Jump to content

Bharat Ratna

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 171.78.241.197 (talk) at 05:53, 15 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Bharat Ratna
TypeNational civilian
CountryIndia
Ribbon
ObverseAn image of the Sun along with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script, on a peepal (Ficus religiosa) leaf
ReverseA platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script
Established1954
Precedence
Next (lower) Padma Vibhushan

The Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation: [bʰaːrət̪ rət̪nə]; Jewel of India)[1] is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 2 January 1954, the award is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[2][3][4] The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011.[5] The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal-leaf–shaped medallion; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna was politician C. Rajagopalachari, philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and scientist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 48 individuals, including 16 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them. Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and to two non-Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela. On 25 January 2019, the government announced the award to social activist Nanaji Deshmukh (posthumously), singer-music director Bhupen Hazarika (posthumously) and to former President of India Pranab Mukherjee.

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred.

Several bestowals of the award have met with criticism. The posthumous award for M. G. Ramachandran (1988) was considered to have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly election and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted.

History

On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] M.S. Subbulakshmi from Tamil Nadu became the first musician to receive the honour. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14][15] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][16]

Regulations

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][17]

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Usage of the title 'Bharat Ratna' as a prefix by the awardee is exempt from Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] as per the Supreme Court's precedent in Balaji Raghavan/S.P. Anand v. Union of India in 1995.[19] Additionally, recipients may either use the expression "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[20]

As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

Specifications

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1+3⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2+5⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 1+7⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][21] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][22] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[23]

Controversies

The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PILs) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][24][25][26][27]

Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

In 1992, a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997.

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[24] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 to date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[28][29]

To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[28]

On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[28][30]

Civilian awards as "Titles" (1992)

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[16]

C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013)

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[25] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[26] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand.[27][c]

On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[31] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[32]

Criticism

In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on movie actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[33][34] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[35] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[36] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please the Dalits.[37][33]

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[38] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[39] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[40] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[41] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[42] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[42][43] Similarly in 2015, the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with criticism.[42] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[44]

A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[45] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[46][47] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K. R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal.[48][49]

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[50][51] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[52] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister at that time, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[53] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[54] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[55]

Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[56] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[57] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[58] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[57][59] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][60]

A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[61][62]

