College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

National championships
NCAA Division I FBS
Current season, competition or edition:; 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season
Sport	American football
Founded	1869; 155 years ago
First season	1869
Organizing body	CFP Administration, LLC
Country	United States
Most recent; champion(s)	Michigan ; (2023)
Most titles	Princeton (28 titles)
Level on pyramid	1
Related; competitions	Division I (FCS)
Official website	ncaa.com/football/fbs

A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States, currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team. Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sport for which the NCAA does not host a yearly championship event. As such, it is sometimes referred to as a "mythical national championship".^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Due to the lack of an official NCAA title, determining the nation's top college football team has often engendered controversy.^[7] A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations, often referred to as "selectors".^[8] These choices are not always unanimous.^[7] In 1969 even the President of the United States, Richard Nixon, made a selection by announcing, ahead of the season-ending "game of the century" between No. 1 Texas and No. 2 (AP) Arkansas, that the winner would receive a presidential plaque commemorating them as national champions.^[9] Texas went on to win, 15–14.^[9]

While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team, it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication.^[8]^[10] In addition, various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season. These opinions can often diverge with others as well as individual schools' claims to national titles, which may or may not correlate to the selections published elsewhere. Historically, the two most widely recognized national championship selectors are the Associated Press (AP), which conducts a poll of sportswriters, and the Coaches Poll, a survey of active members of the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA).^[11]^[12]^[6]

Since 1992, various consortia of major bowl games have aimed to invite the top two teams at the end of the regular season (as determined by internal rankings, or aggregates of the major polls and other statistics) to compete in what is intended to be the de facto national championship game. The current iteration of this practice, the College Football Playoff, selects twelve teams to participate in a national first round or quarterfinals, with the final four teams advancing to the semifinals. The games of the quarterfinals and semifinals are hosted by all of the six partner bowl games, with the final two remaining teams advancing to the College Football Playoff National Championship.

History

The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century.^[13] Some of the earliest contemporaneous rankings can be traced to Caspar Whitney in Harper's Weekly, J. Parmly Paret in Outing,^[14] Charles Patterson,^[15] and New York newspaper The Sun.^[16]

"Football, however, is not a game where a great national championship is possible or desirable. The very nature of the sport would forbid anything like such a series of contests as are played in baseball."
— Walter Camp, 1919^[17]

Claimed intercollegiate championships were limited to various selections and rankings, as the nature of the developing and increasingly violent full-contact sport made it impossible to schedule a post-season tournament to determine an "official" or undisputed champion.^[17] National championships in this era were well understood to be "mythical".^[14]

Beyond rankings in newspaper columns, awards and trophies began to be presented to teams. In 1917 members of the 9–0 Georgia Tech squad were given gold footballs with the inscription "National Champions" by alumni at their post-season banquet.^[18] The Veteran Athletes of Philadelphia put up the Bonniwell Trophy for the national championship in 1919^[19] under the stipulation that it was only "to be awarded in such years as produces a team whose standing is so preeminent as to make its selection as champion of America beyond dispute." Notre Dame was the first to be awarded the trophy, in 1924.^[20]

Professor Frank G. Dickinson of Illinois developed the first mathematical ranking system to be widely popularized. Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack F. Rissman donated a trophy for the system's national championship in 1926 onward, first awarded to Stanford prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl. A curious Knute Rockne, then coach of Notre Dame, convinced Dickinson and Rissman to backdate the Rissman Trophy two seasons; thus Notre Dame is engraved on the trophy for 1924 and Dartmouth for 1925.^[21] The Rissman Trophy was retired by Notre Dame's three wins in 1924, 1929, and 1930; the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy was put into competition for 1931 following the untimely death of the legendary coach. The popularity of the Dickinson System kicked off a succession of mathematical rankings carried in newspapers and magazines such as the Houlgate System, Azzi Ratem rankings, Dunkel Power Index, Williamson System, and Litkenhous Ratings.^[14]

Two short-lived national championship trophies were contemporaries of the Dickinson System awards. The Albert Russel Erskine Trophy was won twice by Note Dame in 1929 and 1930, as voted by 250 sportswriters from around the country.^[22]^[23] The large silver Erskine trophy was last awarded to USC on the field in Pasadena following their "national championship game" victory over Tulane in the 1932 Rose Bowl.^[24] The Toledo Cup^[25] was meant to be a long-running traveling trophy, but was promptly permanently retired by Minnesota's threepeat in 1934, 1935, and 1936.^[26]^[27]

College football's foremost historian Parke H. Davis compiled a list of "National Champion Foot Ball Teams"^[28] for the 1934 edition of Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide.^[14] Davis selected national champions for each year dating back to college football's inaugural season in 1869, for which he selected the sole competitors Princeton and Rutgers as co-champions.^[14] Similar retrospective analysis was undertaken in the 1940s by Bill Schroeder of the Helms Athletic Foundation and in Deke Houlgate's The Football Thesaurus in 1954.^[29]^[14]

The Associated Press (AP) began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings. Alan J. Gould, the creator of the AP Poll, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions in 1935, and polled writers the following year, which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota.^[21] The AP's main competition, United Press (UP), created the first Coaches Poll in 1950. For that year and the next three, the AP and UP agreed on the national champion. The first "split" national championship between the major polls occurred in 1954, when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA.^[30] The two polls have disagreed 11 times since 1950.^[30]

Both wire services originally conducted their final polls at the end of the regular season and prior to any bowl games being played.^[14] This changed when the AP Poll champion was crowned after the bowls for 1965 and then in 1968 onward. The Coaches Poll began awarding post-bowl championships in 1974. National champions crowned by pre-bowl polls who subsequently lost their bowl game^[31] offered an opportunity for other teams to claim the title based on different selectors' awards and rankings,^[14] such as the post-bowl FWAA Grantland Rice Award^[32] or Helms Athletic Foundation title.^[33]

Post-bowl polls allowed for the possibility of a "national championship game" to finally settle the question on the gridiron.^[34] But a number of challenges made it difficult to schedule even the season's top two teams to play in a single post-season bowl game,^[35] let alone all of the deserving teams.^[36] Calls for a college football playoff were frequently made by head coach Joe Paterno of Penn State, whose independent teams finished the 1968, 1969, and 1973 seasons unbeaten, untied, and with Orange Bowl victories yet were left without a single major national title.^[37]^[38]

The 1980s were marked by a succession of satisfying national championship games in the Orange Bowl and Fiesta Bowl,^[35] but the 1990s began with consecutive split AP Poll and Coaches Poll national titles in 1990 and 1991. The Bowl Coalition^[39] and then Bowl Alliance^[40] were formed to more reliably set up a No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup in a bowl game on New Year's Day, but their efforts were hampered by the Rose Bowl's historic draw and contractual matchup between the Big Ten and Pac-10 conference champions.^[40]

The Bowl Championship Series in 1998 succeeded in finally bringing the Big Ten and Pac-10 into the fold with the other conferences for a combined BCS National Championship Game rotated among the Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, and Rose bowls and venues.^[21] BCS rankings originally incorporated the two major polls as well as a number of computer rankings to determine the end of season No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup.^[41] Although the BCS era did regularly produce compelling matchups, the winnowing selection of the top two teams resulted in many BCS controversies, most notably 2003's split national championship caused by the BCS rankings leaving USC, No. 1 in both human polls, out of the Sugar Bowl.^[42] The BCS victors were annually awarded The Coaches' Trophy "crystal football" on the field immediately following the championship game.

In 2014 the College Football Playoff made its debut, facilitating a multi-game single-elimination tournament for the first time in college football history. Four teams are seeded by a 13–member selection committee rather than by existing polls or mathematical rankings.^[43] The two semifinal games are rotated among the New Year's Six bowl games, and the final is played a week later. The competition awards its own national championship trophy.^[44]

NCAA records book

Although the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has never bestowed national championships in college football at the topmost level, it does maintain an official records book for the sport. The records book, with consultation from various college football historians,^[45] contains a list of "major selectors"^[8] of national championships from throughout the history of college football, along with their championship selections.^[10]

Major selectors

While many people and organizations have named national champions throughout the years, the selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book as being "major selectors" of national championships. The criterion for the NCAA's designation is that the poll or selector be "national in scope, either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online".^[8] Former selectors, deemed instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing, are listed together.^[8]

The NCAA records book divides its major selectors into three categories: those determined by mathematical formula, human polls, and historical research. The BCS is additionally categorized as a hybrid between math and polls, and the CFP as a playoff system.

Math

Many of the math selection systems were created during the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with Frank Dickinson's system, or during the dawn of the personal computer age in the 1990s. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

Selector	Name	Seasons	Trophy
A&H	Anderson & Hester^{[n1 1]}	1997–present	–
AS	Alderson System	1994–1998	–
B(QPRS)	Berryman (QPRS)	1920–1989, 1990–2011	–
BR	Billingsley Report^{[n1 2]}	1869–1969, 1970–2019	–
BS	Boand System^[47]	1919–1929, 1930–1960	Boand trophy^[48]
CCR	Congrove Computer Rankings	1993–present	–
CM	Colley Matrix	1992–present	–
CW	Caspar Whitney	1905–1907	–
DeS	DeVold System	1939–1944, 1945–2006	–
DiS	Dickinson System	1924^[49]^[50]–1940	Rissman trophy (1924–1925, 1926–1930) Rockne trophy (1931–1940)
DuS	Dunkel System	1929–2019	–
ERS	Eck Ratings System	1987–2005	–
HS	Houlgate System	1885–1926, 1927–1958^[51]	Foreman & Clark trophy^[52]^[53]
L	Litkenhous Ratings	1934–1978, 1981–1984	Litkenhous trophy^[46] (1934–1962)
MCFR	Massey College Football Ratings	1995–present	–
MGR	Matthews Grid Ratings	1966–1972, 1974–2006	–
NYT	The New York Times	1979–2004	–
PS	Poling System	1924–1934, 1935–1984	–
R(FACT)	Rothman (FACT)	1968–c.1970,^[54] c.1971–2006	–
SR	Sagarin Ratings	1919–1977, 1978–present	–
W	Wolfe	1992–present^{[n1 3]}	–
WS	Williamson System	1932–1963	–

Notes

^ The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book shows Anderson & Hester listed as "Seattle Times."
^ The NCAA records books have contained four distinct sets of Billingsley Report national champions since the system's inclusion as a "major selector" in 1995. Billingsley made several changes to his system's formula over the years, most notably eliminating "Margin of Victory" as a BCS ranking component prior to the 2001 season. The details of the changes can be found at the system's dedicated article; all four sets of champions are included in the table below.
^ Wolfe did not provide rankings for the 2020 season, stating that there were not "enough games played to allow meaningful analysis," due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[55]

Poll

The poll has been the dominant national champion selection method since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. The National Football Foundation merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992, with USA Today from 1993 to 1996, and with the FWAA since 2014.

For many years, the national champions of various polls were selected before the annual bowl games were played, by AP (1936–1964 and 1966–1967), Coaches Poll (1950–1973), FWAA (1954), and NFF (1959–1970). In all other latter-day polls, champions were selected after bowl games.^[56]^{: 112–119}

During the BCS era, the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches Poll and the National Football Foundation.

Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics. Poll selections that constitute a "Consensus National Championship"^[57] in 1950 or later, as designated by the NCAA, are listed in bold.^[57]

Selector	Name	Seasons	Trophy
AP	Associated Press	1936–present	Associated Press Trophy Williams Trophy (1941–1947) O'Donnell Trophy (1948–1956) Bryant Trophy (1957–1965) AP Trophy (1966–1977)^[58] Bryant Trophy (1978–1989) AP Trophy (1990–present)
COACHES BRC UP UPI USAT/CNN USAT/ESPN USAT	AFCA Coaches Poll Blue Ribbon Commission United Press United Press International USA Today/CNN USA Today/ESPN USA Today	1950–present, 1922–1949 1922–1949^{[n2 1]} 1950–1957^{[n2 2]} 1958–1990^{[n2 2]} 1991–1996^{[n2 3]} 1997–2004^{[n2 3]} 2005–present^{[n2 3]}	United Press Cup (1956–1958) UPI Trophy (1959–1985) The Coaches' Trophy (1986–present)
CFRA	College Football Researchers Association	1919–1981, 1982–1992, 2009–present	–
FN	Football News	1958–2002	–
FWAA FWAA FWAA-NFF	Football Writers Association of America FWAA FWAA-NFF Super 16	1954–present 1954–2013 2014–present^{[n2 4]}	Grantland Rice Award (1954–2013)
HICFP	Harris Interactive	2005–2013^{[n2 5]}	–
HAF	Helms Athletic Foundation	1883–1940, 1941–1982^[62]	–
INS	International News Service	1952–1957^{[n2 2]}	–
NCF	National Championship Foundation	1869–1979, 1980–2000	–
NFF NFF UPI/NFF USAT/NFF NFF FWAA-NFF	National Football Foundation NFF United Press International/NFF USA Today/NFF NFF FWAA-NFF Super 16	1959–present 1959–1990 1991–1992^{[n2 2]} 1993–1996^{[n2 3]} 1997–present^{[n2 6]} 2014–present^{[n2 4]}	MacArthur Bowl^[64]
SN	Sporting News	1975–2006	–
TOP25 USAT USAT/CNN	Top 25 USA Today USA Today/CNN	1982–1990 1982^{[n2 3]} 1983–1990^{[n2 3]}	Top 25 trophy^[65]
UPI	United Press International	1993–1995^{[n2 2]}	–

Notes

^ At the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission" in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches' Trophy winners for 1922 through 1949.^[59] The trophy is awarded upon application by individual schools.^[60] Trophies have been awarded to TCU for 1935 and 1938, Texas A&M for 1939, and Oklahoma State for 1945.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e United Press first published their poll of coaches in 1950. International News Service published a separate poll between 1952 and 1957. In 1958 the two news agencies merged, and the Coaches Poll was published by United Press International from 1958 to 1990 until it was taken over by USA Today in 1991. UPI then published the National Football Foundation poll from 1991 to 1992 until it too was taken over by USA Today. Finally, UPI published a poll from 1993 to 1995 that was unaffiliated with either the Coaches Poll or NFF.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f USA Today published its own Top 25 college football poll when the national magazine launched in 1982. In 1983 the poll took on CNN as a voting and broadcast partner. In 1991 USA Today / CNN took over the Coaches Poll from UPI. Between 1993 and 1996 USA Today additionally published the National Football Foundation poll. USA Today has published the Coaches Poll since 1991, with partners CNN from 1991 to 1996 and ESPN from 1997 to 2004.
^ ^a ^b Since the beginning of the College Football Playoff era in 2014, the Football Writers Association of America and National Football Foundation have partnered to conduct the weekly FWAA-NFF Super 16 poll.^[61] The final FWAA-NFF poll is taken at the end of the regular season with the intention of influencing the CFP Selection Committee's playoff team selections.^[61] No poll is taken after the bowl games or CFP National Championship game and the FWAA-NFF poll does not award or name a national champion. The FWAA's Grantland Rice Award was retired following the 2013 season and the end of the BCS era.^[61] The NFF's MacArthur Bowl is now awarded after the season to the CFP national champion.
^ The Harris Interactive College Football Poll was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings. It did not conduct a final poll following the BCS National Championship Game or award or name a national champion on its own, so is not included in the table of national championship selections.^[8]
^ From 1998 to 2013, the MacArthur Bowl was presented to the Bowl Championship Series national champion.^[63] Since 2014, it has been presented to the College Football Playoff national champion.^[63]

Research

College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections.^[56]^: 117 Davis published his work in the 1934 edition of Spalding's Foot Ball Guide,^[28] naming retroactive national champions for the years 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton (his alma mater) contemporary co-champions for the 1933 season. In all, he selected 94 teams over 61 seasons as "National Champion Foot Ball Teams".^[28] For 21 of these teams (at 12 schools), he was the only major selector to choose them. Their schools use 17 of Davis' singular selections to claim national titles. His work has been criticized for having a heavy Eastern bias, with little regard for the South and the West Coast.^[66]

Selector	Name	Seasons	Trophy
PD	Parke H. Davis	1869–1932, 1933	–

Hybrid

The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls (Coaches and AP/Harris) and multiple computer rankings (including some individual selectors listed above) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game. The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches Poll and National Football Foundation championships.

Selector	Name	Seasons	Trophy
BCS	Bowl Championship Series	1998–2013	The Coaches' Trophy

Playoff

Unlike all selectors prior to 2014, the College Football Playoff does not use math, polls or research to select the participants. Rather, a 13-member committee selects and seeds the teams.^[67] The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion.

Selector	Name	Seasons	Trophy
CFP	College Football Playoff	2014–present	CFP National Championship Trophy^[44]

Yearly national championship selections from major selectors

Below is a list of the national champions of college football since 1869 chosen by NCAA-designated "major selectors" listed in the official Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication.^[8]

Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899. The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901.^[15] The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990.

