into the BSRC offices in 1967; the same year saw the start of the exterior restoration project, which employed local residents to work with contractors to repair facades, restore stoops, fix and replace railings and fences and redo sidewalks.[22] The BSRC bought many housing units in Bedford-Stuyvesant and hired local residents to renovate the units; the BRSC also administered a $73 million mortgage assistance program to encourage African-American homeownership.[22] In 1968, Thomas A. Watson, who was on the board of directors for the D&S, opened an IBM computer cable factory in an abandoned building on the corner of Gates and Nostrand.[22]

As part of the BRSC, architect I.M. Pei implemented a controversial plan to create two superblocks on St. Marks Avenue and Prospect Place, between Kingston and Albany avenues; the project closed the streets off from traffic and cut a pathway mid-block to join the two and fill the street spaces with recreational spaces.[22]

1970s and 1980s

Youth play in an adventure playground at the "K-pool" public swimming pool in Bedford–Stuyvesant in July 1974. Photo by Danny Lyon.

In 1977, a power outage occurred across New York City due to a power failure at the Con Edison Plant. Looters took advantage of the outage, and Bedford–Stuyvesant and neighboring Bushwick were two of the worst-hit areas. Thirty-five blocks of Broadway, the street dividing the two communities, were affected, with 134 stores looted, 45 of which were set ablaze.[citation needed]

In the late 1980s, resistance to illegal drug-dealing included, according to Rita Webb Smith, following police arrests with a civilian Sunni Muslim 40-day patrol of several blocks near a mosque, the same group having earlier evicted drug sellers at a landlord's request, although that also resulted in arrests of the Muslims for "burglary, menacing and possession of weapons", resulting in a probationary sentence.[23]

Recent history

A row of brownstones on Jefferson Avenue between Lewis and Stuyvesant Avenues in Bedford Stuyvesant, 2006

2000s

Beginning in the 2000s, the neighborhood began to experience gentrification.[7] The two significant reasons for this were the affordable housing stock consisting of brownstone rowhouses located on quiet tree-lined streets and the marked decrease of crime in the neighborhood. The latter is partly attributable to the decline of the national crack epidemic as well as heightened policing. Many properties were renovated after the start of the 21st century, and crime declined. New clothing stores, mid-century collector furniture stores, florists, bakeries, cafes, and restaurants opened, and Fresh Direct began delivering to the area. As a result, Bedford–Stuyvesant became increasingly racially, economically, and ethnically diverse, with an increase of foreign-born Afro-Caribbean and African residents as well as residents of other ethnic backgrounds. As is expected with gentrification, the influx of new residents has contributed to the displacement of poorer residents. In other cases, newcomers have rehabilitated and occupied formerly vacant and abandoned properties.

Through a series of "wallscapes" (large outdoor murals), the campaign honored famous community members, including community activist and poet June Jordan, activist Hattie Carthan, and rapper The Notorious B.I.G.[24] The campaign sought to show off the area's positive accomplishments.[25]

Several long-time residents and business owners expressed concern that they would be priced out by newcomers, whom they disparagingly characterize as "yuppies and buppies [black urban professionals]", according to one neighborhood blog.[26] They feared that the neighborhood's ethnic character would be lost. However, Bedford–Stuyvesant's population has experienced much less displacement of the black population, including those who are economically disadvantaged, than have other areas of Brooklyn, such as Williamsburg and Cobble Hill.[27] Many of the new residents[who?] are upwardly mobile middle-income African American families, as well as immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean. Neighborhoods surrounding Bedford–Stuyvesant in Northern and Eastern Brooklyn are also majority black, such as Brownsville, Canarsie, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatlands, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, East New York, and Fort Greene. Together these neighborhoods have a population of about 940,000 and are roughly 82% black, making them the largest concentration of African Americans in the United States.[28]

There was a belief that neighborhood change would benefit all residents of the area, bringing with it greater neighborhood safety and more local jobs and creating a demand for improved retail services along the major commercial strips, such as Fulton Street (recently co-named Harriet Tubman Avenue),[29] Nostrand Avenue, Tompkins Avenue, Greene Avenue, Lewis Avenue, Flushing Avenue, Park Avenue, Myrtle Avenue, Dekalb Avenue, Putnam Avenue, Bedford Avenue, Marcy Avenue, Malcolm X Boulevard, Gates Avenue, Madison Street, and Jefferson Avenue. To that effect, both the Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue commercial corridors became part of the Bed-Stuy Gateway Business Improvement District, bringing along with it a beautification project that provides various pedestrian and landscape improvements.[30]