List of recipients

Key
   + Naturalized citizen recipient
   * Non-citizen recipient
   # Posthumous recipient
List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10]
Year Image Laureates State / Country Notes
1954 C. Rajagopalachari Tamil Nadu An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[63]
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Andhra Pradesh Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice-President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67).[64][65] Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[66]
C. V. Raman Tamil Nadu Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[67]
1955 Bhagwan Das Uttar Pradesh Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[68]
M. Visvesvaraya Karnataka Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[69]
Jawaharlal Nehru Uttar Pradesh Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).[50][70]
1957 Govind Ballabh Pant Uttar Pradesh Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.[71]
1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Maharashtra Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][72]
1961 Bidhan Chandra Roy West Bengal A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of Modern West Bengal".[73] He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in India.[52]
Purushottam Das Tandon Uttar Pradesh Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[74]
1962 Rajendra Prasad Bihar Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[75] Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[76] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[64]
1963 Zakir Husain Uttar Pradesh Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[77] Later, he was elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[64][65]
File:PV Kane.jpg Pandurang Vaman Kane Maharashtra Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[78] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[79]
1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri[i]# Uttar Pradesh Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[80] Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[50][81]
1971 Indira Gandhi Uttar Pradesh Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[82] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[50] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[83]
1975 V. V. Giri Odisha While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).[64][84][85]
1976 K. Kamaraj[ii]# Tamil Nadu Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[86][87]
1980 Mother Teresa + West Bengal
(Born in Skopje,
now  North Macedonia) 		"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation, Which manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[88]
1983 Vinoba Bhave[iii]# Maharashtra Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift Movement".[89] He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[90]
1987 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan*  Pakistan Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[91]
1988 M. G. Ramachandran[iv][d]# Tamil Nadu Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, 1985–87.[86]
1990 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar[v]# Madhya Pradesh Social reformer and leader of the Dalits,[93] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[94] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system.[95] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.[96]
Nelson Mandela*  South Africa Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99).[97] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa",[98] Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[99] In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[100]
1991 Rajiv Gandhi[vi]# Uttar Pradesh Gandhi was the sixth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.[50]
Vallabhbhai Patel[vii]# Gujarat Widely known as the "Iron Man of India",[101] Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50). Post independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union.[102][103]
Morarji Desai[e] Gujarat Independence activist Desai was the fourth Prime Minister of India (1977–79).[50] He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[105]
1992 Abul Kalam Azad[viii][f]# West Bengal Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He was widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India.[108]
J. R. D. Tata Maharashtra Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.[109]
Satyajit Ray West Bengal Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[110] film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[111] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[112]
1997 Gulzarilal Nanda Punjab Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[50][113]
Aruna Asaf Ali[ix]# West Bengal Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[114]
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Tamil Nadu Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[115] Later, he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 until 2007.[64]
1998 M. S. Subbulakshmi Tamil Nadu Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi was from Madurai, Tamil Nadu. She is known for her divine voice & often hailed as "Queen of songs",the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award for her public service. She was honoured as a resident artist Asthana Vidhwan of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) has installed a bronze statue of her in the city. Her many famous renditions include the chanting of Bhaja Govindam, Vishnu sahasranamam(1000 names of Vishnu),Hari Tuma Haro,Venkateswara Suprabhatam(musical hymns to awaken Lord Balaji early in the morning),Annamacharya Sankeerthanas & Tamil Tevaram. She also acted in a few Tamil films in her youth from 1938 - 1947. She donated many of the royalties on several best sold records to many charity organisations.[116]
Chidambaram Subramaniam Tamil Nadu Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.[117]
1999 Jayaprakash Narayan[x]# Bihar Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is better known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government".[118]
Amartya Sen West Bengal Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998),[119] Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.[120]
Gopinath Bordoloi[xi]# Assam Independence activist Bordoloi was the first Chief Minister of Assam (1946–50).[121] His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.[122]
Ravi Shankar West Bengal Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.[123]
2001 Lata Mangeshkar Maharashtra Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[124] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[125] In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[112]
Bismillah Khan Bihar Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[126]
2009 File:Bhimsen Joshi 2014 stamp of India.jpg Bhimsen Joshi Karnataka Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".[127][128]
2014 C. N. R. Rao Karnataka The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books.[129]
Sachin Tendulkar Maharashtra Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.[130][131]
2015 Madan Mohan Malaviya[xii]# Uttar Pradesh Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 until 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[132]
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Madhya Pradesh Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004.[50] He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.[133]
2019 Pranab Mukherjee West Bengal Mukherjee is an Indian politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 until 2017. In a political career spanning five decades, Mukherjee has been a senior leader in the Indian National Congress and has occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was Union Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012.
Bhupen Hazarika[xiii]# Assam Hazarika(8 September 1926 – 5 November 2011) was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet and film-maker from Assam, widely known as Sudhakantha. His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are marked by humanity and universal brotherhood and have been translated and sung in many languages, most notably in Bengali and Hindi.
Nanaji Deshmukh[xiv]# Maharashtra Chandikadas Amritrao Deshmukh also known as Nanaji Deshmukh (11 October 1916 – 27 February 2010) was a social activist from India. He worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and also a member of the Rajya Sabha.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[9]
  2. ^ a b Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[18]
  3. ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department.
  4. ^ In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[92]
  5. ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicized".[104]
  6. ^ Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[36][106][107]

Posthumous recipients

  1. ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966, at the age of 61.
  2. ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975, at the age of 72.
  3. ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982, at the age of 87.
  4. ^ M. G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987, at the age of 70.
  5. ^ B. R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, at the age of 65.
  6. ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991, at the age of 46.
  7. ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950, at the age of 75.
  8. ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958, at the age of 69.
  9. ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996, at the age of 87.
  10. ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979, at the age of 76.
  11. ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950, at the age of 60.
  12. ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946, at the age of 84.
  13. ^ Hazarika died on 5 November 2011, at the age of 85.
  14. ^ Deshmukh died on 27 February 2010, at the age of 93.