As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication:

Champions included in this table are exclusively those named by an NCAA-designated "major selector" for the given year.
Teams and selectors listed in italics indicate retroactively applied championships.
Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA's designation as "Consensus National Champions" by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more of the following selectors: Associated Press, United Press/UPI, Football Writers Association of America, National Football Foundation, and USA Today.^[57]^[10]

A letter next to any season, team, record, coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table.

Season	Champion(s)	Record	Coach	Selector
1869	Princeton	1–1		BR, NCF, PD
1869	Rutgers	1–1		PD
1870	Princeton	1–0		BR, NCF, PD
1871	None	No games played
1872	Princeton	1–0		BR, NCF, PD
1872	Yale	1–0		PD
1873	Princeton	2–0		BR, NCF, PD
1874	Harvard	1–1		PD
	Princeton	2–0		BR, PD
	Yale	3–0		NCF, PD
1875	Columbia	4–1–1		PD
	Harvard	4–0		NCF, PD
	Princeton	2–0		BR, PD
1876	Yale	3–0		BR, NCF, PD
1877	Princeton	2–0–1		BR, PD
1877	Yale	3–0–1		BR,^[68] NCF, PD
1878	Princeton	6–0	Woodrow Wilson^[28]	BR, NCF, PD
1879	Princeton	4–0–1		BR, NCF, PD
1879	Yale	3–0–2		PD
1880	Princeton	4–0–1		NCF, PD
1880	Yale	4–0–1		BR, NCF, PD
1881	Princeton	7–0–2		BR, PD
1881	Yale	5–0–1		NCF, PD
1882	Yale	8–0		BR, NCF, PD
1883	Yale	9–0		BR, HAF, NCF, PD
1884	Princeton	9–0–1		BR, PD
1884	Yale	8–0–1		BR,^[68] HAF, NCF, PD
1885	Princeton	9–0		BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1886	Princeton	7–0–1		BR, PD
1886	Yale	9–0–1		BR,^[68] HAF, NCF, PD
1887	Yale	9–0		BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1888	Yale	13–0	Walter Camp	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1889	Princeton	10–0		BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1890	Harvard	11–0	George C. Adams, George A. Stewart	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1891	Yale	13–0	Walter Camp	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1892	Yale	13–0	Walter Camp	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1893	Princeton	11–0		BR, HAF, HS, NCF
1893	Yale	10–1	William Rhodes	PD
1894	Penn	12–0	George Washington Woodruff	PD
	Princeton	8–2		HS
	Yale	16–0	William Rhodes	BR, HAF, NCF, PD
1895	Penn	14–0	George Washington Woodruff	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1895	Yale	13–0–2	John A. Hartwell	PD
1896	Lafayette	11–0–1	Parke H. Davis	NCF, PD
1896	Princeton	10–0–1	Franklin Morse	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1897	Penn	15–0	George Washington Woodruff	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1897	Yale	9–0–2	Frank Butterworth	PD
1898	Harvard	11–0	William Cameron Forbes	BR, HAF, HS, NCF
1898	Princeton	11–0–1		PD
1899	Harvard	10–0–1	Benjamin Dibblee	BR,^[68] HAF, HS, NCF
1899	Princeton	12–1		BR, PD
1900	Yale	12–0	Malcolm McBride	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1901	Harvard	12–0	Bill Reid	BR, PD^a^[28]
1901	Michigan	11–0	Fielding H. Yost	BR,^[68] HAF, HS, NCF
1902	Michigan	11–0	Fielding H. Yost	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1902	Yale	11–0–1	Joseph Rockwell Swan	PD
1903	Michigan	11–0–1	Fielding H. Yost	BR,^[68] NCF
1903	Princeton	11–0	Art Hillebrand	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1904	Michigan	10–0	Fielding H. Yost	BR,^[68] NCF
	Minnesota	13–0	Henry Williams	BR
	Penn	12–0	Carl S. Williams	HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1905	Chicago	10–0	Amos Alonzo Stagg	BR, HAF, HS, NCF
1905	Yale	10–0	Jack Owsley	CW, PD
1906	Princeton	9–0–1	Bill Roper	HAF, NCF
	Vanderbilt	8–1	Dan McGugin	BR^[68]
	Yale	9–0–1	Foster Rockwell	BR, CW, PD
1907	Penn	11–1	Carl S. Williams	BR^[68]
1907	Yale	9–0–1	William F. Knox	BR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1908	Harvard	9–0–1	Percy Haughton	BR
	LSU	10–0	Edgar Wingard	NCF
	Penn	11–0–1	Sol Metzger	BR,^[68] HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1909	Yale	10–0	Howard Jones	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1910	Auburn	6–1	Mike Donahue	BR^[68]
	Harvard	8–0–1	Percy Haughton	BR, HAF, HS, NCF
	Michigan	3–0–3	Fielding H. Yost	BR^[69]
	Pittsburgh	9–0	Joseph H. Thompson	NCF
	None	–	–	PD^[28]
1911	Minnesota	6–0–1	Henry L. Williams	BR
	Penn State	8–0–1	Bill Hollenback	NCF
	Princeton	8–0–2	Bill Roper	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
	Vanderbilt	8–1	Dan McGugin	BR^[68]
1912	Harvard	9–0	Percy Haughton	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
	Penn State	8–0	Bill Hollenback	NCF
	Wisconsin	7–0	William Juneau	BR^[68]
1913	Auburn	8–0	Mike Donahue	BR
	Chicago	7–0	Amos Alonzo Stagg	BR, PD
	Harvard	9–0	Percy Haughton	HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1914	Army	9–0	Charles Daly	HAF, HS, NCF, PD
	Illinois	7–0	Robert Zuppke	BR, PD
	Texas	8–0	Dave Allerdice	BR
1915	Cornell	9–0	Albert Sharpe	HAF, HS, NCF, PD
	Minnesota	6–0–1	Henry L. Williams	BR
	Nebraska	8–0	Ewald O. Stiehm	BR^[68]
	Oklahoma	10–0	Bennie Owen	BR
	Pittsburgh	8–0	Glenn "Pop" Warner	PD
1916	Army	9–0	Charles Daly	PD
	Georgia Tech	8–0–1	John Heisman	BR
	Pittsburgh	8–0	Glenn "Pop" Warner	BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
1917	Georgia Tech	9–0	John Heisman	BR, HAF, HS, NCF
1918	Michigan	5–0	Fielding H. Yost	BR, NCF
1918	Pittsburgh	4–1	Glenn "Pop" Warner	HAF, HS, NCF
1919	Centre	9–0	Charley Moran	SR
	Harvard	9–0–1	Bob Fisher	CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
	Illinois	6–1	Robert Zuppke	BR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR
	Notre Dame	9–0	Knute Rockne	NCF, PD
	Texas A&M	10–0	Dana X. Bible	BR, NCF
1920	California	9–0	Andy Smith	CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR
	Georgia	8–0–1	Herman Stegeman	B(QPRS)
	Harvard	8–0–1	Bob Fisher	BS
	Notre Dame	9–0	Knute Rockne	BR, PD
	Princeton	6–0–1	Bill Roper	BS, PD
1921	California	9–0–1	Andy Smith	BR, BS, CFRA, SR
	Cornell	8–0	Gil Dobie	HAF, HS, NCF, PD
	Iowa	7–0	Howard Jones	BR, PD
	Lafayette	9–0	Jock Sutherland	BS, PD
	Vanderbilt	7–0–1	Dan McGugin	B(QPRS)
	Washington & Jefferson	10–0–1	Greasy Neale	BS
1922	California	9–0	Andy Smith	BR, HS, NCF, SR
	Cornell	8–0	Gil Dobie	HAF, PD
	Iowa	7–0	Howard Jones	BR
	Princeton	8–0	Bill Roper	BS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR
	Vanderbilt	8–0–1	Dan McGugin	B(QPRS)
1923	California	9–0–1	Andy Smith	HS
	Cornell	8–0	Gil Dobie	SR
	Illinois	8–0	Robert Zuppke	BS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR, B(QPRS)
	Michigan	8–0	Fielding H. Yost	BR, NCF
	Yale	8–0	Tad Jones	B(QPRS)
1924	Notre Dame	10–0	Knute Rockne	BR, BS, CFRA, DiS,^[50] HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
1924	Penn	9–1–1	Lou Young	PD
1925	Alabama	10–0	Wallace Wade	BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
	Dartmouth	8–0	Jesse Hawley	DiS,^[49] PD
	Michigan	7–1	Fielding H. Yost	SR
1926	Alabama	9–0–1	Wallace Wade	BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)
	Lafayette	9–0	Herb McCracken	PD
	Michigan	7–1	Fielding H. Yost	SR
	Navy	9–0–1	Bill Ingram	BS, HS
	Stanford	10–0–1	Glenn "Pop" Warner	DiS, HAF,^[62] NCF, SR
1927	Georgia	9–1	George Cecil Woodruff	BS, PS, B(QPRS)
	Illinois	7–0–1	Robert Zuppke	BR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD
	Notre Dame	7–1–1	Knute Rockne	HS
	Texas A&M	8–0–1	Dana X. Bible	SR
	Yale	7–1	Thomas Jones	BS,^[47] CFRA
1928	Detroit	9–0	Gus Dorais	PD
	Georgia Tech	10–0	William Alexander	BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS,^[70]^[51] NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
	USC	9–0–1	Howard Jones	DiS, SR
1929	Notre Dame	9–0	Knute Rockne	BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR
	Pittsburgh	9–1	Jock Sutherland	PD
	USC	10–2	Howard Jones	HS,^[70]^[51] SR, B(QPRS)
1930	Alabama	10–0	Wallace Wade	CFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)
1930	Notre Dame	10–0	Knute Rockne	BR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS
1931	Pittsburgh	8–1	Jock Sutherland	PD
	Purdue	9–1	Noble Kizer	PD
	USC	10–1	Howard Jones	BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
1932	Colgate	9–0	Andrew Kerr	PD
	Michigan	8–0	Harry Kipke	DiS, PD, SR
	USC	10–0	Howard Jones	BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
1933	Michigan	7–0–1	Harry Kipke	BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
	Ohio State	7–1	Sam Willaman	DuS
	Princeton	9–0	Fritz Crisler	PD
	USC	10–1–1	Howard Jones	WS
1934^[28]	Alabama	10–0	Frank Thomas	BR,^[68] DuS, HS,^[70]^[51] PS, WS, B(QPRS)
1934^[28]	Minnesota	8–0	Bernie Bierman	BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR
1935^[71]	Minnesota	8–0	Bernie Bierman	BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS
	Princeton	9–0	Fritz Crisler	DuS
	SMU	12–1	Matty Bell	DiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)
	TCU	12–1	Dutch Meyer	BRC,^[72] WS^l^[73]
1936^[74]	Duke	9–1	Wallace Wade	B(QPRS)
	LSU	9–1–1	Bernie Moore	SR
	Minnesota	7–1	Bernie Bierman	AP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, WS^m^[75]
	Pittsburgh	8–1–1	Jock Sutherland	BS, CFRA, HS
1937	California	10–0–1	Stub Allison	DuS, HAF, WSⁿ^[76]
1937	Pittsburgh	9–0–1	Jock Sutherland	AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
1938	Notre Dame	8–1	Elmer Layden	DiS
	TCU	11–0	Dutch Meyer	AP, BRC,^[77] HAF, NCF, WS^o^[78]
	Tennessee	11–0	Robert Neyland	B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS^o^[78]
1939	Cornell	8–0	Carl Snavely	BR,^[69] L, SR
	Texas A&M	11–0	Homer Norton	AP, BR, BRC,^[79] BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
	USC	8–0–2	Howard Jones	DiS
1940	Minnesota	8–0	Bernie Bierman	AP, B(QPRS), BR,^[68] BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR
	Stanford	10–0	Clark Shaughnessy	BR, HAF, PS, WS^p^[80]
	Tennessee	10–1	Robert Neyland	DuS
1941	Alabama	9–2	Frank Thomas	HS
	Minnesota	8–0	Bernie Bierman	AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR
	Texas	8–1–1	Dana X. Bible	B(QPRS), WS
1942	Georgia	11–1	Wally Butts	B(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS
	Ohio State	9–1	Paul Brown	AP, BR,^[68] BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF
	Wisconsin	8–1–1	Harry Stuhldreher	HAF
1943	Notre Dame	9–1	Frank Leahy	AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
1944	Army	9–0	Earl Blaik	AP, B(QPRS), BR,^q^[81] BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
1944	Ohio State	9–0	Carroll Widdoes	BR,^q^[81] NCF, SR
1945	Alabama	10–0	Frank Thomas	NCF
	Army	9–0	Earl Blaik	AP, B(QPRS), BR,^q^[81] BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
	Oklahoma A&M	9–0	Jim Lookabaugh	BRC^[82]
1946	Army	9–0–1	Earl Blaik	BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS
	Georgia	11–0	Wally Butts	WS
	Notre Dame	8–0–1	Frank Leahy	AP, B(QPRS), BR,^[68] BS, DeS, DuS, HAF,^[62] L, NCF, PS, SR
1947	Michigan	10–0	Fritz Crisler	B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF,^[62] HS, L, NCF, PS, SR
1947	Notre Dame	9–0	Frank Leahy	AP, HAF, WS
1948	Michigan	9–0	Bennie Oosterbaan	AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
1949	Notre Dame	10–0	Frank Leahy	AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
1949	Oklahoma	11–0	Bud Wilkinson	BR,^[68] CFRA
1950	Kentucky	11–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	SR
	Oklahoma	10–1	Bud Wilkinson	AP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS
	Princeton	9–0	Charley Caldwell	BS, PS
	Tennessee	11–1	Robert Neyland	BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HS,^[51] NCF, SR
1951^[83]	Georgia Tech	11–0–1	Bobby Dodd	B(QPRS), BS, HS^[51]
	Illinois	9–0–1	Ray Eliot	BS
	Maryland	10–0	Jim Tatum	BR,^[68] CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR
	Michigan State	9–0	Biggie Munn	BR, HAF, PS
	Tennessee	10–1	Robert Neyland	AP, L, UP, WS
1952^[84]	Georgia Tech	12–0	Bobby Dodd	B(QPRS), BR, HS,^[51] INS, PS, SR
1952^[84]	Michigan State	9–0	Biggie Munn	AP, BR,^[68] BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS
1953^[85]	Maryland	10–1	Jim Tatum	AP, INS, UP
	Notre Dame	9–0–1	Frank Leahy	BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS,^[51] L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
	Oklahoma	9–1–1	Bud Wilkinson	B(QPRS), CFRA
1954^[86]	Ohio State	10–0	Woody Hayes	AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF,^[62] HS,^[51] INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS
1954^[86]	UCLA	9–0	Henry Sanders	BR,^[68] CFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP
1955^[87]	Michigan State	9–1	Duffy Daugherty	BS
1955^[87]	Oklahoma	11–0	Bud Wilkinson	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, HS,^[51] INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS
1956^[88]	Georgia Tech	10–1	Bobby Dodd	B(QPRS), HS,^[51] SR
	Iowa	9–1	Forest Evashevski	CFRA
	Oklahoma	10–0	Bud Wilkinson	AP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS,^[89] SR, UP, WS
	Tennessee	10–1	Bowden Wyatt	SR
1957^[90]	Auburn	10–0	Ralph Jordan	AP, BR, CFRA, HAF, HS,^[51] NCF, PS, SR, WS
	Michigan State	8–1	Duffy Daugherty	BR,^[68] DuS
	Ohio State	9–1	Woody Hayes	BS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP
	Oklahoma	10–1	Bud Wilkinson	B(QPRS)
1958^[91]	Iowa	8–1–1	Forest Evashevski	FWAA
1958^[91]	LSU	11–0	Paul Dietzel	AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, HS,^[51] L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
1959^[92]	Ole Miss	10–1	Johnny Vaught	B(QPRS), BR,^[68] DuS, SR
1959^[92]	Syracuse	11–0	Ben Schwartzwalder	AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
1960^[6]	Iowa	8–1	Forest Evashevski	B(QPRS), BR,^[68] BS, L, SR
	Minnesota	8–2	Murray Warmath	AP, FN, NFF, UPI
	Ole Miss	10–0–1	Johnny Vaught	BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS
	Missouri	11–0^r	Dan Devine	PS
	Washington	10–1	Jim Owens	HAF
1961^[93]	Alabama	11–0	Paul "Bear" Bryant	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS
1961^[93]	Ohio State	8–0–1	Woody Hayes	FWAA, PS
1962^[94]	Alabama	10–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	BR^[68]
	LSU	9–1–1	Charles McClendon	B(QPRS)
	Ole Miss	10–0	Johnny Vaught	BR, L, SR
	USC	11–0	John McKay	AP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS
1963^[95]	Texas	11–0	Darrell Royal	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
1964^[96]	Alabama	10–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	AP, B(QPRS), L, UPI
	Arkansas	11–0	Frank Broyles	BR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR
	Michigan	9–1	Bump Elliott	DuS
	Notre Dame	9–1	Ara Parseghian	DeS, FN, NFF
1965^[97]	Alabama	9–1–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	AP, BR,^[68] CFRA, FWAA, NCF
1965^[97]	Michigan State	10–1	Duffy Daugherty	B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI
1966^[98]	Alabama	11–0	Paul "Bear" Bryant	B(QPRS), SR
	Michigan State	9–0–1	Duffy Daugherty	CFRA, HAF, NFF, PS
	Notre Dame	9–0–1	Ara Parseghian	AP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI
1967^[99]	Notre Dame	8–2	Ara Parseghian	DuS
	Oklahoma	10–1	Chuck Fairbanks	PS
	USC	10–1	John McKay	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI
	Tennessee	9–2	Doug Dickey	L
1968^[100]	Georgia	8–1–2	Vince Dooley	L
	Ohio State	10–0	Woody Hayes	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
	Texas	9–1–1	Darrell Royal	DeS, MGR, SR
1969^[101]	Ohio State	8–1	Woody Hayes	MGR
	Penn State	11–0	Joe Paterno	R(FACT), SR
	Texas	11–0	Darrell Royal	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
1970^[102]	Arizona State	11–0	Frank Kush	PS
	Nebraska	11–0–1	Bob Devaney	AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR
	Notre Dame	10–1	Ara Parseghian	MGR, R(FACT), SR
	Ohio State	9–1	Woody Hayes	NFF
	Texas	10–1	Darrell Royal	B(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI
1971^[103]	Nebraska	13–0	Bob Devaney	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
1972^[104]	USC	12–0	John McKay	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
1973^[105]	Alabama	11–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	B(QPRS), L,^[106] UPI
	Michigan	10–0–1	Bo Schembechler	NCF, PS
	Notre Dame	11–0	Ara Parseghian	AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF
	Ohio State	10–0–1	Woody Hayes	NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR
	Oklahoma	10–0–1	Barry Switzer	BR,^[107] CFRA, DeS, DuS, SR
1974^[108]	Ohio State	10–2	Woody Hayes	MGR
	Oklahoma	11–0	Barry Switzer	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR
	USC	10–1–1	John McKay	FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI
1975^[109]	Alabama	11–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	MGR
	Arizona State	12–0	Frank Kush	NCF, SN
	Ohio State	11–1	Woody Hayes	B(QPRS), HAF, L,^[110] MGR, PS, R(FACT)
	Oklahoma	11–1	Barry Switzer	AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI
1976	Michigan	10–2	Bo Schembechler	L^[111]
	Pittsburgh	12–0	Johnny Majors	AP, BR,^[107] FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
	USC	11–1	John Robinson	B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR
1977	Alabama	11–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	CFRA
	Arkansas	11–1	Lou Holtz	R(FACT)
	Notre Dame	11–1	Dan Devine	AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
	Texas	11–1	Fred Akers	B(QPRS), L,^[112] R(FACT), SR
1978	Alabama	11–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	AP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)
	Oklahoma	11–1	Barry Switzer	BR,^[107] DeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR
	USC	12–1	John Robinson	B(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
1979	Alabama	12–0	Paul "Bear" Bryant	AP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
1979	USC	11–0–1	John Robinson	CFRA
1980	Florida State	10–2	Bobby Bowden	R(FACT)
	Georgia	12–0	Vince Dooley	AP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
	Nebraska	10–2	Tom Osborne	R(FACT)
	Oklahoma	10–2	Barry Switzer	BR,^[107] DuS, MGR
	Pittsburgh	11–1	Jackie Sherrill	CFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR
1981^[113]	Clemson	12–0	Danny Ford	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
	Nebraska	9–3	Tom Osborne	NCF
	Penn State	10–2	Joe Paterno	DuS
	Pittsburgh	11–1	Jackie Sherrill	NCF
	SMU	10–1	Ron Meyer	NCF
	Texas	10–1–1	Fred Akers	NCF
1982^[114]	Nebraska	12–1	Tom Osborne	B(QPRS), L^[115]
	Penn State	11–1	Joe Paterno	AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT
	SMU	11–0–1	Bobby Collins	HAF
1983^[116]	Auburn	11–1	Pat Dye	BR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR
	Miami (FL)	11–1	Howard Schnellenberger	AP, BR,^[107] DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
	Nebraska	12–1	Tom Osborne	B(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR
1984^[117]	BYU	13–0	LaVell Edwards	AP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
	Florida	9–1–1	Galen Hall	BR,^[107] DeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR
	Nebraska	10–2	Tom Osborne	L
	Washington	11–1	Don James	B(QPRS), FN, NCF
1985^[118]	Florida	9–1–1	Galen Hall	SR
	Michigan	10–1–1	Bo Schembechler	MGR
	Oklahoma	11–1	Barry Switzer	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
1986^[119]	Miami (FL)	11–1	Jimmy Johnson	R(FACT)
	Oklahoma	11–1	Barry Switzer	BR,^[107] B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR
	Penn State	12–0	Joe Paterno	AP, BR,^[107] FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
1987^[120]	Florida State	11–1	Bobby Bowden	B(QPRS)
1987^[120]	Miami (FL)	12–0	Jimmy Johnson	AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
1988^[121]	Miami (FL)	11–1	Jimmy Johnson	B(QPRS)
1988^[121]	Notre Dame	12–0	Lou Holtz	AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
1989^[122]	Florida State	10–2	Bobby Bowden	BR^[107]
	Miami (FL)	11–1	Dennis Erickson	AP, BR,^[107] CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
	Notre Dame	12–1	Lou Holtz	B(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR
1990^[123]	Colorado	11–1–1	Bill McCartney	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN
	Georgia Tech	11–0–1	Bobby Ross	DuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI
	Miami (FL)	10–2	Dennis Erickson	BR,^[107] ERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR
	Washington	10–2	Don James	R(FACT)
1991^[124]	Miami (FL)	12–0	Dennis Erickson	AP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR
1991^[124]	Washington	12–0	Don James	B(QPRS), BR,^[107] DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
1992^[125]	Alabama	13–0	Gene Stallings	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
1992^[125]	Florida State	11–1	Bobby Bowden	SR
1993^[126]	Auburn	11–0	Terry Bowden	NCF
	Florida State	12–1	Bobby Bowden	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR,^[127] DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF
	Nebraska	11–1	Tom Osborne	NCF
	Notre Dame	11–1	Lou Holtz	MGR, NCF
1994^[128]	Florida State	10–1–1	Bobby Bowden	DuS
	Nebraska	13–0	Tom Osborne	AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR,^[107] FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF
	Penn State	12–0	Joe Paterno	BR,^[107] CCR,^[129] DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR
1995^[107]	Nebraska	12–0	Tom Osborne	AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR,^[130] DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR,^[131] MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
1996^[68]	Florida	12–1	Steve Spurrier	AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR,^[132] DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR,^[131] MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN
1996^[68]	Florida State	11–1	Bobby Bowden	AS
1997^[133]	Michigan	12–0	Lloyd Carr	AP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN
1997^[133]	Nebraska	13–0	Tom Osborne	A&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR,^[134] DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR,^[131] MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN
1998^[135]	Tennessee	13–0	Phillip Fulmer	A&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
1999^[136]	Florida State	12–0	Bobby Bowden	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
2000^[69]	Miami (FL)	11–1	Butch Davis	NYT
2000^[69]	Oklahoma	13–0	Bob Stoops	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
2001^[137]	Miami (FL)	12–0	Larry Coker	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W
2002^[138]	Ohio State	14–0	Jim Tressel	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W
2002^[138]	USC	11–2	Pete Carroll	DuS, MGR, SR
2003^[139]	LSU	13–1	Nick Saban	A&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W
	Oklahoma	12–2	Bob Stoops	B(QPRS)
	USC	12–1	Pete Carroll	AP, CCR,^e^[140] ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN
2004^[141]	USC^b	11–0^c	Pete Carroll	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W
2004^[141]	Vacated^b	–	–	BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN
2005^[142]	Texas	13–0	Mack Brown	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W
2006^[143]	Florida	13–1	Urban Meyer	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W
2006^[143]	Ohio State	12–1	Jim Tressel	DeS,^f^[144] R(FACT)^g^[145]
2007^[146]	LSU	12–2	Les Miles	AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
	Missouri	12–2	Gary Pinkel	A&H^j^[147]
	USC	11–2	Pete Carroll	DuS^d^[148]
2008^[149]	Florida	13–1	Urban Meyer	AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT
2008^[149]	Utah	13–0	Kyle Whittingham	A&H, W^h^[150]
2009^[151]	Alabama	14–0	Nick Saban	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
2010^[152]	Auburn	14–0	Gene Chizik	A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
2010^[152]	TCU	13–0	Gary Patterson	CCR
2011^[153]	Alabama	12–1	Nick Saban	AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
	LSU	13–1	Les Miles	A&H,^k^[154] CCRⁱ^[155]
	Oklahoma State	12–1	Mike Gundy	CM
2012^[156]	Alabama	13–1	Nick Saban	A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
2012^[156]	Notre Dame	12–1	Brian Kelly	CM
2013^[157]	Florida State	14–0	Jimbo Fisher	A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
2014^[158]	Ohio State	14–1	Urban Meyer	A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2015^[159]	Alabama	14–1	Nick Saban	A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2016^[160]	Alabama	14–1	Nick Saban	CM
2016^[160]	Clemson	14–1	Dabo Swinney	A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, DuS, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2017^[161]	Alabama	13–1	Nick Saban	A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, DuS, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2017^[161]	UCF	13–0	Scott Frost	CM
2018^[162]	Clemson	15–0	Dabo Swinney	A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2019^[163]	LSU	15–0	Ed Orgeron	A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2020^[164]	Alabama	13–0	Nick Saban	A&H, AP, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT
2021^[165]	Georgia	14–1	Kirby Smart	A&H, AP, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2022^[166]	Georgia	15–0	Kirby Smart	A&H, AP, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT, W
2023^[167]	Michigan	15–0	Jim Harbaugh	A&H,^[168] AP,^[169] CCR,^[170] CFP,^[171] CFRA,^[172] CM,^[173] NFF,^[174] MCFR,^[175] SR,^[176] USAT^[177]