In July 2005, the NYPD designated the Fulton Street–Nostrand Avenue business district in Bedford–Stuyvesant as an "Impact Zone". The designation directed significantly increased levels of police protection and resources to the area centered on the intersection of Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue for a period of six months. During these six months members of notorious gangs such as "Moss Gang" were apprehended. It was renewed for another six-month period in December 2005. Since the designation of the Impact Zone in Bedford–Stuyvesant, crime within the district decreased 15% from the previous year. The police department has ranked Bedford–Stuyvesant as one of the neighborhoods that has experienced a steady decline in crime and has had improved safety. Despite the improvements and increasing stability of the community, Bedford–Stuyvesant has continued to be stigmatized in some circles. In March 2005 a campaign was launched to supplant the "Bed-Stuy, Do-or-Die" slogan with "Bed-Stuy, and Proud of It".[31] Also, the threat of crime taking over certain neighborhoods did not disappear, as violent crime remains a problem in the area. Much like Brownsville and East New York, Bed-Stuy is well known for drive-bys, robberies, murders, and assaults. The two precincts that cover Bedford–Stuyvesant reported a combined 37 murders in 2010.[32][33] The 81st precinct was also accused in 2010 of not reporting crimes and recording felonies as misdemeanors to make the crime rate appear lower.[34]

The view southeast across Lafayette Avenue, looking toward Patchen Avenue

2010s

Despite the largest recession to hit the United States in the last 70 years, gentrification continues steadily throughout the neighborhood, if not accelerated by the relatively affordable prices of living in Bedford–Stuyvesant. The strong community and abundance of historic brownstone townhouses in the neighborhood contribute to its growth. Since 2008 a score of new cafes, restaurants, bakeries, boutiques, galleries, and wine bars have sprung up in the area, with concentrated growth along the western and southern parts of the neighborhood; the blocks north of the Nostrand Avenue and Fulton Street intersection and west of Fulton Street and Stuyvesant Avenues were particularly impacted. In 2011, Bedford–Stuyvesant listed three Zagat-rated restaurants for the first time. Today there are over ten Zagat-rated establishments,[35] and in June 2013, 7 Arlington Place, the setting for Spike Lee's 1994 film Crooklyn, was sold for over its asking price, at $1.7 million.[36]

A diverse mix of students, hipsters, artists, creative professionals, architects, and attorneys of all races continue to move to the neighborhood. A business improvement district has been launched along the Fulton and Nostrand Corridor with a redesigned streetscape to include new street trees, street furniture, pavers, and signage and improved cleanliness in an effort to attract more business investment.[37] Major infrastructure upgrades have been performed or are in progress, such as Brooklyn's first Select Bus Service route, the B44 SBS Bus Rapid Transit service along Nostrand and Bedford Avenues, which began operating in late 2013.[38] Other infrastructure upgrades in the neighborhood includes major sewer and water modernization projects.[39] Verizon FiOS and Cablevision also continue to expand high-speed fiber-optic and cable service to the area.[40] Improved natural and organic produce continue to become available at local delis and grocers, the farmer's market on Malcolm X Boulevard, and through the Bed-Stuy Farm Share.[41] FreshDirect services the neighborhood, and a large member constituency of the adjacent Greene-Hill Food Coop are from Bedford–Stuyvesant.