References

  1. ^ "Atal Behari Vajpayee: India honours former PM with Bharat Ratna". BBC. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lal, Shavax A. (1954). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated Bharat Ratna and to make the following Regulations
  3. ^ a b c d e Ayyar, N. M. (1955). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 15 January 1955): 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. The President is pleased to make the following revised regulations for the award of the decoration Bharat Ratna in supersession of those published in Notification No. 1-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954
  4. ^ a b c d "Bharat Ratna Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  5. ^ a b c "Govt changes criteria for Bharat Ratna; now open for all". The Hindu. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  6. ^ Guha 2001, p. 176.
  7. ^ a b "Tendulkar receives Bharat Ratna". ESPNcricinfo. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  8. ^ a b "Profile: Dhondo Keshav Karve". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  9. ^ Daniel 1958, p. 223.
  10. ^ a b "List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (1954–2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000, p. 96.
  12. ^ Bhattacherje 2009, p. A248.
  13. ^ a b c d Edgar 2011, p. C-105.
  14. ^ Madappa, K. C. (1980). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 25 January 1980): 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016. The President is pleased to cancel the President's Secretariat Notification No. 65-Pres/77 dated the 8th August, 1977 by which the Civilian Awards "Bharat Ratna', 'Padma Vibhushan', 'Padma Bhushan' and 'Padma Shri' were cancelled and to direct that the said Awards shall be re-instituted with immediate effect.
  15. ^ Bhattacherje 2009, p. A253.
  16. ^ a b "Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994". Supreme Court of India. 4 August 1997. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  17. ^ Gundevia, Y. D. (1966). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 11 January 1966): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. The President is pleased to award the Bharat Ratna posthumously to:—Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri
  18. ^ "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  19. ^ https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1882300/
  20. ^ "Indian order of precedence" (PDF). Rajya Sabha Secretariat. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  21. ^ "Crafting Bharat Ratna, Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB), India. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  22. ^ Sainty 2011.
  23. ^ "Crafting Bharat Ratna, Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint". Press Information Bureau. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  24. ^ a b Basu 2010, p. 132.
  25. ^ a b Haque, Amir (5 December 2013). "PIL against Bharat Ratna to CNR Rao dismissed, petitioners warned". Headlines Today. New Delhi: India Today. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  26. ^ a b Sengupta, Subhajit (19 November 2013). "RTI activist moves EC against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  27. ^ a b "Case filed against Bharat Ratna award to Tendulkar". Rediff.com. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  28. ^ a b c "Union of India Vs. Bijan Ghosh and ORS: Special Leave Petition (civil) 628 of 1994". Supreme Court of India. 4 August 1997. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  29. ^ Basu 2010, p. 102.
  30. ^ "SC cancels note on Bharat Ratna for Subhash Bose". Press Trust of India. New Delhi: The Indian Express. 5 August 1997. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  31. ^ "Govt didn't violate model code in naming Sachin for Bharat Ratna: EC". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  32. ^ "Court reserves order on Sachin Tendulkar's Bharat Ratna". Daily News and Analysis. Lucknow. Indo-Asian News Service. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  33. ^ a b Guha 2001, p. 169.
  34. ^ Hattangadi, Shekhar (11 February 2011). "It's time to junk the sullied Padma awards". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  35. ^ Patranobis, Sutirtho (13 January 2008). "'Politicking' over the Bharat Ratna award". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  36. ^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (24 January 2008). "India's top award misses congeniality". Asia Times Online. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  37. ^ Chatterjee, Saibal; Prakash, Amit (1996). "An Honourable Judgement: A Supreme Court ruling aims to restore the sanctity of the nation's highest awards". Outlook (published 10 January 1996). Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  38. ^ "The Needler: Bharat Ratna to Pandit Malviya can lead to more demands". Mail Today. 27 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  39. ^ Sharma, Sandipan (25 December 2014). "Bharat Ratna for Vajpayee, Malaviya: Govt needs to stop politicising the reward". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  40. ^ Sopariwala, Dorab R. (28 January 2015). "A Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi?". NDTV. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  41. ^ Ramaswami, T. R. (7 January 2012). "Let us not degrade country's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna". The Economic Times. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  42. ^ a b c Diwanji, Amberish K. (24 December 2014). "Mr Modi, why not a Bharat Ratna for the Mahatma?". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  43. ^ ""Netaji stature bigger than Bharat Ratna": Kin say best way to honour him is to declassify govt files on his disappearance". The Indian Express. Kolkata. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  44. ^ Agnihotri, Amit (5 January 2015). "'No posthumous Bharat Ratna should be given' says Congress veteran Dwivedi". DailyMail. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  45. ^ "Bharat Ratna cry for Bose". The Telegraph (Calcutta). New Delhi. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  46. ^ Guha 2001, p. 170.