^aParke H. Davis' selection for 1901, as published in the 1934 edition of Spalding's Foot Ball Guide, was Harvard.^[28] The NCAA Records Book states "Yale" for 1901, which is an error that has been perpetuated since the first appearance of Parke H. Davis' selections in the 1994 NCAA records book.^[128]
^bThe FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004. The BCS also vacated USC's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC's 2004 BCS National Championship, and the AFCA Coaches Poll Coaches' Trophy was returned.^[178]^[179]
^cRecord does not count wins against UCLA, or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4, 2005, as they were vacated by the NCAA.^[180]
^dThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU,^[10] while Dunkel's official website gave USC as its 2007 selection.^[148]
^eThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists CCR as having selected LSU,^[10] while CCR's official website gives USC as its 2003 selection.^[140]
^fThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists DeVold (DeS) as having selected Florida,^[10] while DeVold's official website gives Ohio State as its 2006 selection.^[144]
^gThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists R(FACT) as having selected Florida,^[10] while R(FACT)'s official website gives co-champions Ohio State and Florida as its 2006 selection.^[145]
^hThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Wolfe as having selected Florida,^[10] while Wolfe's official website gives Utah as its 2008 selection.^[150]
ⁱThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists CCR as having selected Alabama,^[10] while CCR's official website gives LSU as its 2011 selection.^[155]
^jThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Anderson & Hester (A&H) as having selected LSU,^[10] while A&H's official website gives Missouri as its 2007 selection.^[147]
^kThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Anderson & Hester (A&H) as having selected Alabama,^[10] while A&H's official website gives LSU as its 2011 selection.^[154]
^lThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists the Williamson System as having selected TCU and LSU as co-champions for 1935. However the system's post-bowl final rankings published in January 1936 show TCU first, SMU second, and LSU third.^[73] The accompanying column written by Paul B. Williamson states "There was no undisputable national champion in 1935".^[73]
^mThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists the Williamson System as having selected LSU in 1936. However the system's post-bowl final rankings show Minnesota first and LSU fourth.^[75]
ⁿThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists the Williamson System as having selected Pittsburgh in 1937. However the system's post-bowl final rankings show California first and Pittsburgh second.^[76]
^oThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists the Williamson System as having selected TCU alone in 1938. However the system's post-bowl final rankings show a tie between TCU and Tennessee.^[78]
^pThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists the Williamson System as having selected Tennessee in 1940. However the system's post-bowl final rankings show Stanford first and Tennessee sixth.^[80]
^qThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists the Billingsley Report as having selected Army in 1944 and Ohio State and Army in 1945. According to Billingsley's official website, these selection years are reversed.^[81]
^rKansas' 1960 defeat of Missouri was overturned by the Big Eight Conference on December 8 (ineligible player). The reversal erased the only loss on Missouri's record.^[181]

Total championship selections from major selectors by school

The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869, regardless of "consensus"^[57] or non-consensus status, as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be "major"^[8] as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.^[10]

The totals can be said to be disputed. Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (see National championship claims by school below).

Championships	Schools
28	Princeton
27	Yale
24	Alabama
22	Notre Dame
19	Michigan
17	Oklahoma, USC
15	Ohio State
12	Harvard, Nebraska
11	Pittsburgh
9	Florida State, Miami (FL), Minnesota, Texas
8	Georgia, LSU
7	Georgia Tech, Penn, Penn State, Tennessee
6	Auburn, Michigan State
5	Army, California, Cornell, Florida, Illinois, Iowa
4	Vanderbilt, Washington
3	Clemson, Lafayette, Ole Miss, SMU, TCU, Texas A&M
2	Arizona State, Arkansas, Chicago, Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma State, Stanford, Wisconsin
1	BYU, Centre, Colgate, Colorado, Columbia, Dartmouth, Detroit, Duke, Kentucky, Navy, Purdue, Rutgers, Syracuse, UCF, UCLA, Utah, Washington & Jefferson

Major polls

National championship selectors came to be dominated by two competing news agencies in the later half of the 20th century: the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI).^[12]

These wire services began ranking college football teams in weekly polls, which were then promptly published in the sports sections of each agency's subscribing newspapers across the country. The team ranking No. 1 in each agency's final poll of the season was awarded that agency's national championship.

National championships are often stated to be "consensus" when the two major polls are in agreement with their selections.^[182]

AP Poll

The Associated Press (AP) college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934 (compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof, former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations, but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records) and then continuously from 1936. The first major nationwide poll for ranking college football teams, the Associated Press is probably the most well-known and widely circulated among all of history's polls.^[183] Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to take the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

In the AP Poll's early years, the final poll of sportswriters was taken prior to any bowl games and sometimes even prior to the top teams' final games of the regular season.^[184]^[185] In 1938, the poll was extended for one week^[184] after Notre Dame, No. 1 in the scheduled "final" poll,^[186] subsequently lost to rival USC.^[184]

Following the 1947 season the AP held a special post-bowl poll^[187] with only two teams on the ballot, Notre Dame and Michigan, but stated that the result would not supersede that of the final poll conducted following the end of the regular season.^[187]^[188] The rivals, both unbeaten and untied, had been ranked No. 1 and No. 2 respectively in the final poll. January voters were impressed by Michigan's 49–0 win over common opponent USC in the Rose Bowl and elevated the Wolverines above the Irish in the special post-bowl poll.^[188]

The AP champion would lose its bowl game five times, following the 1950, 1951, 1953, 1960, and 1964 seasons.^[31]

In 1965 the AP decided to delay the season's final poll until after New Year's Day, citing the proliferation of bowl games and the involvement of eight of the poll's current top ten teams in post-season play.^[189]^[190] In the next season, 1966, neither of the top two teams (Notre Dame and Michigan State) were attending bowl games so no post-bowl poll was taken,^[191] even after two-time defending AP national champion No. 3 Alabama won the Sugar Bowl and finished the season unbeaten and untied. In 1967 the final poll crowning USC national champion was taken before No. 2 Tennessee or No. 3 Oklahoma had even played their final games of the regular season,^[185] and well before those two teams met in the Orange Bowl.

In 1968 the final poll was again delayed until after the bowl games so that No. 1 Ohio State could meet No. 2 USC in a "dream match" in the Rose Bowl.^[34] Every subsequent season's final AP Poll would be released after the bowl games. UPI did not follow suit until the 1974 season;^[192] in the overlapping years, the Coaches Poll champion lost their bowl game in 1965, 1970, and 1973. The AP's earlier move to crown a post-bowl champion paid off, as in all three years the losing team had also been the No. 1 team in the pre-bowl penultimate AP rankings.