In spring 2013, the Bedford–Stuyvesant YMCA received a $25,000 donation from DKNY following the wishes of a resident photographer whose work had been used by the company without his permission.[42]

On December 20, 2014, two NYPD officers were killed in the neighborhood, supposedly in revenge for the death of Eric Garner and the shooting of Michael Brown. The suspect then committed suicide after being chased by other police officers onto the subway.[43][44]

Subsections

Neighborhoods

  • Bedford, located toward the western end of Bedford-Stuyvesant. Before the American Revolutionary War times, it was the first settlement to the east of the Village of Brooklyn. It was originally part of the old village of Bedford, which was centered near today's Bedford Avenue–Fulton Street intersection. The area "extends from Monroe Street on the north to Macon Street and Verona Place on the south, and from just east of Bedford Avenue eastward to Tompkins Avenue," according to the Landmarks Preservation Commission.[45][46] Bedford is adjacent to Williamsburg, Crown Heights, and Clinton Hill.[47]
  • Stuyvesant Heights, located toward the southern-central section of Bedford-Stuyvesant. It has historically been an African-American enclave. It derives its name from Stuyvesant Avenue, its principal thoroughfare. It was originally part of the outlying farm area of Bedford for most of its early history. A low-rise residential district of three- and four-story homes, it was developed mostly between 1870 and 1920.[47][48][49] It is bounded roughly by Chauncey and Decatur Streets on the south, Mason Street on the north, Tompkins Avenue on the west, and Stuyvesant Avenue on the east.[50]
  • Ocean Hill, located toward the eastern end Ocean Hill received its name in 1890 for being slightly hilly. Hence it was subdivided from the larger community of Stuyvesant Heights. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s Ocean Hill was an Italian enclave. By the late 1960s Ocean Hill and Bedford-Stuyvesant proper together formed the largest African American community in the United States.
  • Weeksville, located toward the southeast. Weeksville was named after an ex-slave[51] from Virginia, who in 1838[52] bought a plot of land and founded Weeksville.

Historic district

Stuyvesant Heights Historic District
On Decatur Street
Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn is located in New York City
Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
LocationRoughly bounded by Macon, Tompkins, Decatur, Lewis, Chauncey, and Stuyvesant, New York, New York
Coordinates40°40′52″N 73°56′14″W / 40.68111°N 73.93722°W / 40.68111; -73.93722
Area42 acres (17 ha)
Built1870
Architectural styleItalianate, Queen Anne, Romanesque
NRHP reference No.75001193[53]
Stuyvesant Heights Historic District (Boundary Increase)
LocationRoughly, Decatur St. from Tompkins to Lewis Aves., Brooklyn, New York
Area10 acres (4.0 ha)
Architectmultiple
Architectural styleItalianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne
NRHP reference No.96001355[53]
Added to NRHPNovember 15, 1996
Added to NRHPDecember 4, 1975

The Stuyvesant Heights Historic District in Bedford-Stuyvesant comprises 577 contributing residential buildings built between about 1870 and 1900. The district encompasses 17 individual blocks (13 identified in 1975 and four new in 1996). The buildings within the district primarily comprise two- and three-storey rowhouses with high basements, with a few multiple dwellings and institutional structures. The district includes the Our Lady of Victory Catholic Church, the Romanesque Revival style Mount Lebanon Baptist Church, and St. Phillip's Episcopal Church.[54][55] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and expanded in 1996.[53] Bedford Stuyvesant/Expanded Stuyvesant Heights Historic District was designated on April 16, 2013 and extended the district north to Jefferson Ave, east to Malcolm X Blvd, and west to Tompkins Avenue.[56]

  • Miracle Temple
    Miracle Temple
  • On Decatur Street
    On Decatur Street
  • On Decatur Street
    On Decatur Street
  • St. Phillip's Episcopal Church
    St. Phillip's Episcopal Church
  • Mt. Lebanon Baptist Church
    Mt. Lebanon Baptist Church
  • Mt. Lebanon Baptist Church
    Mt. Lebanon Baptist Church
  • On Lewis Street
    On Lewis Street

Demographics

African Americans migrated from the Southern United States in the early- to mid-20th century, pursuing what they perceived as the racial equality and freedoms of the north. This movement is known as the Great Migration. Many African Americans moved north in search of new industry. The Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood became a popular landing ground for African Americans.[57] The New York Times wrote in July 2014 that the area was "diverse and changing", and that, "The sprawling Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant is famous for its African-American heritage and beautiful brownstone architecture."[10] As of the 2010 census, Bed-Stuy was 70.1% Black, 15% Hispanic, 10.1% White, 1.8% Asian, and 3% other.[58] As of 2014, Bedford–Stuyvesant is still a predominantly African-American neighborhood, though there are growing Hispanic and White populations.[10] According to the American Community survey, in 2016 the population was 49% Black, 26% White, 17% Hispanic, 5% Asian, and 2% other or from two or more races.[59]

Education

PS 93, Prescott School

Several public schools serve Bedford-Stuyvesant. The zone high school for the neighborhood is Boys and Girls High School on Fulton Street. The Brooklyn Brownstone School, a public elementary school located in the MS 35 campus on MacDonough Street, and was developed in 2008 by the Stuyvesant Heights Parents Association and the New York City Board of Education. At the eastern edge of the neighborhood is Paul Robeson High School for Business and Technology.