  47. ^ "Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  48. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Amartya Sen". Frontline. 16 (3). The Hindu. 1999. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  49. ^ Tripathi, Salil (23 August 2013). "Freedom of Expression: Indians are Becoming Increasingly Intolerant". Forbes India Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h "Prime Ministers of India". Prime Minister's Office (India). Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  51. ^ Chatterjee, Manini (10 January 2008). "Uneasy lies crown that awaits Ratna—Advani proposes Vajpayee's name, method and timing fuel murmurs". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Calcutta. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  52. ^ a b "Premiers/Chief Ministers of West Bengal". West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  53. ^ "Jyoti Basu can be given Bharat Ratna: CPI (M)". Kolkata: Daily News and Analysis. Press Trust of India. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  54. ^ "Bharat Ratna losing its sanctity?". The Statesman. 24 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  55. ^ "Shiv Sena starts drive to collect 10 lakh signatures to get Bharat Ratna for Vinayak Damodar Savarkar". The Economic Times. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  56. ^ Ray, Suman (8 January 2014). "Fans hold rally demanding Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand". New Delhi: India Today. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  57. ^ a b "Dhyan Chand, not Sachin Tendulkar, is Sports Ministry's choice for Bharat Ratna". New Delhi: NDTV Sports. Press Trust of India. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  58. ^ "National Rifle Association of India recommends Abhinav Bindra for Bharat Ratna". New Delhi: NDTV Sports. Press Trust of India. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  59. ^ Shukla, Neha (13 February 2014). "Sports ministry recommended Dhyan Chand for Bharat Ratna". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  60. ^ Ferro, Ashwin (5 February 2014). "I have no hope of Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand now: Ashok Kumar". Mumbai: Mid Day. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  61. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi?". The Hindu. Bangalore. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  62. ^ "Union of India Vs. Manjunath" (PDF). High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  63. ^ "Profile: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  64. ^ a b c d e "Former President of India". The President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  65. ^ a b "Former Vice President of India". The Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  66. ^ "Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: The Philosopher President". Press Information Bureau (PIB). Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  67. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  68. ^ "About Us—Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Varanasi". Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  69. ^ "Engineer's Day in India: celebrating M. Visvesvaraya's birthday". New Delhi: IBN Live. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  70. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (11 January 2014). "Leave it to history: India's best and worst prime ministerse". The Telegraph. Calcutta. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  71. ^ "Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh". Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  72. ^ Osnes 2013, p. 104.
  73. ^ Kalra, R.N. (3 July 2011). "A doctor par excellence". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  74. ^ "Profile: Purushottam Das Tandon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  75. ^ Weber 2004, p. 138.
  76. ^ "Profile: Rajendra Prasad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  77. ^ Taneja 2000, p. 167.
  78. ^ "Mumbai University Alumni". University of Mumbai. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  79. ^ "From the Bookshelves of IGNCA: Texts on Dharmashastra wellspring of Indian code for life". Indira Gandhi National Centre of the Arts. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  80. ^ "Gallery of Prime Ministers of India". Press Information Bureau (PIB). Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  81. ^ "Profile: Lal Bahadur Shastri". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  82. ^ Thelikorala, Sulakshi (18 November 2011). "Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of India". Asian Tribune. World Institute For Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  83. ^ "Profile: Indira Gandhi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  84. ^ Mansingh, Surjit (2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018.
  85. ^ Dubey, Scharada (2009). First among equals President of India. Westland. pp. 37–44. ISBN 978-81-89975-53-1. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