The AP Poll was used as a component of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) computer ranking formula starting in 1998, but without any formal agreement in place like the contract made between the BCS and the Coaches Poll.^[42] For the 2003 season the AP Poll caused a split national title and BCS controversy when it awarded its national championship to No. 1 USC instead of BCS champion LSU.^[42] In December 2004 the AP opted out of the BCS formula, requesting that the BCS "discontinue its unauthorized use of the AP poll as a component of BCS rankings", in response to three AP voters from Texas elevating Texas above California into the Rose Bowl in the last regular season AP Poll.^[42]

In the College Football Playoff era, the Associated Press has continued to award the AP Trophy to the No. 1 team in the final AP Poll. AP rankings are not incorporated in the CFP selection committee's seeding, and voting AP sportswriters are not obligated to award their title to the winner of the CFP national championship game.^[43] In 2015 the Associated Press's global sports editor stated that "it is not out of the realm of possibility that a team could win the AP national championship without winning the College Football Playoff's national championship", although that scenario has yet to occur.^[43]

Coaches Poll

News agency United Press (UP), the main competitor to the Associated Press, began conducting its own college football ratings during the 1950 season.^[193] The wire service came to be known as United Press International (UPI) following a merger with International News Service in 1958.

The weekly ranking was a joint polling effort between the news agency and the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), with UP/UPI sports writers gathering and tabulating the coaches' votes and publishing the results in newspapers across the nation.^[194]

The UP/UPI rankings were originally conducted by polling 35 of the nation's college football coaches.^[193] The coaches were chosen to represent every major football conference, with 5 coaches from each of 7 regions, in an apparent effort to combat the perceived East Coast bias of the rival AP Poll's constituent sports writers.

Their votes will provide the only football rating based on the opinion of the men who know the sport best. The nature of the board, giving each section of the country equal representation, avoids the sectional bias and ballot box stuffing for which other football polls have been criticized.
— United Press Football Ratings announcement, September 1950^[193]

Each season's final Coaches Poll was initially published following the regular season and did not take bowl game results into account; the UP/UPI national champion lost its bowl game 8 times between 1950 and 1973. Since the 1974 season the poll has awarded its national championship following the postseason bowls.^[195] That same year the AFCA voted to thereafter not rank any team currently under NCAA or conference-sanctioned probation.^[195]^[196]

Following the decline of UPI in the 1980s, the AFCA ended their 42-year relationship with the wire service in 1991.^[197]^[194] The Coaches Poll continued, with new sponsorship and distribution partners, as the USA Today/CNN poll (1991–1996), USA Today/ESPN poll (1997–2004) and USA Today poll (2005–present).

The Bowl Championship Series included the Coaches Poll as a major factor in its ranking formula.^[198] In return, voting AFCA members were contractually obligated to award their Coaches Poll national championship selections to the winner of the BCS National Championship Game. Lacking its own dedicated trophy, the BCS champion was awarded The Coaches' Trophy on the field immediately following the game.

Poll era national championships by school (1936–present)

The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches Poll. Originally both the AP and Coaches poll champions were crowned after the regular season, but since 1968 and 1974 respectively, both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed (with the exception of the 1965 season). The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches Poll championship. Of the current 120+ Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly Division I-A) schools, only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches poll. Of these 30 teams, only 20 teams have won multiple titles. Of the 20 teams, only 7 have won five or more national titles: Alabama, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, USC, Miami (FL), Nebraska, and Ohio State. The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches Poll. The selections are noted with (AP) or (Coaches) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season, which has occurred in twelve different seasons (including 2004, for which the coaches selection was rescinded) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950.

School	Titles	Winning years
Alabama	13	1961, 1964, 1965 (AP), 1973 (Coaches), 1978 (AP), 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020
Notre Dame	8	1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973 (AP), 1977, 1988
Oklahoma	7	1950, 1955, 1956, 1974 (AP), 1975, 1985, 2000
USC	7	1962, 1967, 1972, 1974 (Coaches), 1978 (Coaches), 2003 (AP), 2004 (AP)†
Ohio State	6	1942, 1954 (AP), 1957 (Coaches), 1968, 2002, 2014
Miami (FL)	5	1983, 1987, 1989, 1991 (AP), 2001
Nebraska	5	1970 (AP), 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Coaches)
LSU	4	1958, 2003 (Coaches), 2007, 2019
Texas	4	1963, 1969, 1970 (Coaches), 2005
Minnesota	4	1936, 1940, 1941, 1960
Clemson	3	1981, 2016, 2018
Florida	3	1996, 2006, 2008
Florida State	3	1993, 1999, 2013
Georgia	3	1980, 2021, 2022
Michigan	3	1948, 1997 (AP), 2023
Army	2	1944, 1945
Auburn	2	1957 (AP), 2010
Michigan State	2	1952, 1965 (Coaches)
Penn State	2	1982, 1986
Pittsburgh	2	1937, 1976
Tennessee	2	1951, 1998
TCU	1	1938
BYU	1	1984
Colorado	1	1990 (AP)
Georgia Tech	1	1990 (Coaches)
Maryland	1	1953
Syracuse	1	1959
Texas A&M	1	1939
UCLA	1	1954 (Coaches)
Washington	1	1991 (Coaches)

† USC's 2004 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and their AFCA Coaches' Trophy was returned.^[199]

Split national championships

The AP Poll and Coaches Poll have picked different final national poll leaders at the end of 11 different seasons since their first concurrent polls in 1950.^[30] This situation is referred to as a "split" national championship.^[200]

Season	Champion	Record	Wire service poll
1954	Ohio State	10–0	AP
1954	UCLA	9–0	Coaches
1957	Auburn	10–0	AP
1957	Ohio State	9–1	Coaches
1965	Alabama	9–1–1	AP
1965	Michigan State	10–1	Coaches
1970	Nebraska	11–0–1	AP
1970	Texas	10–1	Coaches
1973	Notre Dame	11–0	AP
1973	Alabama	11–1	Coaches
1974	Oklahoma	11–0	AP
1974	USC	10–1–1	Coaches
1978	Alabama	11–1	AP
1978	USC	12–1	Coaches
1990	Colorado	11–1–1	AP
1990	Georgia Tech	11–0–1	Coaches
1991	Miami (FL)	12–0	AP
1991	Washington	12–0	Coaches
1997	Michigan	12–0	AP
1997	Nebraska	13–0	Coaches
2003	USC	12–1	AP
2003	LSU	13–1	Coaches

National championship games

College football fans and administrators have long sought to match the No. 1 vs. No. 2 teams in an end-of-season national championship game to determine an undisputed national champion on the gridiron.^[39]

Historic occurrences

Throughout most of the 20th century, a number of challenges made it impossible to ordinarily schedule the two top teams for a single post-season title fight:

Some schools, most notably Notre Dame, declined to play in bowl games for many years.^[36]
Conference tie-ins prevented certain conference champions from ever meeting in a post-season bowl game.
"No repeat" rules prevented teams from playing in their conference's bowl two seasons in a row.^[203]
At-large bowl game invitations were extended in mid-November, locking in teams with subsequent late-season losses.^[204]

Through luck and fortuitous scheduling, a "national championship game" was occasionally able to settle the matter on the field, as described in some contemporaneous reports.^[35] Despite the promotional billing, in several instances there were plausible scenarios for a third team to be selected as national champion by the major selectors, depending on outcomes of other games.

Season	Game	Winning team	Score	Losing team	Notes
1931	Rose Bowl^[205]^[206]	No. 2 USC	21–12	No. 1 Tulane	Title game for the Albert Russel Erskine Trophy^[208] and for the Dickinson System's Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy.^[209]^[210]
1932	Rose Bowl^[211]^[212]	No. 2 USC	35–0	No. 3 Pittsburgh	Title game for the second Rissman Trophy.^[215]
1943	Notre Dame vs. Iowa Pre-Flight^[216]^[217]	No. 1 Notre Dame	14–13	No. 2 Iowa Pre-Flight	Game played November 20. Each played another regular season game November 27, which for Notre Dame was a loss to Great Lakes Navy.
1944	Army–Navy Game^[218]	No. 1 Army	23–7	No. 2 Navy	Final regular season game. Navy finished 6–3 ranked No. 4.
1945	Game of the Century^[219]	No. 1 Army	32–13	No. 2 Navy
1946	Game of the Century^[220]^[221]	No. 1 Army	0–0	No. 2 Notre Dame
1962	Rose Bowl^[222]^[223]^[224]	No. 1 USC	42–37	No. 2 Wisconsin	FWAA only; USC had already been named No. 1 in the final AP and Coaches Polls four weeks earlier.^[225]
1963	Cotton Bowl^[226]^[227]	No. 1 Texas	28–6	No. 2 Navy	FWAA only; Texas had already been named No. 1 in the final AP and Coaches Polls three weeks earlier.^[228]
1965	Orange Bowl^[229]^[230]	No. 4 Alabama	39–28	No. 3 Nebraska	Became AP Poll championship game after No. 1 and 2 teams lost the Rose and Cotton Bowl games earlier in the day.
1966	Game of the Century^[231]^[232]	No. 1 Notre Dame	10–10	No. 2 Michigan State	The following week Notre Dame defeated USC in its last regular season game.^[235]
1967	Game of the Century^[236]^[237]	No. 4 USC	21–20	No. 1 UCLA	Game played November 18. UCLA played another regular season game November 25.
1968	Rose Bowl^[238]^[224]	No. 1 Ohio State	27–16	No. 2 USC	Final AP poll was delayed until after the bowl games specifically to account for the result of the No. 1 vs. No. 2 "dream match" in the Rose Bowl.^[34]
1969	Game of the Century^[9]	No. 1 Texas	15–14	No. 2 (AP) Arkansas	Winner was to be awarded a presidential plaque by game attendee Richard Nixon declaring them "the number-one college football team in college football's one-hundredth year."^[9] This was the final regular season game, and it determined the Coaches Poll title. Entering the game, Arkansas ranked No. 3 in the Coaches Poll and remained No. 3.^[239]^[240]
1971	Game of the Century	No. 1 Nebraska	35–31	No. 2 Oklahoma	Game played November 25 for Coaches Poll title, compiled before bowl games and released December 6. Each played another regular season game December 4.^[241]
1971	Orange Bowl^[242]^[243]	No. 1 Nebraska	38–6	No. 2 Alabama	Title game for NFF MacArthur Bowl.^[244]
1972	Rose Bowl^[245]	No. 1 USC	42–17	No. 3 Ohio State	One-loss Oklahoma, No. 2 in final regular season polls, won the Sugar Bowl and remained No. 2 after the bowls.
1973	Sugar Bowl^[246]^[247]	No. 3 Notre Dame	24–23	No. 1 Alabama	Title game for NFF MacArthur Bowl; No. 2 Oklahoma finished 10–0–1, was on probation and ineligible for a bowl game.^[248]
1978	Sugar Bowl^[223]^[249]	No. 2 Alabama	14–7	No. 1 Penn State	National championship was split; No. 3 USC finished atop Coaches Poll.^[250]
1982	Sugar Bowl^[251]	No. 2 Penn State	27–23	No. 1 Georgia
1983	Orange Bowl^[252]	No. 5 Miami (FL)	31–30	No. 1 Nebraska	No. 2 Texas and No. 4 Illinois had lost earlier in the day.^[252] No. 3 Auburn won the Sugar Bowl played at the same time.
1984	Orange Bowl^[253]^[254]	No. 4 Washington	28–17	No. 2 Oklahoma	BYU won national titles in both AP and Coaches Polls.^[255]
1985	Orange Bowl^[256]	No. 3 (AP) Oklahoma	25–10	No. 1 Penn State	Oklahoma entered the game No. 2 in the Coaches Poll and No. 3 in the AP Poll. AP No. 2 Miami lost in the Sugar Bowl.
1986	Fiesta Bowl^[35]	No. 2 Penn State	14–10	No. 1 Miami (FL)
1987	Orange Bowl^[35]	No. 2 Miami (FL)	20–14	No. 1 Oklahoma
1988	Fiesta Bowl^[257]	No. 1 Notre Dame	34–21	No. 3 West Virginia	^[258]

Bowl Coalition (1992–1994)

Following back-to-back years of split AP and Coaches Poll national champions in 1990, between Colorado (AP) and Georgia Tech (Coaches), and 1991, between Miami (FL) (AP) and Washington (Coaches), the Bowl Coalition was formed in 1992 to increase the probability of a No. 1 vs. No. 2 national championship game matchup in one of the Coalition's participating bowls.^[39]

The Coalition's rules retained traditional bowl game conference tie-ins but provided some flexibility for scheduling a No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup between two teams selected from among the champions of the ACC, Big East, Big Eight, SEC, and SWC conferences, or independent Notre Dame, in the Cotton Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, Orange Bowl, or Sugar Bowl.

The Big Ten and Pac-10 conferences were notably not members of the Bowl Coalition, with their champions retaining their traditional and contractual matchup in the Rose Bowl. Likewise, mid-major teams had no route to the Bowl Coalition National Championship Game.

Season	Bowl	Winning team	Score	Losing team	Notes
1992	Sugar Bowl	No. 2 Alabama	34–13	No. 1 Miami (FL)
1993	Orange Bowl	No. 1 Florida State	18–16	No. 2 Nebraska
1994	Orange Bowl	No. 1 Nebraska	24–17	No. 3 Miami (FL)	^[259]

Bowl Alliance (1995–1997)

In 1995 the Bowl Alliance replaced the Bowl Coalition.^[40] Going further than the Coalition, the Alliance guaranteed a postseason matchup of the No. 1 and No. 2 ranked teams of its same five conference champions plus Notre Dame. Beginning in 1996, the Big 12 champion joined the Alliance in place of the champions of the disbanded Big Eight and Southwest conferences.

Unlike the Coalition, the Alliance eliminated traditional conference tie-ins to its associated bowls. The Bowl Alliance national championship game would be rotated amongst the Fiesta Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and Orange Bowl, with the Cotton Bowl dropped from the slate. The Bowl Alliance also awarded its own trophy to the winner of its national championship game.^[260]

The Rose Bowl remained independent of the Alliance, leaving open the possibility of a national title going to the Big Ten or Pac-10 Rose Bowl champion rather than the Alliance's champion.^[261] This occurred in 1997, when No. 1 Michigan won the Rose Bowl and retained their top ranking in the AP Poll.^[261] The Bowl Alliance National Championship Game^[261] winner Nebraska split the championship when they passed Michigan in the final Coaches Poll (a result denied by the Coaches Poll to Penn State three years earlier in the same situation).

Season	Bowl	Winning team	Score	Losing team	Notes
1995	Fiesta Bowl	No. 1 Nebraska	62–24	No. 2 Florida
1996	Sugar Bowl	No. 3 Florida	52–20	No. 1 Florida State	^[262]
1997	Orange Bowl	No. 2 Nebraska	42–17	No. 3 Tennessee	^[263]

Bowl Championship Series (1998–2013)

The Bowl Championship Series (BCS), starting in 1998, finally succeeded in bringing the Big Ten and Pac-10 conferences together with the former Coalition and Alliance members for a combined national championship game.

Following the regular season, the BCS paired its No. 1 and No. 2 ranked teams to play for the title in the BCS National Championship Game. This designation initially rotated in order between four BCS Bowls: the Fiesta Bowl, Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Rose Bowl. For the 2006 season onward the BCS National Championship Game became its own separate contest, played one week later at the site of the bowl in the same rotation.

The original BCS formula incorporated the AP Poll and Coaches Poll along with an average of various computer rankings.^[41] The formula underwent many adjustments over the years, including a large overhaul following the 2004 season in which the AP Poll was replaced with the Harris Interactive College Football Poll.^[264]

The winners of the BCS National Championship Game were crowned the Coaches Poll national champions and were awarded the Coaches' Trophy on the field following the game. They were also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation.

BCS National Championships by school

School	Titles	Winning years
Alabama	3	2009, 2011, 2012
Florida	2	2006, 2008
Florida State	2	1999, 2013
LSU	2	2003, 2007
Auburn	1	2010
Miami (FL)	1	2001
Ohio State	1	2002
Oklahoma	1	2000
Tennessee	1	1998
Texas	1	2005
USC	0¹	2004

Notes

¹ USC's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and corresponding 2004–05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS.^[179]^[199]

College Football Playoff (2014–present)

The College Football Playoff (CFP) was designed as a replacement for the BCS. While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event, organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision.

The College Football Playoff relies on a 13-member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two-round single-elimination playoff bracket.^[43] The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy.^[44]

CFP National Championships by school

School	Titles	Winning seasons
Alabama	3	2015, 2017, 2020
Clemson	2	2016, 2018
Georgia	2	2021, 2022
Michigan	1	2023
LSU	1	2019
Ohio State	1	2014

National championship claims

The following tables list schools' known national championship claims at the highest level of play in college football. Some of these schools no longer compete at the highest level, which is currently NCAA Division I FBS, but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level.

Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates, recognizes, or awards national championships in college football, and because many independent selectors of championships exist, many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared, contradict each other, or are controversial.^[7]^[265]^[266]

"There is no official standard because there is no official national champion. It all depends on the standard the school wishes to utilize. The national champion is in the eye of the beholder."
— Kent Stephens, historian, College Football Hall of Fame^[265]

The majority of these claims, but not all, are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as "major" in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication.^[8]^[10] Not all championships awarded by third party selectors, nor all those listed in the NCAA records book, are necessarily claimed by each school.^{[n3 1]} Therefore, these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships.

The tables below include only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represent the point-of-view of each individual institution. Each total number of championships, and the years for which they are claimed, are documented by the particular school on its official website, in its football media guide, on a prominent stadium sign, or in other official publications or literature (see Source). If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season, regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third-party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it is not considered to be claimed by that institution.

Claims by school

School	Claims	Claimed national championship seasons	Source
Princeton	28	1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1911, 1920, 1922, 1933, 1935, 1950	^[269]
Yale	27	1872, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1900, 1901,^{[n3 2]} 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1927	^[270]^[271]
Alabama	18	1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020	^[272]
Michigan	12	1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997, 2023	^[273]^[274]
Notre Dame	11	1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988	^[275]^[276]
USC	11	1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004^{[n3 3]}	^[278]^[279]
Pittsburgh	9	1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934,^{[n3 4]} 1936, 1937, 1976	^[280]^[281]
Ohio State	8	1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014	^[282]^[283]
Harvard	7	1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919	^[284]^[285]
Minnesota	7	1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960	^[286]^[287]
Oklahoma	7	1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000	^[288]^[289]
Penn	7	1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907,^{[n3 5]} 1908, 1924	^[290]
Michigan State	6	1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966	^[291]^[292]
Tennessee	6	1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998	^[293]^[294]
Army	5	1914, 1916, 1944, 1945, 1946	^[295]^[296]
California	5	1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937	^[297]
Cornell	5	1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939	^[298]^[299]
Illinois	5	1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951	^[300]^[301]
Iowa	5	1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960	^[302]^{[better source needed]}
Miami	5	1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001	^[303]^[304]
Nebraska	5	1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997	^[305]^[306]
Georgia	4	1942, 1980, 2021, 2022	^[307]^[308]
Georgia Tech	4	1917, 1928, 1952, 1990	^[309]^[310]
LSU	4	1958, 2003, 2007, 2019	^[311]^[312]
Texas	4	1963, 1969, 1970, 2005	^[313]^[314]
Clemson	3	1981, 2016, 2018	^[315]^[316]
Florida	3	1996, 2006, 2008	^[317]^[318]
Florida State	3	1993, 1999, 2013	^[319]^[320]
Lafayette	3	1896, 1921, 1926	^[321]
Ole Miss	3	1959, 1960, 1962	^[32]^[322]
SMU	3	1935, 1981, 1982	^[323]^[324]
Texas A&M	3	1919, 1927, 1939	^[325]^[326]
Auburn	2	1957, 2010	^[327]^[328]
Chicago	2	1905, 1913	^[329]
Columbia	2	1875, 1933^{[n3 6]}	^[330]
Penn State	2	1982, 1986	^[331]^[332]
Stanford	2	1926, 1940	^[333]^[334]
TCU	2	1935, 1938	^[335]^[336]
Washington	2	1960, 1991	^[33]^[337]
Arkansas	1	1964	^[338]
Boston College	1	1940^{[n3 7]}	^[343]
BYU	1	1984	^[344]^[345]
Centre	1	1919	^[346]
Colorado	1	1990	^[347]^[348]
Dartmouth	1	1925	^[349]
Detroit	1	1928	^[350]
Kentucky	1	1950	^[351]
Maryland	1	1953	^[352]^[353]
Navy	1	1926	^[354]
Oklahoma State	1	1945	^[355]^{: ^[59]}^[356]
Rutgers	1	1869	^[357]
Syracuse	1	1959	^[358]^[359]
UCF	1	2017	^[360]^[361]
UCLA	1	1954	^[362]^[363]

Notes

^ The following schools either make no apparent statement or claim regarding national championships, or clearly state no claims on a national championship, despite the listing of a national championship for that school in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records: Arizona State, Colgate, Duke, Missouri, Purdue, Utah,^[267] Vanderbilt,^[268] and Washington & Jefferson.
^ No major selectors chose Yale for 1901. The original source for Parke H. Davis' "National Champion Foot Ball Teams" states "1901 Harvard".^[28]
^ USC's January 4, 2005, win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed." USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship.^[199]^[277]
^ No major selectors chose Pittsburgh for 1934. Parke H. Davis died in June 1934;^[28] Pitt was selected in the next 1935 edition of the Spalding Foot Ball Guide^[71] but that selection is not included in the NCAA record books. Pitt's claim was based on a 1967 Sports Illustrated article which attributed the posthumous Spalding selections directly to Davis.^[14]
^ The Billingsley Report originally named Penn as champions for 1907 and the team was listed in the 1996^[68]–2003^[139] NCAA records books. However the team was dropped from subsequent NCAA records books when Billingsley updated his system's formula to remove the Margin of Victory component.
^ No major selectors chose Columbia for 1933. Columbia's media guide states that the team "was referred to as a national champ."^[330]
^ No major selectors chose Boston College for 1940. Final AP Poll and several other selections preceded bowl games. Boston College defeated Tennessee in the Sugar Bowl in a battle of unbeatens.^[339]^[340]^[341]^[342]

Claims by year

Season	Claims	Claimants^[364]	Record
1869	2	Princeton	1–1
1869	2	Rutgers	1–1
1870	1	Princeton	1–0
1871	0	None
1872	2	Princeton	1–0
1872	2	Yale	1–0
1873	1	Princeton	2–0
1874	2	Princeton	2–0
1874	2	Yale	3–0
1875	2	Columbia	4–1–1
1875	2	Princeton	2–0
1876	1	Yale	3–0
1877	2	Princeton	2–0–1
1877	2	Yale	3–0–1
1878	1	Princeton	6–0
1879	2	Princeton	4–0–1
1879	2	Yale	3–0–2
1880	2	Princeton	4–0–1
1880	2	Yale	4–0–1
1881	2	Princeton	7–0–2
1881	2	Yale	5–0–1
1882	1	Yale	8–0
1883	1	Yale	9–0
1884	2	Princeton	9–0–1
1884	2	Yale	8–0–1
1885	1	Princeton	9–0
1886	2	Princeton	7–0–1
1886	2	Yale	9–0–1
1887	1	Yale	9–0
1888	1	Yale	13–0
1889	1	Princeton	10–0
1890	1	Harvard	11–0
1891	1	Yale	13–0
1892	1	Yale	13–0
1893	2	Princeton	11–0
1893	2	Yale	10–1
1894	3	Penn	12–0
		Princeton	8–2
		Yale	16–0
1895	2	Penn	14–0
1895	2	Yale	13–0–2
1896	2	Lafayette	11–0–1
1896	2	Princeton	10–0–1
1897	2	Penn	15–0
1897	2	Yale	9–0–2
1898	2	Harvard	11–0
1898	2	Princeton	11–0–1
1899	2	Harvard	10–0–1
1899	2	Princeton	12–1
1900	1	Yale	12–0
1901	2	Michigan	11–0
1901	2	Yale	11–1–1
1902	2	Michigan	11–0
1902	2	Yale	11–0–1
1903	2	Michigan	11–0–1
1903	2	Princeton	11–0
1904	3	Michigan	10–0
		Minnesota	13–0
		Penn	12–0
1905	2	Chicago	10–0
1905	2	Yale	10–0
1906	2	Princeton	9–0–1
1906	2	Yale	9–0–1
1907	2	Penn	11–1
1907	2	Yale	9–0–1
1908	1	Penn	11–0–1
1909	1	Yale	10–0
1910	1	Harvard	8–0–1
1911	1	Princeton	8–0–2
1912	1	Harvard	9–0
1913	2	Chicago	7–0
1913	2	Harvard	9–0
1914	2	Army	9–0
1914	2	Illinois	7–0
1915	2	Cornell	9–0
1915	2	Pittsburgh	8–0
1916	2	Army	9–0
1916	2	Pittsburgh	8–0
1917	1	Georgia Tech	9–0
1918	2	Michigan	5–0
1918	2	Pittsburgh	4–1
1919	4	Centre	9–0
		Harvard	9–0–1
		Illinois	6–1
		Texas A&M	10–0
1920	2	California	9–0
1920	2	Princeton	6–0–1
1921	4	California	9–0–1
		Cornell	8–0
		Iowa	7–0
		Lafayette	9–0
1922	4	California	9–0
		Cornell	8–0
		Iowa	7–0
		Princeton	8–0
1923	4	California	9–0–1
		Cornell	8–0
		Illinois	8–0
		Michigan	8–0
1924	2	Notre Dame	10–0
1924	2	Penn	9–1–1
1925	2	Alabama	10–0
1925	2	Dartmouth	8–0
1926	4	Alabama	9–0–1
		Lafayette	9–0
		Navy	9–0–1
		Stanford	10–0–1
1927	3	Illinois	7–0–1
		Texas A&M	8–0–1
		Yale	7–1
1928	3	Detroit	9–0
		Georgia Tech	10–0
		USC	9–0–1
1929	2	Notre Dame	9–0
1929	2	Pittsburgh	9–1
1930	2	Alabama	10–0
1930	2	Notre Dame	10–0
1931	2	Pittsburgh	8–1
1931	2	USC	10–1
1932	2	Michigan	8–0
1932	2	USC	10–0
1933	3	Columbia	8–1–1
		Michigan	7–0–1
		Princeton	9–0
1934	3	Alabama	10–0
		Pittsburgh	8–1
		Minnesota	8–0
1935	4	Minnesota	8–0
		Princeton	9–0
		SMU	12–1
		TCU	12–1
1936	2	Minnesota	7–1
1936	2	Pittsburgh	8–1–1
1937	2	California	10–0–1
1937	2	Pittsburgh	9–0–1
1938	2	TCU	11–0
1938	2	Tennessee	11–0
1939	3	Cornell	8–0
		Texas A&M	11–0
		USC	8–0–2
1940	4	Boston College	11–0
		Minnesota	8–0
		Stanford	10–0
		Tennessee	10–1
1941	2	Alabama	9–2
1941	2	Minnesota	8–0
1942	2	Georgia	11–1
1942	2	Ohio State	9–1
1943	1	Notre Dame	9–1
1944	1	Army	9–0
1945	2	Army	9–0
1945	2	Oklahoma A&M	9–0
1946	2	Army	9–0–1
1946	2	Notre Dame	8–0–1
1947	2	Michigan	10–0
1947	2	Notre Dame	9–0
1948	1	Michigan	9–0
1949	1	Notre Dame	10–0
1950	4	Kentucky	11–1
		Oklahoma	10–1
		Princeton	9–0
		Tennessee	11–1
1951	3	Illinois	9–0–1
		Michigan State	9–0
		Tennessee	10–1
1952	2	Georgia Tech	12–0
1952	2	Michigan State	9–0
1953	1	Maryland	10–1
1954	2	Ohio State	10–0
1954	2	UCLA	9–0
1955	2	Michigan State	9–1
1955	2	Oklahoma	11–0
1956	2	Iowa	9–1
1956	2	Oklahoma	10–0
1957	3	Auburn	10–0
		Michigan State	8–1
		Ohio State	9–1
1958	2	Iowa	8–1–1
1958	2	LSU	11–0
1959	2	Ole Miss	10–1
1959	2	Syracuse	11–0
1960	4	Iowa	8–1
		Minnesota	8–2
		Ole Miss	10–0–1
		Washington	10–1
1961	2	Alabama	11–0
1961	2	Ohio State	8–0–1
1962	2	Ole Miss	10–0
1962	2	USC	11–0
1963	1	Texas	11–0
1964	2	Alabama	10–1
1964	2	Arkansas	11–0
1965	2	Alabama	9–1–1
1965	2	Michigan State	10–1
1966	2	Michigan State	9–0–1
1966	2	Notre Dame	9–0–1
1967	2	USC	10–1
1967	2	Tennessee	9–2
1968	1	Ohio State	10–0
1969	1	Texas	11–0
1970	3	Nebraska	11–0–1
		Ohio State	9–1
		Texas	10–1
1971	1	Nebraska	13–0
1972	1	USC	12–0
1973	2	Alabama	11–1
1973	2	Notre Dame	11–0
1974	2	Oklahoma	11–0
1974	2	USC	10–1–1
1975	1	Oklahoma	11–1
1976	1	Pittsburgh	12–0
1977	1	Notre Dame	11–1
1978	2	Alabama	11–1
1978	2	USC	12–1
1979	1	Alabama	12–0
1980	1	Georgia	12–0
1981	2	Clemson	12–0
1981	2	SMU	10–1
1982	2	Penn State	11–1
1982	2	SMU	11–0–1
1983	1	Miami	11–1
1984	1	BYU	13–0
1985	1	Oklahoma	11–1
1986	1	Penn State	12–0
1987	1	Miami	12–0
1988	1	Notre Dame	12–0
1989	1	Miami	11–1
1990	2	Colorado	11–1–1
1990	2	Georgia Tech	11–0–1
1991	2	Miami	12–0
1991	2	Washington	12–0
1992	1	Alabama	13–0
1993	1	Florida State	12–1
1994	1	Nebraska	13–0
1995	1	Nebraska	12–0
1996	1	Florida	12–1
1997	2	Michigan	12–0
1997	2	Nebraska	13–0
1998	1	Tennessee	13–0
1999	1	Florida State	12–0
2000	1	Oklahoma	13–0
2001	1	Miami	12–0
2002	1	Ohio State	14–0
2003	2	LSU	13–1
2003	2	USC	12–1
2004	1	USC	13–0
2005	1	Texas	13–0
2006	1	Florida	13–1
2007	1	LSU	12–2
2008	1	Florida	13–1
2009	1	Alabama	14–0
2010	1	Auburn	14–0
2011	1	Alabama	12–1
2012	1	Alabama	13–1
2013	1	Florida State	14–0
2014	1	Ohio State	14–1
2015	1	Alabama	14–1
2016	1	Clemson	14–1
2017	2	Alabama	13–1
2017	2	UCF	13–0
2018	1	Clemson	15–0
2019	1	LSU	15–0
2020	1	Alabama	13–0
2021	1	Georgia	14–1
2022	1	Georgia	15–0
2023	1	Michigan	15–0

Other selectors

In addition to the NCAA-designated "major selectors" listed above, various other people and organizations have selected national champions in college football. Selections from such notable selectors are listed below.

Unique championship selections from non-major selectors

Teams in the following table were selected by people or organizations not listed as a "major selector" in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book.

In the interest of brevity, this table contains only teams that were not also selected by any NCAA-designated major selector for the given year. Some are contrarian selections or protests against the choices of the major polls and the BCS.

Season	Champion(s)	Record	Coach	Selector(s)
1903	Minnesota^co	14–0–1	Henry L. Williams	Jim Koger (JK)^[365]
1904	Yale	10–1	Charles D. Rafferty	Caspar Whitney^[366]^[367]
1910	Washington	6–0	Gil Dobie	Bill Libby (BL)^[368]
1911	Carlisle	11–1	Glenn Warner	BL
1913	Notre Dame	7–0	Jesse Harper	BL, JK
1914	Harvard	7–0–2	Percy Haughton	World Almanac,^[369]^[370] Alexander Weyand (AW)^[371]^[372]
1915	Washington State	7–0	William Dietz	Washington State Senate^[373]
1917	Pittsburgh^co	10–0	Glenn Warner	AW^[374]
1921	Notre Dame	10–1	Knute Rockne	AW^[375]
1929	Tulane	9–0	Bernie Bierman	BL
1929	Utah	7–0	Ike Armstrong	Frank E. Wood^[376]
1931	Tennessee	9–0–1	Robert Neyland	BL
1931	Tulane	11–1	Bernie Bierman	Wood^[377]
1934	Pittsburgh	8–1	Jock Sutherland	Spalding's Foot Ball Guide^[71] (editor Walter R. Okeson)
1934	Stanford	9–1–1	Tiny Thornhill	Houlgate System (HS)^[378]
1935	Stanford	8–1	Tiny Thornhill	Kenneth Massey (MCFR)^[379]
1936	Northwestern	7–1	Pappy Waldorf	BL
	Saint Vincent	5–3	Red Edwards	Associated Press sportswriter via transitive wins and losses^[380]^[381]
	Santa Clara	8–1	Buck Shaw	MCFR
1939	Tulane	8–1–1	Red Dawson	HS^[382]
1941	Duquesne	8–0	Aldo Donelli/Steve Sinko	MCFR
1942	Georgia Navy Pre-Flight	7–1–1	Raymond Wolf	MCFR
1943	March Field	9–1	Paul J. Schissler	MCFR
1944	Randolph Field	12–0	Frank Tritico	Dr. L. H. Baker^[383]
1947	Texas	10–1	Blair Cherry	MCFR
1953	Michigan State	9–1	Biggie Munn	MCFR
1955	Ole Miss	10–1	Johnny Vaught	MCFR
1963	Navy	9–2	Wayne Hardin	Washington Touchdown Club^[384]^[385]
1974	Alabama	11–1	Paul "Bear" Bryant	Washington Touchdown Club^[385]
1978	Penn State	11–1	Joe Paterno	Washington Touchdown Club^[385]
2004	Auburn	13–0	Tommy Tuberville	Eufaula Tribune,^[386] Golf Digest,^[387] People's National Championship^[388]
2010	Oregon^co	12–1	Chip Kelly	R(FACT)^[389]
2014	Alabama^co	12–2	Nick Saban	R(FACT)^[390]
	Oregon^co	12–1	Mark Helfrich
	TCU^co	12–1	Gary Patterson

Notes

Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively applied championships.
Co-champion selections are indicated by ^co.