For the early grades Ember Charter School for Mindful Education, Success Academy Bed-Stuy 1 and 2 are charter schools. Bed-Stuy is also home to the Brooklyn Waldorf School, which moved to Claver Castle (at 11 Jefferson Avenue) in 2011.

Other institutions include:

Transportation

Bedford–Stuyvesant is served by several New York City Bus Brooklyn bus routes.

It is served by the New York City Subway IND Fulton Street Line (A and ​C trains), which opened in 1936. This underground line replaced the earlier, elevated BMT Fulton Street Line on May 31, 1940. The IND Crosstown Line (G train), running underneath Lafayette Avenue and Marcy Avenue, opened for service in 1937. The elevated BMT Jamaica Line (J, M, and Z​ trains), the city's oldest subway line because of its having opened in 1885, also serves the neighborhood, running alongside its northern boundaries at Broadway. Bedford–Stuyvesant is also served by the Nostrand Avenue and East New York stations of the Long Island Rail Road.

Until 1950, the BMT Lexington Avenue Line served Lexington Avenue in the neighborhood. Likewise, the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line served Myrtle Avenue in the north until 1969.

Notable people

  • Billy Joel's 1980 song "You May Be Right," from his album Glass Houses, includes "I walked through Bedford-Stuy alone" among the foolhardy things the song's narrator has done.[95]
  • In her 1980 one-woman film Gilda Live, Gilda Radner included a sketch featuring her Emily Litella character working as a substitute teacher in Bedford-Stuyversant, filling in for a teacher who'd been stabbed by one of his students.[96]
  • Do the Right Thing, a movie by Spike Lee[97]
  • Notorious B.I.G., a rapper who included Bed–Stuy in his lyrics,[88] he "publicly claim[ed] Bedford-Stuyvesant as his neighborhood".[98] A 2009 film, Notorious, about life in Bed–Stuy in the 1990s, emphasized Notorious B.I.G.[99]
  • Empire State of Mind, by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys - "Me, I'm out that Bed-Stuy, home of that boy Biggie"
  • The television show Everybody Hates Chris was partially based in Bed-Stuy.
  • The movie "Brooklyn's Finest" repeated mentioned Bed-Stuy, in fact one of the new recruit was gunned down in Bed-Stuy.
  • The 2011 Jay-Z song "Gotta Have It," which features Kanye West, contains the lyrics "Made a left on Nostrand Ave., we in Bed-Stuy".
  • Bed-Stuy is the main setting of Rita Williams-Garcia's novel P.S. Be Eleven.
  • In the 2012 volume of Hawkeye, Clint Barton lives in and assumes ownership of an apartment in Bed-Stuy, which provides the main setting for the comic.
  • The song "Hurricane," by Halsey mentions the neighborhood Bed-Stuy several times "there's a place way down in Bed-Stuy, where a boy lives behind bricks." Additionally, Halsey's stage name is both an anagram of her actual name 'Ashley', and also named after the street in that neighborhood.