  86. ^ a b "Details of terms of successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  87. ^ "Profile: Kumaraswami Kamaraj". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  88. ^ "Profile: Blessed Mother Teresa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  89. ^ "Profile: Vinoba Bhave". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  90. ^ "Ramon Magsaysay Award winners". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  91. ^ "Profile: Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  92. ^ "The chequered history of our national honours". Rediff.com. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  93. ^ "Profile: Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  94. ^ "Some Facts of Constituent Assembly". Parliament of India. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  95. ^ Jain, Anurodh Lalit (14 April 2013). "Let's help realise the vision of Ambedkar for Dalits". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  96. ^ Vajpeyi, Ananya (27 August 2015). "Owning Ambedkar sans his views". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  97. ^ "Profile: Nelson Mandela". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  98. ^ "Nelson Mandela, the 'Gandhi of South Africa', had strong Indian connections". Deccan Chronicle. Johannesburg. Press Trust of India. 7 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  99. ^ Mandela, Nelson (6 June 1993). "Nelson Mandela's speech at unveiling of Gandhi Memorial". Pietermaritzburg: African National Congress. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  100. ^ "Nelson Mandela—Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  101. ^ "PM Modi pays tributes to Sardar Patel on his death anniversary". New Delhi: IBN Live. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  102. ^ "Patel's communalism—a documented record". Frontline. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  103. ^ "Profile: Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  104. ^ Mukul, Akshaya (20 January 2008). "The great Bharat Ratna race". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  105. ^ Bhatia, Shyam (11 July 2001). "When India and Pakistan almost made peace". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  106. ^ "Those who said no to top awards". The Times of India. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  107. ^ "List of former Ministers in charge of Education/HRD". Ministry of Human Resource Development. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  108. ^ "National Education Day celebrated". The Hindu. Krishnagiri. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  109. ^ "Profile: J.R.D. Tata". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  110. ^ Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003, p. 612.
  111. ^ "Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics". California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  112. ^ a b "Dadasaheb Phalke Awards". Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  113. ^ "Former PM Gulzarilal Nanda dead". Rediff.com. 15 January 1998. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  114. ^ Singh, Kuldeep (31 July 1996). "Obituary: Aruna Asaf Ali". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  115. ^ "Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam". Press Information Bureau (PIB). 26 July 2002. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  116. ^ "M S Subbulakshmi: 'Nightingale' of Carnatic music". Rediff.com. 12 December 2004. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  117. ^ "C Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna". Rediff.com. 18 February 1998. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  118. ^ Merchant, Minhaz; Bobb, Dilip; Louis, Arul B.; Sethi, Sunil; Chawla, Prabhu; Ahmed, Farzand (6 March 2014). "Jayapraksh Narayan: A leader betrayed". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  119. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  120. ^ "Biographical note: Amartya Sen: Thomas W. Lamont University Professor, and Professor of Economics and Philosophy". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  121. ^ "Assam Legislative Assembly—Chief Ministers since 1937". Assam Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  122. ^ Phukan, Sandeep (8 February 2014). "In Assam, Narendra Modi describes how Congress 'betrayed' it". Guwahati: NDTV. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  123. ^ "Profile: Ravi Shankar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  124. ^ "India's Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar turns 82 today". Firstpost. 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  125. ^ Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003, pp. 486, 487.
  126. ^ "Indian music's soulful maestro". BBC News. 21 August 2006. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  127. ^ Jamkhandi, Gururaj (26 January 2011). "Torch-bearers of kirana gharana, and their followers". The Times of India. Hubli. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  128. ^ Thakur 2010, pp. 77–86.
  129. ^ "Indian Fellow: Professor Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao". Indian National Science Academy. Retrieved 18 September 2015.[permanent dead link]
    • "Profile: Rao C.N.R". Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
    • "Research: Rao C.N.R". Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  130. ^ "Profile: Sachin Tendulkar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  131. ^ "Records/Combined Test, ODI and T20I records/Batting records; Most runs in career". ESPNcricinfo. 13 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  132. ^ "Profile: Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  133. ^ "Profile of Shri Atal Behari Bajpayee". Press Information Bureau (PIB). Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

Sabharwal,D.P. Wing Commander (2008). Bharat Ratnas. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-81-291-4499-7

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Ratna&oldid=930827550"