References

^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the CFP". Retrieved October 27, 2024. The College Football Playoff is administered by the FBS conferences and the University of Notre Dame which are members of CFP Administration, LLC.
^ "Syracuse and Cornell Still Top Gridders". The Reading Eagle. Reading, Pennsylvania. November 12, 1923. p. 12. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Viehman, Harold H., ed. (1939). The 1939 Owl. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 276. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Dodd, Dennis (December 22, 2004). "Subtracting AP poll leaves BCS again scrambling for legitimacy". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Peterson, Bill (November 5, 2008). "UC Football in the Hunt for a Big East Crown and BCS Bid". Citybeat.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1960 NCAA Official Collegiate Football Record Book. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 1960. p. 8. Retrieved May 25, 2023. The AP poll of sports writers was originated in 1936 and the UPI poll of coaches was begun in 1950. Representing the combined opinions of observers across the country, they are the most popularly accepted electors to mythical national title honors. Prior to the polls, the Rissman and Knute Rockne trophies, symbolized the championship from 1924 to 1936.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hooper, Matt (October 10, 2009). Noel, Tex (ed.). "How many national titles can Alabama really lay claim to? Better yet, why is there more than one answer? (republished with permission from the Birmingham Weekly)" (PDF). The College Football Historian. 2 (9). Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association. ISSN 2326-3628. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "National Champion Major Selections (1896 to Present)". 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. pp. 112–114. Retrieved January 4, 2023. The criteria for being included in this historical list of poll selectors is that the poll be national in scope, either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online. The list includes both former selectors, who were instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors who were among the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) selectors.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weinreb, Michael (June 18, 2013). "Tricky Dick's Trick Play". Grantland. ESPN Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017. In 1969, President Nixon was the decider of the national championship
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Final National Poll Leaders". 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. pp. 114–119. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Blevins, Dave (2012). College Football Awards: All National and Conference Winners Through 2010. p. 73. the two most widely recognized and authoritative [national championship] selectors are the Associated Press (which conducts a poll of football sportswriters) and the USA Today Coaches' Poll of the American Football Coaches Association.
^ ^a ^b Benagh, Jim (October 6, 1985). "Top Spot in Poll Draws Reward". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2022. When the University of Iowa rose to No. 1 in The Associated Press and the United Press International college football rankings last week, it was reason for elation across the state. ... The polls, since the first one began 50 years ago this month, have been the prime measuring stick for determining the champion, albeit an unofficial one.
^ "Doctors After the Indians". Baltimore American. Vol. 187, no. 34, 129. Baltimore, Maryland. October 31, 1899. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015. [Carlisle was] defeated by Harvard last Saturday, which gives the Crimson the best chance for national championship honors this year.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Jenkins, Dan (September 11, 1967). Laguerre, André (ed.). "This Year The Fight Will Be In The Open". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 27, no. 11. Chicago. pp. 28–34. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2016. Coaches of top teams have long pretended they did not care about national rankings, but Notre Dame vs. Michigan State has changed that, and this season's excitement centers on the battle to be No. 1
^ ^a ^b Noel, Tex, ed. (May 2009). "Three Actual Polls from the 1901 College Football Season" (PDF). The College Football Historian. 2 (4). Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association. ISSN 2326-3628. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ "In the Football World: How the Leading Elevens are Impartially Rated". The Sun. New York. December 4, 1899. Retrieved March 5, 2023. With the football season at an end, the critics are busily engaged in reviewing the various big games and in rating the leading elevens according to merit.
^ ^a ^b Camp, Walter (December 13, 1919). "Walter Camp's All-America Football Team". Collier's. Vol. 64, no. 20. p. 46. Retrieved March 6, 2023. Football, however, is not a game where a great national championship is possible or desirable. The very nature of the sport would forbid anything like such a series of contests as are played in baseball.
^ Jemison, Dick (December 9, 1917). "Everett Strupper Elected To Lead 1918 Tech Eleven". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved February 21, 2023. To each member of the team was presented from admiring alumni gold footballs with the inscription, "National Champions."
^ Ryan, Alfred C., ed. (January 1925). "Bonniwell National Football Trophy of America Awarded to Notre Dame" (PDF). The Notre Dame Alumnus. Vol. III, no. 4. South Bend, Indiana: The Alumni Association of the University of Notre Dame. pp. 96, 105. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Written at Philadelphia. "Notre Dame to Receive National Title Trophy". The News-Journal. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. December 5, 1924. Retrieved March 5, 2023. [The Bonniwell Trophy] is "to be awarded in such years as produces a team whose standing is so preeminent as to make its selection as champion of America beyond dispute."
^ ^a ^b ^c Walsh, Christopher J. (2007). Who's #1?: 100-Plus Years of Controversial National Champions in College Football. Taylor Trade Publications. pp. 13–16, 148–149. ISBN 9781461734765. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Written at South Bend, Indiana. "Football Award will be made at Pittsburgh" (PDF). The Reflector. Vol. VIII, no. 17. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Central College. February 7, 1930. p. 3. Retrieved May 17, 2022. The Albert Russell [sic] Eskine Trophy, emblematic of the national football championship as determined by 250 sports writers, will be presented to Notre Dame, 1929 winner, at the Pittsburgh–Notre Dame basketball game in this city, February 8.
^ "Notre Dame Receives Erskine Award" (PDF). The Notre Dame Alumnus. Vol. IX, no. 5. South Bend, Indiana: The Alumni Association of the University of Notre Dame. January 1931. p. 169. Retrieved May 17, 2022. Nation's sports writers pick Notre Dame football team as champions by record vote; Trophy awarded in New York January second.
^ "Trojans Get Erskine 1931 Grid Award". Los Angeles Times. January 2, 1932. Retrieved May 17, 2022. Southern California's 21–12 victory over Tulane brought the Trojans the Albert Russell Erskine football trophy and the national grid championship for 1931. Presentation of the trophy was made in front of the Trojan rooting section following the game by William R. Moorehouse, member of the Erskine award board. The Erskine award brought a Studebaker President eight sedan to Coach Howard Jones, an engraved cup to the University of Southern California and a scroll signifying the national championship to the Trojan team.
^ Toledo Cup — National Collegiate Football Championship (Trophy). Gibson-Nagurski Athletic Center, University of Minnesota. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023. 1934, 1935, 1936 — University of Minnesota
^ Briggs, David (January 8, 2023). "What if one of the greatest trophies in sports was named after Toledo? In college football, it once was". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Emerson, Seth (August 20, 2023). "College football's last 3-peat: The Minnesota national title history Georgia is chasing". The Athletic. Minneapolis. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1934). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1934. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. pp. 206–208.
^ McLellan, Bruce (September 3, 1983). "A Belated Look at Some No. 1 Teams". The Macon Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dubow, Josh (January 3, 2004). "Split national championships nothing new to college football — 11 times since 1950". The Modesto Bee. Associated Press. Retrieved March 4, 2023. List of the 11 split national titles since 1950: 1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003
^ ^a ^b "Teams No. 1 in final AP Poll that lost Bowl game". Tallahassee Democrat. January 3, 1993. Retrieved March 2, 2023. 1950 Oklahoma, 1951 Tennessee, 1953 Maryland, 1960 Minnesota, 1964 Alabama
^ ^a ^b Campbell, Kyle; Jones, Joey, eds. (2014). "2014 Ole Miss Football Guide". University, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Athletics Media Relations Office. p. 104. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "UW Football National Championships". gohuskies.com. University of Washington Athletic Communications Office. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2020. Washington officially claims two national championships in football: 1960 and 1991.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Poll Matches Rose Foes – 'One-Two' Fracas Set". Moberly Monitor–Index. Moberly, Missouri. Associated Press. December 3, 1968. p. 8. Retrieved August 25, 2022. That Dream Match—the No. 1 team against the No. 2 outfit in the Rose Bowl—remained a reality today... but just barely. [...] Because the race is so tight, the final AP poll of the season won't be released until after the Jan. 1 bowl games.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Barbati, Carl; Cannizzaro, Mark (January 3, 1988). "Should there be college Super Bowl?". The Courier–News. Bridgewater, New Jersey. Retrieved October 24, 2022. Only luck ensures one of the many current bowl games gets the No. 1 and No. 2 teams to play each other.
^ ^a ^b Jenkins, Dan (December 22, 1969). "Knute Rockne Would Have Agreed, Ara". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 31, no. 26. Chicago. pp. 26–31. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Written at New York. "Paterno Advocates Playoff System". Lancaster New Era. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. January 5, 1978. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ Written at New York. "Paterno: Playoffs should decide who's No. 1". The Sentinel. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. December 5, 1985. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fachet, Robert (January 24, 1992). "Bowl Deal Set with Coalition". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2022. ...under an agreement hammered out yesterday by the College Football Bowl Coalition that also provides enhanced opportunity for a national championship game.
^ ^a ^b ^c Murray, Ken (September 1, 1995). "'ALLIANCE' AIMS HIGH No. 1 vs. 2 is goal of new bowl setup, but Rose is prickly". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2022. Briefly, the Bowl Coalition has been replaced by the Bowl Alliance, which will spread five conference champions (ACC, Big East, Big Eight, Southeastern, Southwest) plus Notre Dame around three different bowls. The championship game between the Nos. 1 and 2 alliance teams will be rotated among the Fiesta (this year), Sugar (1996) and Orange (1997) bowls. Unlike the coalition, the alliance has eliminated conference tie-ins to its respective bowls.
^ ^a ^b Billingsley, Richard (October 21, 2001). "The road to the BCS has been a long one". ESPN College Football. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schlabach, Mark (December 22, 2004). "AP Opts Out Of Formula For BCS". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kilgore, Adam (September 1, 2015). "College football rankings provide problems and little else in playoff era". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "College Football Playoff Unveils National Championship Trophy". College Football Playoff. July 14, 2014. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Handcrafted piece of art to serve as new, iconic symbol of postseason college football
^ Rosiek, Robert A. (May 1988). College Football National Champions 1869–1987. Dearborn Heights, Michigan. OCLC 29365957. Retrieved April 1, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Litkenhous Ratings Championship trophy (Trophy plaque). Hollingsworth / Manning Hall, University of Mississippi: Litkenhous Ratings. July 18, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2023. The Difference By Score System
^ ^a ^b Reiss, Malcolm, ed. (1937). "Ranking the Champions; A Review of National Football Ranking for the Past 13 Years". Illustrated Football Annual 1937. New York City: Fiction House, Inc. pp. 86–87. The final revision of the AZZI RATEM System was completed in the spring of 1936. This revision was used to re-rate previous years.
^ "The William F. Boand trophy". The Baytown Sun. Baytown, Texas. International News Service. February 2, 1955. Retrieved January 19, 2023. The William F. Boand trophy... in recognition of the Bucks as the No. 1 football team of 1954 according to Board's Azzi Ratem system. Byron F. Boyd, editor of the Football News, will make the presentation
^ ^a ^b "National Dickinson Football Ratings". The Honolulu Advertiser. January 24, 1926. Retrieved January 19, 2023. Places Dartmouth at the top of the column
^ ^a ^b Dickinson, Frank G. (February 1941). Dickinson's Football Ratings — from Grange to Harmon. Omaha, Nebraska: What's What Publishing Company.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Houlgate, Deke (1954). The Football Thesaurus: 85 Years on the American Gridiron. Los Angeles, California: Houlgate House. In the Huddle with Deke Houlgate: College Football from 1869 through 1953; Annual Supplements for 1954–1958
^ Noel, David, ed. (1936). "Football – Awards". The Rotunda 1936. Southern Methodist University — Dallas, Texas: S. M. U. Students Publishing Company Incorporated. p. 190. In recognition of their outstanding ability on the gridiron, the Mustangs were awarded several trophies, most significant being the coveted national championship honors. SMU is the first Southwest team to receive the Knute K. Rockne Memorial Trophy. Equally prized is the Deke Houlgate Cup, which designates the Ponies national champions of 1935.
^ Written at Dallas, Texas. "Louisiana State Gets Foreman–Clark Trophy". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. Associated Press. January 10, 1937. Retrieved January 31, 2023. The Foreman and Clark trophy, emblematic of the National football championship, won by SMU in 1935, will be sent to LSU. The Tigers were awarded the trophy for the past season under the ratings of Deke Houlgate, Los Angeles, grid statistician.
^ Rothman, David. "FACT College Football Standings". Retrieved July 13, 2022. Around April of 1970 or 1971, I came up with the method now used. [...] Championships have been awarded on this basis by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments since the 1970s, and retroactive to 1968.
^ Wolfe, Peter. "2020 College Football". Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^ ^a ^b 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Consensus National Champions". 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. p. 125. Retrieved January 4, 2023. Since 1950 — AP, UPI, FW, NFF, USA/CNN, USA/ESPN, USA
^ The Associated Press Trophy (Trophy). Joyce Center, University of Notre Dame: Associated Press. 1966–1977. Archived from the original on November 27, 2023. The National Collegiate Football Championship Award — Based on the Top Ten Championship Poll of Nation's Sports Writers and Sportscasters — 1966: Notre Dame; 1967: USC; 1968: Ohio State; 1969: Texas; 1970: Nebraska; 1971: Nebraska; 1972: USC; 1973: Notre Dame; 1974: Oklahoma; 1975: Oklahoma; 1976: Pitt; 1977: Notre Dame{{cite sign}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ ^a ^b "AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion". afca.com. American Football Coaches Association. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
^ Tramel, Berry (August 23, 2017). "Why is Oklahoma State on an island with the retroactive titles?". News OK. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bohls, Kirk (March 4, 2014). "President's Column: Introducing the FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll". The Fifth Down: The online newsletter of the FWAA. Football Writers Association of America. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014. The FWAA will not give out a trophy to the national champion moving forward, but with this poll we may have some influence on just which team is holding the ultimate trophy on the night of Jan. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "They Were Number One — College Football's National Championship Teams — As Chosen By Citizens Savings Athletic Foundation" (Press release). Los Angeles: Citizens Savings Athletic Foundation. March 15, 1973. As the result of its 1973 appraisal, the Athletic Foundation took the privilege of granting co-championship recognition to Stanford with Alabama in 1926; Notre Dame with the U.S. Military in 1946; Michigan with Notre Dame in 1947; and Ohio State with UCLA in 1954.
^ ^a ^b "University of Alabama Recognized as 2015 NFF MacArthur Bowl Recipient" (Press release). Irving, Texas: National Football Foundation. January 12, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2023. During college football's Poll Era, the NFF MacArthur Bowl Committee selected the recipient of the trophy. With the advent of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) in 1998, the national championship game has determined which team claimed the MacArthur Bowl, a tradition that will continue with the adoption of the College Football Playoff.
^ "The MacArthur Bowl". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015. Since 1959, the MacArthur Bowl has been presented annually by The National Football Foundation & College Hall of Fame to the outstanding college football team of the season.
^ USA Today / CNN Top 25 National College Football Champion (Trophy). USA Today / CNN. January 3, 1989. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023.
^ Vautravers, James. "Parke Davis". Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ Whitley, David (February 9, 2013). "College football playoff selection committee members will need witness protection". AOL SportingNews.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
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^ ^a ^b ^c 2000 NCAA Football Division I-A Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2000. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c McDonald, Neil (December 29, 1934). "Fanfare — Stanford Gets Trophy". Los Angeles Evening Post. p. 8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1935). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1935. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. pp. 233–235.
^ The Coaches' Trophy — 1935 Texas Christian University (Trophy). Schollmaier Arena: American Football Coaches Association. March 21, 2023. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. The American Football Coaches Association Honors The National Football Champion — Texas Christian University — 1935
^ ^a ^b ^c Williamson, Paul B. (January 16, 1936). "Frogs Rated First In Final Grid Standings; S.M.U. Mustangs Placed Second By Williamson". Fort Worth Star–Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. Retrieved January 2, 2023. No Undisputable National Champions Picked; Sugar Bowl Game One of Best
^ Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1936). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1936. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. pp. 222–224.
^ ^a ^b Williamson, Paul B. (January 6, 1937). "P.B. Williamson Ranks Gophers at Top — Nation's Leading 24 Football Teams". The Knoxville News–Sentinel. United Features Syndicate. Retrieved January 2, 2023. At the curtain of the 1936 football season, again like for 1935, the Williamson Rating System does not name any team that could be consistently called the out and out national football champion.
^ ^a ^b "Williamson System Names Bears Champs". The Knoxville News–Sentinel. United Press. January 6, 1938. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ The Coaches' Trophy — 1938 Texas Christian University (Trophy). Schollmaier Arena: American Football Coaches Association. March 21, 2023. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. The American Football Coaches Association Honors The National Football Champion — Texas Christian University — 1938
^ ^a ^b ^c Williamson, Paul B. (January 6, 1938). "Vols, T.C.U. Share Grid Laurels". The Oklahoma News. Oklahoma City. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ The Coaches' Trophy — 1939 Texas A&M University (Trophy). Hall of Champions at Kyle Field: American Football Coaches Association. April 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. The American Football Coaches Association Honors The National Football Champion — Texas A&M University — 1939
^ ^a ^b Williamson, Paul B. (January 7, 1941). "Williamson Votes National Title to Stanford". Nasheville Banner. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