References

  1. ^ a b "Bedford Stuyvesant neighborhood in New York". Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  2. ^ Woodsworth, Michael (May 6, 2016). Battle for Bed-Stuy: The Long War on Poverty in New York City (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674545069.
  3. ^ Brooklyn Community Boards, New York City. Accessed December 31, 2007.
  4. ^ 79th Precinct, NYPD.
  5. ^ 81st Precinct, NYPD.
  6. ^ "Brooklyn Community District 3" Archived May 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (pdf). New York City Department of City Planning. December 2007. Accessed April 25, 2008.
  7. ^ a b Echanove, Matias. "Bed-Stuy on the Move". Master thesis. Urban Planning Program. Columbia University. Urbanology.org. 2003.
  8. ^ Ramirez, Anthony."Haven for Blacks in Civil War Riots Now Safeguards History", The New York Times, June 5, 2005. Accessed November 17, 2007.
  9. ^ "The Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railroad (The Brighton Line)/The New York and Manhattan Beach Railroad". nycsubway.org. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c Gregor, Alison (July 13, 2014). "Bedford-Stuyvesant: Diverse and Changing". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Ross, Andrew; David Dyte. "Capitoline Grounds". covehurst.net. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
  12. ^ a b c d Newfield, Jack (1988). Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Group. pp. 87–109. ISBN 0-452-26064-7.
  13. ^ Clark, Alfred E. "GANG WARS UPSET AREA IN BROOKLYN; Bedford – Stuyvesant Tense Following Two Slayings." The New York Times. Tuesday May 2, 1961. Page 31. Retrieved on January 22, 2010.
  14. ^ Jacoby, Tamar. "How a Campaign for Racial Trust Turned Sour". APF Reporter. Vol. 15, No. 3. Alicia Patterson Foundation.
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  16. ^ Darien, Andrew. "Police Fraternity and the Politics of Race and Class in New York City, 1941–1960" Archived October 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Regional Labor Review. Spring 2000.
  17. ^ "The City Sun Editor-in-Chief Andrew W. Cooper dies". Business Wire. January 30, 2002. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  18. ^ "Andrew W. Cooper". Answers.com. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
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  20. ^ Paul F. O'Rourke (1968). "A Health Project for Bedford–Stuyvesant". RFK Senate Legislature Papers (SLP), Box 11, JFK Library. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  21. ^ Schlesinger, ArthurRobert Kennedy and his times. p. 786. ISBN 0-618-21928-5.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Spellen, Suzanne (May 24, 2011). "Bed Stuy Brooklyn History". Brownstoner. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  23. ^ Smith, Rita Webb, & Tony Chapelle, The Woman Who Took Back Her Streets: One Woman Fights The Drug Wars And Rebuilds Her Community (Far Hills, New Jersey: New Horizon Press, 1991 (ISBN 0-88282-065-6)), pp. 289–291 (quoting p. 290) (author Smith leader of a Harlem anti-drug campaign).
  24. ^ Notorious B.I.G.'s residence: Franklin, Marcus (January 17, 2009). "Much change in Biggie Smalls' neighborhood". The Insider. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
      Other than Notorious B.I.G.'s residence: Grace, Melissa, New P.R. Campaign: "Bed-Stuy and Proud of it", in Gotham Gazette, March 10, 2005, from Daily News, at Wayback Machine, March 3, 2006, 10:12:00 p.m., as accessed October 20, 2013.
  25. ^ Grace, Melissa, New P.R. Campaign: "Bed-Stuy and Proud of it", op. cit.
  26. ^ admin (January 11, 2013). "Series of Brooklyn Billboards Put Racial Inequity on Display". Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  27. ^ http://66.111.110.102/newyork/DetailsAr.do?file=features/499/499.thebattlefor.html Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine "The Battle for Bed-Stuy: The Price of Art" Time Out New York April 2005
  28. ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  29. ^ http://www.bedstuygateway.com/ Bed-Stuy Gateway Business District
  30. ^ "Beautification of the Bed-Stuy Gateway streetscape receives major financial support - Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration". Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  31. ^ Grace, Melissa. "Say It Loud: Bed-stuy And Proud". NY Daily News. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  34. ^ Parascandola, Rocco (February 2, 2010). "Brooklyn's 81st Precinct probed by NYPD for fudging stats; felonies allegedly marked as misdemeanors". Daily News. New York.