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^ "University of Southern California Public Interactions Report" (PDF). USA Today. NCAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Morey, Earl (December 9, 1960). "Big Eight voted 5–3 to strip KU's title in Bert Coan action". Lawrence Daily Journal-World. (Kansas). p. 1. The move gave MU a 10–0 season record and a 7–0 record in league play.
^ "Major polls agree: Sooners consensus national champions". The Fresno Bee. January 3, 1986. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
^ "Football Bowl Subdivision Records" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Middleton, Drew (December 6, 1938). Written at New York. "Texas Christian, Duke and Tennessee Top in Nation; Notre Dame Falls to Fifth". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis. Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2022. The poll was extended for another week because of the select quality of last Saturday's games, three of which had a direct bearing on the ranking.
^ ^a ^b Written at Los Angeles. "USC, Vols 1–2 in AP poll". Honolulu Star–Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. Associated Press. November 30, 1967. p. 71. Retrieved August 25, 2022. Southern California is king of 1967 college football. [...] Tennessee, 8–1 with one regular season game remaining before its Orange Bowl date with Oklahoma, received 11 first-place votes.
^ Fullerton, Hugh S. Jr. (November 29, 1938). Written at New York. "Irish Still Top Scribes' Ballot". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis. Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2022. In the final Associated Press football ranking poll of the year, ninety sports writers and editors chose Notre Dame as the nation's No. 1 team with Duke in third place. Texas Christian, which hoped for a Rose bowl bid, came in between them.
^ ^a ^b Written at New York. "AP Conducts Special Poll; Only Notre Dame, Michigan In Running". The La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Associated Press. January 3, 1948. Retrieved August 21, 2022. The AP's final poll of the top ten teams, released Dec. 8 at the conclusion of the regulation season, resulted in Notre Dame Winning first place with 1,410 points. Michigan was second with 1,289. While the latest poll—which will be released to afternoon papers of Tuesday, Jan. 6—will not supersede the regular season-end poll, it is intended to serve as a final summing up of the opinion on the two teams.
^ ^a ^b Chandler, John (January 7, 1948). Written at New York. "Scribes of Nation Pick Michigan". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City. Associated Press. Retrieved August 21, 2022. This post-season poll, conducted by the Associated Press by popular demand after Michigan thumped Southern California in the Rose bowl, 49–0, doesn't supersede the weekly A. P. poll held during the regular season. The final poll released Dec. 8 gave Notre Dame 1410 points for first place, with Michigan 1289 for second. The Irish had just polished off Southern California 38–7.
^ Grimsley, Will (November 23, 1965). "MSU Tightens No. 1 Grip". St. Cloud Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 21, 2022. Another poll will be staged after this week's few remaining games and the final balloting, determining the national championship, will be held after the bowl games on New Year's Day. The decision to delay the final poll until after the New Year was made because of the broad growth of the post-season attractions and the involvement of most of the teams in the Top Ten. Actually, eight of the Top Ten will be in action after the regular season.
^ Green, Bob (January 4, 1966). "Crimson Tide Named National Collegiate Football Champions — Third Title in Five Years". Fort Collins Coloradoan. Associated Press. Retrieved August 17, 2022. Ironically, when the Tide won last year, the poll was taken at the close of the regular season and 'Bama went on to lose to Texas in the Orange Bowl. This year the final poll of the season was conducted after the New Year's bowl games—the first time it had been held until after the bowls—because the six top teams were in action New Year's Day.
^ Rapoport, Ron (December 31, 1966). "Bear Bryant Still Figures His Team Is Best in Land". Sun-Journal. Lewiston, Maine. Associated Press. Retrieved August 24, 2022. Last year, the AP took a post-Bowl game poll because Michigan State and Alabama were involved in Bowl games. This year, with the No. 1 and 2 teams not in Bowl games, so no post-season poll is planned.
^ Whittingham, Richard (2001). Rites of Autumn: The Story of College Football. Simon and Schuster. p. 46. ISBN 9780743222198. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Petersen, Leo H. (September 13, 1950). "United Press Will Poll Coaches for Ratings on Leading College Elevens". Coshocton Tribune. Vol. XLII, no. 21. New York. United Press. p. 8. Retrieved August 13, 2022. Thirty-five of the nation's foremost football coaches will rate the country's top collegiate football teams each week for the United Press this coming season.
^ ^a ^b "UPI to Exclude Coaches' Votes From National Football Poll". Los Angeles Times. United Press International. June 4, 1991. Retrieved August 13, 2022. "After more than six months' discussion, UPI and AFCA have ended the joint polling effort which began in 1950," said Milt Capps, senior vice president for UPI, a wire service agency. For more than 40 years, UPI sportswriters gathered votes from coaches each week, tallied the results and reported them. But UPI's rankings now will be determined by the votes of the sportswriters independent of the AFCA, which will produce its own, separate coaches rankings.
^ ^a ^b "Sports News Briefs — U.P.I. Poll to Include Bowl Results". The New York Times. January 17, 1974. Retrieved August 14, 2022. The American Football Coaches Association, acting on a proposal by United Press International, has voted to permit member coaches to extend their future U.P.I. rankings of the top 10 teams to include results of postseason bowl games. Since their Inception in 1950, rankings by the U.P.I. board of 35 coaches—five from each of the nation's seven geographical areas—have ended each year with the final Saturday of the regular season. This action will conform with the practice of the Associated Press, whose final ratings based on the votes of sports writers and broadcasters, include the bowl results. — A.F.C.A. members for many years expressed preference for including only regular-season games in the U.P.I. board's final rankings, A factor in the decision was the circumstance of first-ranked Alabama losing to fourth-ranked Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl this season. — In a separate action, the A.F.C.A. recommended that no votes be cast by them or anyone else for football teams the National Collegiate A.A. has placed on probation, with sanctions, for violating the N.C.A.A. code.
^ "Amway Coaches Poll". American Football Coaches Association. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Written at Dallas. "'USA Today' gets UPI coaches' poll". Austin American-Statesman. Austin. Associated Press. June 3, 1991. p. D2. Retrieved August 13, 2022. The college football coaches poll, carried by United Press International since 1950, will now be distributed by USA Today.
^ "FBS coaches' poll will continue every week despite BCS going away". Associated Press. January 13, 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship". USA Today. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
^ Shapiro, Leonard (January 3, 1992). "Miami, Washington Earn Split Decision for No. 1". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2022. The triumphant Miami and Washington teams exulted on separate coasts yesterday, each celebrating the outcome of at least one major poll that proclaimed it the national college football champion for 1991.
^ Jemison, Dick (October 31, 1917). "Chance to Name Grid Champ — Why Not Decide Football Title of America Nov. 24?". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved October 19, 2024. The game would be patronized by a packed house, regardless of what city it is staged in, played up as the championship game of the season and for the benefit of some worthy cause
^ Fuchs, Jeremy (January 4, 2018). "College Football Playoff Controversy Is 100 Years Old—Just Ask Georgia Tech". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved October 19, 2024. In 1917, after Pitt beat Penn 14–6 in October, the march toward a quasi–national championship game began. In a column in The Atlanta Constitution, Dick Jemison first proposed the idea. The notion caught on. Frank Menke in the Pittsburgh Press wrote...
^ Written at Chicago. "Leahy Says Bruins Should Play Bucks in Rose Bowl for National Championship". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. Los Angeles. United Press. November 30, 1954. Retrieved February 26, 2023. The clause prohibits a team from playing in the [Rose Bowl] more than once in two years
^ Lee, Victor (November 18, 1990). Written at Miami. "Notre Dame's loss is Orange Bowl's loss". The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. Retrieved February 26, 2023. This is a classic example of the Orange Bowl extending the invitation too early when they could have had the national championship game. The Orange Bowl has done this two years in a row.
^ ^a ^b Written at New York. "Rose Bowl Winner Will be Awarded Erskine Trophy". The Tampa Times. Tamp, Florida. December 26, 1931. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ Roberts, Don (January 1, 1932). "Trojans, Tulane Fight for National Crown". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. Los Angeles. Retrieved February 28, 2023. With the Albert Russell Erskine national football championship at stake, Tulane University's Green Wave today met the University of Southern California Trojans at the Pasadena Rose Bowl.
^ "Tulane Leads Erskine Voting — Trojans Close Behind". The South Bend Tribune. December 18, 1931. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
^ The Erskine poll's preliminary ballot ranked No. 1 Tulane and No. 2 USC.^[207] Rather than hold a final vote, it was decided that the teams would compete for the Albert Russel Erskine Trophy at the Rose Bowl;^[205] the trophy was presented to USC on the field following the game.
^ Written at Champaign, Illinois. "Trojans Request Delay — Rockne Memorial Trophy to Be Accepted After Tulane Game". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Associated Press. December 15, 1931. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
^ Written at Los Angeles. "USC Will Be Awarded Rockne Cup — Dr. Frank G. Dickinson to Present Trophy to Rose Bowl Winners". The Tacoma Daily Ledger. Tacoma, Washington. Associated Press. January 4, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2024. The ratings made long in advance of the Tournament of Roses game New Year's day placed Southern California first and Tulane second but when these two teams met in a 'natural' Rose bowl game, it was decided that if Tulane could overrule Dickinson's rating, he would stand corrected and give the trophy to the New Orleans lads.
^ ^a ^b ^c Written at Los Angeles. "Troy, Pitt Play for Cup — Winner Will Get National Title Trophy — Donor of Cup Awarded Michigan 'Peeved,' Offers New One". The Long Beach Sun. Long Beach. United Press. December 15, 1932. Retrieved July 3, 2024. A trophy symbolic of the mythical national football championship will be awarded to the winner of the Southern California–Pittsburgh game at Pasadena by Jack Rissman, wealthy Chicago sportsman who donated the Dickinson rating cup.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Beale, George H. (December 17, 1932). Written at Los Angeles. "Sports Parade — Champions, Trophies and Systems — What This Country Needs Is More Sportsmen Willing to Donate Cups to Grid Champions". The Lincoln Journal. Lincoln, Nebraska. United Press. Retrieved July 4, 2024. All that is needed now to make the football season a complete success is for someone to figure out a system to declare Colgate the undisputed national champion and to give the Red Raiders a trophy indicative of the same. [...] More national champions, more systems of picking them and more trophies to give them have long been the crying need of football. [...] It might even be worked out so Slippery Rock and Knox could have very fine trophies for their Y.M.C.A. trophy rooms. [...] Under the Beale system, I hereby award the national football championship to Bucknell (dear old alma mater)
^ "Gridiron Trophy Donor Here To See Big Game". The Los Angeles Times. International News Service. December 6, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024. Jack Rissman, a Chicago merchant, said that thus far the Trojans are slightly in the lead in the race for the trophy, which is now known as the Knute Rockne Cup, and can clinch the honor only by defeating the Irish Saturday.
^ Written at Champaign, Illinois. "Michigan Gets Rockne Trophy as U.S. Champ — USC Rated Second, Pittsburgh Third". The Daily Argus-Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Associated Press. December 11, 1932. p. 9. Although Southern California's Trojans defeated Notre Dame today to finish their regular season undefeated and untied, the University of Michigan tonight was declared winner of the Knute. K. Rockne memorial trophy, symbolic of the national football championship, under the Dickinson rating system.
^ Jack F. Rissman, who donated the first Dickinson System trophy, announced that the Dickinson title and Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy would go to USC with a season-ending win over Notre Dame.^[213]^[212] However, following that game, Professor Dickinson named 8–0 Michigan as national champions with 9–0 USC No. 2 and 8–0–2 Pittsburgh No. 3.^[214]^[212] Rissman, "peeved", announced on December 15 a new Rissman national championship trophy.^[211]^[212] For 1932, the trophy would go to the winner of the 1933 Rose Bowl.^[211]^[212]
^ Written at Chicago. "Irish and Seahawks Pointing for Game — Undefeated Opponents of Saturday Meet in Unofficial National Championship Game at South Bend, Ind". The Knoxville News–Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. Associated Press. November 18, 1943. Retrieved February 20, 2023. The result should establish one or the other definitely as the country's greatest football team—college or service. A crowd of 50,000 is expected to watch this unofficial championship battle at Notre Dame Stadium.
^ Game of the Year of the Day, 1943: Notre Dame 14, Iowa Pre-Flight 13 " This was college football's national title game in 1943."
^ Sabo, John N.; Chandler, John F. (December 2, 1944). Written at Baltimore. "75,000 Await Army–Navy Title Clash". Detroit Free Press. Detroit. Detroit Free Press; Associated Press. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ...the big battle for the service championship and, with it, the undisputed National collegiate grid gonfalon for 1944.
^ On This Date in Sports December 1, 1945: Army-Navy for the Nation "For the second straight season, the fate of the National Championship is on the line in the Army-Navy Game in Philadelphia."
^ Bealmear, Austin (November 4, 1946). Written at New York City. "College Football Season Reaches Climax Saturday: Army and Notre Dame Battle in National Championship Game". The Daily Mail. Hagerstown, Maryland. Associated Press. Retrieved October 29, 2024. Football spotlight will be on Yankee Stadium Saturday when nation's two outstanding gridiron powers clash...to the average fan the only thing that matters will be the national championship struggle between Army and Notre Dame.
^ Weinreb, Michael (June 18, 2013). "The Birth of 'The Argument'". Grantland. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
^ Los Angeles Times "The national championship was at stake – USC was ranked No. 1 and Wisconsin No. 2"
^ ^a ^b 1979 Sugar Bowl (Television production). Louisiana Superdome: ABC. January 1, 1979. The Game for the National Championship — No. 1 Penn State vs. No. 2 Alabama [...] Bowl Games for the National Championship: 1963 Rose Bowl, 1964 Cotton Bowl, 1969 Rose Bowl, 1972 Orange Bowl
^ ^a ^b Jenkins, Dan (December 23, 1968). "Bouquets of Roses for No. 1". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 29, no. 26. Chicago. pp. 22–23. Retrieved March 16, 2016. The nation's two top teams, Ohio State and Southern California, get a rare opportunity to settle which is the best as an entire season of undefeated play comes down to their face-to-face clash in Pasadena.
^ After the Rose Bowl, USC received the FWAA's Grantland Rice national championship trophy.^[14]
^ Chass, Murray (December 30, 1963). "Mythical Crown at Stake in Cotton Bowl". The Post-Crescent. Associated Press. Retrieved January 24, 2024. With Texas and Navy ready to battle for college football's unofficial championship... Unbeaten Texas will have to fend off the East's best to remain first in the minds of the nation's fans.
^ Ratliff, Harold V. (December 31, 1963). Written at Dallas, Texas. "'Dream Game' In Dallas Heads Bowl Parade: National Title Is At Stake". The Herald-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. Retrieved January 24, 2024. Darrel Royal's eyes flashed when he said it: 'We aren't a bit afraid to put it on the line.' He was discussing the question of whether the national championship would be decided when his Texas football team plays Navy in the Cotton Bowl Wednesday.
^ After the Cotton Bowl, Texas received the FWAA's Grantland Rice national championship trophy.^[14]
^ Smothers, Jimmy (January 2, 1966). "Bama shoots for No. 1 spot". The Gadsden Times. p. 21. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
^ Green, Bob (January 4, 1966). "Tide keeps AP title trophy". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. p. 7. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ "Remember that time Notre Dame beat Michigan State, 10–10?". September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
^ "Upside-Down Game: 1996 Notre Dame-Michigan State". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com.
^ "Polls give No. 1 nod to Notre Dame". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 6, 1967. p. 3B.
^ Meyers, Jeff (November 29, 1966). "Notre Dame is No. 1 in final UPI balloting". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). UPI. p. 26.
^ After the 10–10 tie, Notre Dame and Michigan State retained their No. 1 and No. 2 rankings in the final AP and Coaches Polls.^[233]^[234]
^ "The Great One Confronts O.j." Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com.
^ "A Run for the Roses : O.J. Simpson's 64-Yarder Against UCLA Helped Send USC on to Pasadena and a National Championship". Los Angeles Times. November 19, 1992.
^ Written at Pasadena, California. "Collegiate Football Title At Stake In Rose Bowl". Palladium–Item. Richmond, Indiana. Associated Press. January 1, 1969. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
^ "State in top billing battle". Reading Eagle. Pennsylvania. United Press International. December 2, 1969. p. 32. Texas, the nation's No. 1 team, will play Arkansas the No. 3 club, while Penn State, ranked second, waits for either to falter. The UPI national championship will be decided next Tuesday. Ratings are based on regular season performances and do not include post season play.
^ "Final No. 1". Reading Eagle. Pennsylvania. United Press International. December 9, 1969. p. 36.
^ The final Coaches Poll was released prior to the bowl games, in early December.
^ "College 'Super Bowl' Set Up: Nebraska, Alabama Rank 1–2 in Both Polls". Lincoln Journal Star. Compiled from News Wires. November 30, 1971. Retrieved February 26, 2023. ...college football's version of the Super Bowl. It will take place on New Year's Night in Miami's Orange Bowl when the two leaders clash for the national championship.
^ ^a ^b Written at New York. "Award for top team delayed". The Times-News. Twin Falls, Idaho. United Press International. December 7, 1971. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ...it was decided not to award a championship by ballot but rather to let these teams meet on the field and play for the MacArthur Bowl.
^ National Football Foundation announced on December 7 that the winner of the Orange Bowl would receive the MacArthur Bowl, and that Nebraska and Alabama would be co-champions in the case of a tie.^[243] The trophy was awarded to Nebraska on the field following the game.
^ Prugh, Jeff (January 1, 1973). "ROSE BOWL COACHES AGREE: Trojans, Bukeyes Battle for No. 1". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2022. Well, the college football world can stop arguing about who will be No. 1 after today's Rose Bowl game.
^ ^a ^b Written at New York. "Title at Stake in Sugar Bowl". The Kansas City Times. Kansas City, Missouri. Associated Press. December 3, 1973. Retrieved March 8, 2023. "A championship can only truly be settled on the playing field." Richard Kazmaier, chairman of the awards committee, said in announcing that this year the committee would not vote for the MacArthur Bowl winner.
^ Nissenson, Herschel (December 31, 1973). "In Sugar Bowl Grid Title Decided Tonight". The Palladium–Item. Richmond, Indiana. Associated Press. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ National Football Foundation announced on December 2 that the winner of the Sugar Bowl would receive the MacArthur Bowl, and that Alabama and Notre Dame would be co-champions in the case of a tie.^[246]
^ ^a ^b ^c Written at New York. "UPI Coaches Select USC No. 1". The Crowly Post–Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. UPI. January 3, 1979. Retrieved February 25, 2023. Alabama, 11–1, toppled previously top-ranked Penn State, 14–7, in the Sugar Bowl game that was billed as the battle for the championship because the Nittany Lions went into the game ranked No. 1 and Alabama was rated No. 2.
^ Game was billed as the national championship game for both major polls, each ranking Penn State No. 1 and Alabama No. 2.^[249] The AP Poll consequently awarded their national championship to the winner.