  35. ^ "Best Places in New York City | Foodie, Nightlife & Shopping News". Zagat.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  36. ^ "'Crooklyn' House Sells for $1.7M, a Reflection of Bed-Stuy Real Estate Boom". DNAinfo.com. June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Bedford-Stuyvesant Streetscape Project". NYCEDC. January 28, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  38. ^ "Bus Rapid Transit - Nostrand/Rogers Avenues". Nyc.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  39. ^ "New Brooklyn Sewer Connections, New Brooklyn Water Lines". Balkanplumbing.com. October 10, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  40. ^ "Verizon | Verizon Continues Rollout of FiOS TV in New York City". Newscenter.verizon.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  41. ^ Bed Stuy Farm Share. "Bed Stuy Farm Share". Bed Stuy Farm Share. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  42. ^ "The Neighborhood News," New York magazine, March 11–18, 2013
  43. ^ ABC News. "Two NYPD Cops 'Assassinated' in Brooklyn Ambush". ABC News.
  44. ^ Mueller, Benjamin; Baker, Al. "Two N.Y.P.D. Officers Are Killed in Brooklyn Ambush; Suspect Commits Suicide". nytimes. The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  45. ^ Bedford Historic District: Designation Report, December 8, 2015.
  46. ^ Sam Roberts (August 4, 2011). "Striking Change in Bedford-Stuyvesant as the White Population Soars". The New York Times. The extent of racial integration, so far, has been mixed in the more rapidly changing Bedford section, which the city's Planning Department defines roughly as bounded by Throop, Classon and Flushing Avenues and Fulton Street.
  47. ^ a b Ellen Freudenheim (2016). The Brooklyn Experience: The Ultimate Guide to Neighborhoods & Noshes, Culture & the Cutting Edge. Rutgers University Press. p. 64.
  48. ^ Stuyvesant Heights Historic District: Designation Report, September 14, 1971.
  49. ^ Bedford-Stuyvesant South Rezoning - Approved!
  50. ^ Michael J. Hall (November 28, 1971). "'Real Nice' Community Now 'Historic'". The New York Times.
  51. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  52. ^ Ramirez, Anthony (June 5, 2005). "Haven for Blacks in Civil War Riots Now Safeguards History". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  53. ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  54. ^ Stephen Lash and Betty Ezequelle (August 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:Stuyvesant Heights Historic District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) See also: "Accompanying nine photos". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ Peter D. Shaver (September 1996). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:Stuyvesant Heights Historic District (Boundary Increase)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) See also: "Accompanying seven photos". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ "Bedford Stuyvesant/Expanded Stuyvesant Heights Historic District – Designation Report" (PDF). April 16, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  57. ^ Wilder, Craig. A Covenant with Color : Race and Social Power in Brooklyn. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
  58. ^ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  59. ^ "Census profile: NYC-Brooklyn Community District 3--Bedford-Stuyvesant PUMA, NY". Retrieved July 17, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ^ Farley, Christopher John. Aaliyah: More Than a Woman, p. 20. Accessed July 2, 2016. Simon and Schuster, 2002. ISBN 9780743455664. "She was born on January 16, 1979, in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, but, at the age pf four, her parents relocated to the Motor City where Aaliyah spent her formative years."
  61. ^ Gill, Lauren. "Legendary Bed-Stuy rapper Big Daddy Kane performs outside former Albee Square Mall", The Brooklyn Paper, June 28, 2016. Accessed July 2, 2016. "Legendary Bedford-Stuyvesant-born rapper Big Daddy Kane entertained shoppers and commuters with a free show on Fulton Mall on Friday, and the wordsmith showed off just as much charisma as when he used to spit his rhymes in rap battles in Kings County’s streets, according to organizers."
  62. ^ Avalone, Blake. "Memphis Bleek and the Young Gunz", DUB (magazine), May 16, 2005. Accessed July 2, 2016. "For years, fans came to recognize the gritty Bleek as an heir to Jay’s throne. With consistently impressive rhymes focusing on the contrast between the grim realities of the Bedford Stuyvesant streets and the glitz and glamour of a recording career, Memphis Bleek did not disappoint."
  63. ^ Berkow, Ira. "BOXING; Breland Returns to Ring Modestly in Brooklyn", The New York Times, January 28, 1996. Accessed July 2, 2016. "Breland was back in Brooklyn, where he had started his career, coming out of the tough Tompkins projects in Bedford-Stuyvesant and going on to become a five-time New York Golden Gloves champion, the 1984 Olympic gold-medal champion, and twice the world's welterweight champ."
  64. ^ http://www.mtv.com/artists/lil-cease/ Lil' Cease], MTV. Accessed July 6, 2016. "Rapper Lil' Cease was born and raised in Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant area, at age 15 becoming a protégé of the Notorious B.I.G."
  65. ^ http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/CHISHOLM,-Shirley-Anita-(C000371)/ CHISHOLM, Shirley Anita], United States House of Representatives History, Art & Archives. Accessed July 6, 2016. "Elected in 1968 because of her roots in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood, Chisholm was catapulted into the national limelight by virtue of her race, gender, and outspoken personality."
  66. ^ Lester, Paul. "No 344: Little Jackie; Today's new artist sounds like Lily Allen meets Lauryn Hill - seriously, what's not to like?", The Guardian, July 3, 2008. Accessed July 6, 2016. "Coppola's songs are as idiosyncratically infectious as Allen's, only instead of observations about life in LDN she's focused on the antics and mores of the Big Apple in general and the area surrounding her Bedford-Stuyvesant (Chris Rock's old stomping ground) apartment in particular."
  67. ^ O'Kane, Jim. Jefferson Avenue: Stories from a Brooklyn Boyhood 1941-1958. New York: Createspace, 2013.
  68. ^ Hamilton, Tiffany. "Deemi: Diamond In The Rough", AllHipHop, September 23, 2005. Accessed July 6, 2016. "Although she is from the streets, Deemi is not an emcee – and she's definitely not your usual R&B diva. Born and raised in Bedford Stuyvesant, the 24-year-old songstress definitely has a story to tell."
  69. ^ Weiner, Natalie. "Desiigner on His Difficult Past and How His No. 1 Hit 'Panda' Gave Him a Way Out", Billboard (magazine), June 9, 2016. Accessed May 1, 2017. "'Out' means out of Bedford-Stuyvesant, the Brooklyn neighborhood where Desiigner grew up."
  70. ^ Vasquez, Emily. "Brooklyn-Born Rapper Is Arrested After Being Shot", The New York Times, October 18, 2005. Accessed October 7, 2007. "Mr. Jackson, raised in the Bedford–Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, became famous in late 2001 with his debut single, "I Can’t Deny It.""
  71. ^ "Jackie Gleason", United Press International. Accessed October 25, 2013.
  72. ^ Fox, Margalit. "Carl Gordon, a Late-Blooming Actor, Dies at 78", The New York Times, July 23, 2010. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Rufus Carl Gordon Jr. was born on Jan. 20, 1932, in Goochland, Va.; he later jettisoned the 'Rufus.' When he was a child his family moved to Brooklyn, where he grew up in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood."
  73. ^ Staff. "On This Day In Comedy… In 1965 Kadeem Hardison Was Born!", Humor Mill, July 24, 2015. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Actor, director, Kadeem Hardison was born in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn New York."
  74. ^ Martin, Douglas. "Richie Havens, Folk Singer Who Riveted Woodstock, Dies at 72", The New York Times', April 22, 2013. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Richard Pierce Havens was born on Jan. 21, 1941, in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, where he grew up."
  75. ^ Segal Jonathan B. "Foul!", The New York Times, March 26, 1972. Accessed May 1, 2017. "To fill in the details a bit, Hawkins, the subject of Foul!, was a great black schoolyard basketball player from New York's Bedford‐Stuyvesant section who became, in the jivin', hand‐slapping, pressure‐cooker world of ghetto ball, a revered figure for his spectacular and flashy play."
  76. ^ Gavin, James. "'Stormy Weather'", The New York Times, July 17, 2009. Accessed May 1, 2017. "'I came from what was called one of the First Families of Brooklyn,' Horne explained. They shunned discussing the slave ancestry that had spawned them all — 'yet it was the rape of slave women by their masters which accounted for our white blood, which, in turn, made us Negro "society."' Home was an immaculate four-story brownstone in Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant section."
  77. ^ Pareles, Jon. "An Overdog to Root For", The New York Times, September 9, 2009. Accessed May 1, 2017. "His songs have told and retold the poverty-to-bling story of Shawn Carter, Jay-Z’s real name, who grew up in the tough Marcy Houses in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, and dealt drugs before turning to hip-hop."
  78. ^ Tempey, Nathan. "Interview: Joey Badass Is Not Excited About Gentrification" Archived October 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Gothamist, June 6, 2015. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Joey Badass grew up Jo-Vaughn Scott in Bedford-Stuyvesant."
  79. ^ Eldredge, Barbara. "Norah Jones Is Renovating Her Movie-Worthy, Landmarked Cobble Hill Carriage House", Brownstoner, March 8, 2016. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Famous musician and Bed Stuy native Norah Jones is renovating the sweet Pacific Street stable she bought last fall."
  80. ^ Lee, Felicia R. "A Feminist Survivor With the Eyes Of a Child", The New York Times, July 4, 2000. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Ms. Jordan grew up in Harlem and Brooklyn, reading Shakespeare and Edgar Allan Poe before she turned 5, she says. Her family moved from a Harlem housing project to the Bedford-Stuyvesant area in Brooklyn because it seemed like a better place to raise a family."
  81. ^ "Willie Keeler Dies of Heart Disease"", The New York Times, January 2, 1923. Accessed October 29, 2013.
  82. ^ Ogunnaike, Lola. "A Flourish, and Lil' Kim Goes From Star to Inmate", The New York Times, September 20, 2005. Accessed October 19, 2007. "Ms. Jones spoke about her rise from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, to stardom and about her deepening relationship with God."
  83. ^ Mlynar, Phillip. "Q&A: Maino On Growing Up In Bed-Stuy, Hearing Rumors About Himself, And His Song That Isn't About Lil Kim", Village Voice, February 27, 2012. Accessed May 1, 2017. "For the early part of his career, the Bedford-Stuyvesant-born Maino was better known as another New York City rapper with a nefarious background (he saw out a ten year jail bid for attempted kidnap) who traded in block-corner crime rhymes to the extent that he was as much someone in the street who also happened to rap as anyone approaching an artist."
  84. ^ Grimes, William. "Frank McCourt, Whose Irish Childhood Illuminated His Prose, Is Dead at 78", The New York Times, July 19, 2009. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Francis McCourt was born Aug. 19, 1930, on Classon Avenue on the edge of the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, where his Irish immigrant parents had hoped to make a better life."
  85. ^ Hevesi, Dennis. "Frank Mickens, Who Brought Success to a Tough Brooklyn High School, Dies at 63", The New York Times, July 10, 2009. Accessed May 1, 2017. "Frank Nathaniel Mickens was born in Bedford-Stuyvesant on June 22, 1946, the only child of John and Hortense Mickens."
  86. ^ Staff. "Tracy Morgan On Being 'The New Black'", National Public Radio, October 22, 2009. Accessed July 23, 2010.
  87. ^ Staff. "Harry Nilsson's Childhood HomeThe childhood home of one of America's greatest unsung troubadours still stands in a much changed Brooklyn neighborhood", Atlas Obscura. Accessed June 17, 2017. "The crooner was born to a poor family in the Bed-Stuy section of Brooklyn on June 15th, 1941. He lived on the top floor of 762 Jefferson Avenue, a simple Romanesque Revival-style apartment building constructed in 1901, until the family fled to California a decade later."
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  93. ^ William Thompson's Challenges, in The Brooklyn Rail, April–May 2003.
  94. ^ Beck, Howard. "PRO BASKETBALL; Wilkens Denies He Was Asked to Go", The New York Times, September 28, 2005. Accessed November 20, 2007. "A native of Brooklyn's Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood, Wilkens had added motivation to succeed in New York, which made leaving so quickly that much tougher."
  95. ^ Barbarino, Al. "'You May Be Right' About Bedford-Stuyvesant", Commercial Observer, March 12, 2014. Accessed July 6, 2016. "In Billy Joel's 1980 hit, 'You May Be Right,' the singer boasted of his 'crazy' antics crashing parties, riding his motorcycle in the rain and even walking 'through Bedford-Stuy alone.'"
  96. ^ Staff. "Gilda Live", The Pantagraph, May 15, 1980. Accessed July 6, 2016. "Twittery Emily Litella substitute-teaches in Bedford-Stuyvesant (her use of eraser and chalk stand out in Radner's repertoire of physical gags)."
  97. ^ Smith, Rita Webb, & Tony Chapelle, The Woman Who Took Back Her Streets, op. cit., p. 290.
  98. ^ Morris, C. Zawadi, Today's Pride of Bed-Stuy: Christopher Wallace aka The Notorious B.I.G., in Bed-Stuy Patch, February 29, 2012, 5:00 p.m., as accessed September 15, 2013 (reprint from February 24, 2011).
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