Despite the No. 1 vs. No. 2 showdown in their own poll, the Coaches Poll instead selected No. 3 USC (who in September had handed Alabama their only loss of the season) following the bowls.

After hearing the news a disappointed Bear Bryant stated: "The UPI Board of Coaches demonstrated a lack of consistency with this vote, as their No. 1 and No. 2 teams played in what the vast majority of the nation viewed as their national championship game."^[249]
^ Written at Dallas. "Mustangs Not Counting Out National Title Bid". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, Ohio. Associated Press. January 1, 1983. Retrieved February 20, 2023. No. 1–ranked unbeaten and untied Georgia and No. 2–ranked once-beaten Penn State meet in the Sugar Bowl New Year's night for what is being billed as "the national championship game."
^ ^a ^b 1984 Orange Bowl (Television production). Miami Orange Bowl: NBC. January 2, 1984. Orange Bowl Next — For the National Championship — #4 Miami vs #1 Nebraska
^ Nissenson, Herschel (December 16, 1984). "Who's No. 1? The controversy abounds". The Times of Northwest Indiana. Associated Press. Retrieved October 24, 2022. Brigham Young's opponents as a group have a losing record; how can a team like that be the national champion?" said Nick Crane, chairman of the team selection committee. "As far as the Orange Bowl is concerned, we think ours is a national championship game (between No. 2 Oklahoma and No. 4 Washington).
^ Gastineau, Mike. Fear No Man: Don James, the '91 Huskies, and the Seven-year Quest for a National Football Championship. University of Washington Press. p. 7.
^ No. 1 Brigham Young won the Holiday Bowl on December 21. No. 3 Florida would not play in a bowl game due to NCAA sanctions.
^ Davis, Ken (January 1, 1986). Written at Miami. "Numbers Game Comes Down To One-on-One". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. Retrieved February 20, 2023. In the minds of most people, tonight's Orange Bowl game between No. 1 Penn State and No. 3 Oklahoma will decide the national championship. ... here in sunny and warm Miami everyone is calling the Orange Bowl the national championship game.
^ ^a ^b Wine, Steven (January 2, 1989). Written at Miami. "'Canes need big win to have shot". The Times–News. Twin Falls, Idaho. Associated Press. Retrieved February 19, 2023. Monday afternoon's Fiesta Bowl between No. 1 Notre Dame and No. 3 West Virginia, both 11–0, is billed as the national championship game.
^ Winner would be the season's only undefeated team; one-loss No. 2 Miami held out slim hope to be voted No. 1 in the case of a West Virginia win.^[257]
^ No. 2 Penn State won the Rose Bowl.
^ 1998 Orange Bowl (Television production). Miami Orange Bowl: CBS. January 2, 1998. Also here, commissioner of the Big-12 conference, Steve Hatchell to present the Alliance trophy.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rosenblatt, Richard (December 8, 1997). "Bowl Alliance hopes for best: Without Michigan, Orange Bowl cheers for Washington State". The Daily News–Journal. Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Associated Press. Retrieved October 31, 2022. We're billing this as the alliance national championship, which it is. Obviously if Michigan loses, it becomes the national championship. If they win, we're hoping for a split in the polls.
^ No. 2 Arizona State lost the Rose Bowl on January 1, making the January 2 Sugar Bowl a true national championship game.^[261]
^ No. 1 Michigan won the Rose Bowl and would be voted national champions by the AP Poll. Lacking the No. 1 team, the Orange Bowl was billed as the "Alliance National Championship".^[261]
^ Wieberg, Steve. "New Harris poll to replace AP in BCS formula". USA Today Sports. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Coyne, Tom (December 30, 2012). Written at South Bend, Indiana. "National titles: Who decides? Mostly, the schools". Hattiesburg American. Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Associated Press. Retrieved November 1, 2022. No wonder "mythical" is the word that often precedes national title. "There is no official standard because there is no official national champion," said Kent Stephens, historian at the College Football Hall of Fame in South Bend. "It all depends on the standard the school wishes to utilize. The national champion is in the eye of the beholder."
^ Tracy, Marc (January 3, 2018). "Central Florida Claims a National Title. Want to Fight About It?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2024. By Wednesday, Wikipedia—perhaps the only factual authority still widely accepted in 2018—identified Central Florida's claimed national title. Got a problem with that?
^ "Utes Finish No. 2 in AP Rankings" (Press release). Salt Lake City: University of Utah. January 9, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2022. On Not Finishing No. 1 – "While there is certainly some disappointment about not finishing No. 1, we prefer to look on the positive side."
^ Traughber, Bill (September 2, 2015). "Making the case for Vanderbilt as two-time football national champions". Commodore History Corner Archive. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved August 25, 2024. Rod Williamson, Vanderbilt's Director of Athletic Communications: 'All this said, it seems to us that to suddenly declare, as others would view it, that we have won two national championships when we had not recognized them before would be anticlimactic, after the fact. Personally, I'd like to take a middle-of-the-road approach where we let history write itself, but we come up short of modifying our record book.'
^ "Princeton Football National Championships". Go Princeton Tigers. Princeton University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
^ Conn, Steve (2009). 2009 Yale Football Media Guide (PDF). Yale University. pp. 106–112. Retrieved May 5, 2015. ^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Yale Official Athletic Site – Football by Year". Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Maxon, Josh; Moore, Cami; Paré, Jessica; Thompson, Alex (2021). 2021 Alabama Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Alabama. pp. 3, 108–128. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022. National Championships – 18 – 1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020
^ Eisendrath, Zach; Satterfield, Derek, eds. (2014). 2014 University of Michigan Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Michigan. pp. 2, 183. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Michigan Football National Champions 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997, 2023 (Tunnel Sign). Michigan Stadium: University of Michigan. April 11, 2024. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
^ Bertsch, Michael; Masters, Chris; Torbin, Leigh (2014). Notre Dame Football 2014 Media Guide. University of Notre Dame. pp. 2, 157. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Notre Dame Fighting Irish football National Champions 1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988 (Stadium Sign). Notre Dame Stadium locker room: University of Notre Dame. 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "NCAA University of Southern California Public Infractions Report" (PDF). Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association. June 10, 2010. p. 58. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ USC Sports Information Office (2014). 2014 USC Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Southern California. p. 114. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ USC Trojans National Champions 1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004 (Stadium Sign). Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum: University of Southern California. October 24, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
^ Borghetti, E.J.; Feeley, Ted; Welsh, Celeste; et al., eds. (2014). 2014 Pitt Football Media Guide (PDF). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 130. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Pitt Football Nine-Time National Champions (Stadium Sign). Heinz Field: University of Pittsburgh. 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
^ "Ohio State Football Championship Teams & National Award Winners" (PDF). The Ohio State University Department of Athletics. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022. Ohio State's National Champion Teams: 2014, 2002, 1970, 1968, 1961, 1957, 1954, 1942
^ Ohio State Buckeyes football National Champions 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014 (Stadium Sign). Ohio Stadium: Ohio State University. 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ "Media Center: Harvard Crimson Football – National Championships". Official Website of Harvard Athletics. Harvard University. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Harvard Crimson football National Champions 1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919 (Stadium Sign). Harvard Stadium: Harvard University. 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ "Golden Gophers National Champions – University of Minnesota Athletics". University of Minnesota Athletics Department. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
^ Minnesota Golden Gophers football National Championships 1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960 (Stadium Sign). Huntington Bank Stadium: University of Minnesota. 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "OU History & Tradition – 7 National Championships". SoonerSports.com. University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ University of Oklahoma National Champions 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: University of Oklahoma. 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ Cunha, Steve (September 14, 2021). 2021 Penn Football Fact Book (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications. pp. 6, 60–61. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. Seven-Time National Champions
^ "National Champions – Michigan State University Athletics". msuspartans.com. Michigan State Athletics. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
^ Michigan State Spartans football 6 National Championships 1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966 (Stadium Sign). Spartan Stadium: Michigan State University. 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
^ "Tennessee National Championships — Football (6) — 1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998". University of Tennessee Athletics. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
^ Tennessee Volunteers football National Champions 1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998 (Stadium Sign). Neyland Stadium: University of Tennessee. 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
^ Szczepinski, Eric (ed.). 2024 Army West Point Football Media Guide (PDF). U.S. Military Academy Office of Athletic Communication. pp. 105–107, 187. Retrieved August 26, 2024. 5 National Championships (1914, 1916, 1944, 1945, & 1946)
^ Army Football National Champions 1914, 1916, 1944, 1945, 1946 (Stadium Sign). Michie Stadium: United States Military Academy. 2024. Archived from the original on September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
^ "Cal National Champions — National Team Champions — Football (5)". Cal Athletics. April 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2023. 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937
^ Over a Century of Tradition (PDF). Cornell Athletics Communications Office. 2015. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Cornell University — Football Champions — 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939 (Trophies). Schoellkopf Field: Cornell University. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
^ Brown, Kent, ed. (2014). 2014 Illinois Football Record Book (PDF). University of Illinois Division of Intercollegiate Athletics. p. 114. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Illinois Fighting Illini football National Champions 1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: University of Illinois. 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ 2022 Iowa Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Iowa Athletic Department. 2022. pp. 2, 151, 196, 202. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022. Iowa Quick Facts – National Champions: 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960 | the Hawkeyes were named national champions by the Football Writers Association in 1958, and by various rating services in 1921, 1922, 1956, and 1960. | Mythical National Champions – Iowa football has been voted mythical national champions by different media services on five occasions. 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960
^ "Hurricanes Football History & Records". University of Miami Athletics. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Miami Hurricanes football National Champions 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001 (Stadium Sign). Orange Bowl: University of Miami. 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "Nebraska's Five National Titles". University of Nebraska Athletic Department. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Nebraska Cornhuskers football National Champions 1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: University of Nebraska. 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ "Georgia National Championships — Football (4) — 1942, 1980, 2021, 2022". georgiadogs.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023. The 1927, 1946, 1968 teams were also recognized as National Champions but these were not consensus and thus not officially recognized as National Championships.
^ Georgia Bulldogs football National Champions 1942, 1980, 2021, 2022 (Stadium Sign). Sanford Stadium: University of Georgia. 2023. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.{{cite sign}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "2018 Information Guide" (PDF). ramblinwreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletics. pp. 149–150. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football National Champions 1917, 1928, 1952, 1990 (Stadium Sign). Bobby Dodd Stadium: Georgia Institute of Technology. 2004. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ Bonnette, Michael, ed. (2014). 2014 LSU Football Media Guide (PDF). LSU Sports Information Office. pp. 16–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ LSU Tigers football National Champions 1958, 2003, 2007, 2019 (Stadium Sign). Tiger Stadium: Louisiana State University. 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ Bianco, John (2014). 2014 Texas Football AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl Guide (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 120. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Texas Longhorns football National Champions '63, '69, '70, '05 (Stadium Sign). Texas Memorial Stadium: University of Texas. 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ "Clemson National Champions 1981 | 2016 | 2018" (PDF). Clemson University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ Clemson Tigers football: 1981, 2016, 2018 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: Clemson University. 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ "GatorZone.com: Gator Football History". University Athletic Association. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Florida Gators football National Champions 1996, 2006, 2008 (Stadium Sign). Ben Hill Griffin Stadium: University of Florida. 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ "2018 Media Guide" (PDF). seminoles.com. Florida State Athletics. pp. 183–184. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
^ Florida State Seminoles football National Champions 1993, 1999, 2013 (Stadium Sign). Doak Campbell Stadium: Florida State University. 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ LaBella, Phil (2014). 2014 Lafayette Football Media Guide (PDF). Lafayette Athletics Communications. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Ole Miss Rebels football National Champions '59, '60, '62 (Stadium Sign). Vaught–Hemingway Stadium: University of Mississippi. 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ Olsen, Lindsey; Sutton, Brad; Hudson, Herman, eds. (2022). 2022 SMU Football Media Guide (PDF). Southern Methodist University Athletics. pp. 1, 96, 113. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023. National Championships: 3 (1935, 1981 & 1982)
^ SMU national championship trophies — 1935, 1981, 1982 (Trophies). Gerald J. Ford Stadium Heritage Hall: SMU Mustangs football. June 17, 2024.{{cite sign}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "2018 Media Guide" (PDF). 12thman.com. Texas A&M Athletics. pp. 45–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
^ Texas A&M Aggies football National Champions 1919, 1927, 1939 (Stadium Sign). Kyle Field: Texas A&M University. 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ "Auburn National Championships". Auburn University Athletics. 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. 2 – Football: 2010, 1957
^ Auburn Tigers National Champions 1957 2010 (Stadium Sign). Jordan-Hare Stadium: Auburn University. 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ "Feature Story: Chicago Football Eras". University of Chicago Campus and Student Life. October 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Columbia Football 2021 Record Book" (PDF). Columbia University Athletics. pp. 240–241, 244. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022. Columbia has claimed two mythical national championships: in 1875 and 1933. The 1875 team went 4–1–1 and was named national champions, while the 1933 squad defeated Stanford and was referred to as a national champ.
^ "Championship History – Penn State University Athletics". Pennsylvania State Athletics. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
^ Penn State Nittany Lions football honored seasons, including 1982 and 1986 national championships (Stadium Sign). Beaver Stadium: Pennsylvania State University. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "Stanford Football History". Stanford University Department of Athletics. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Swegan, Scott; Lowery, Nate (2021). 2021 Stanford Football Media Guide (PDF). Stanford University Athletic Communications Department. p. 76. Retrieved March 18, 2022. National Championships – 1926, 1940
The 1926 team was declared national champions by the Dickinson System, Helms Athletic Foundation, National Championship Foundation and Sagarin Ratings. Although Minnesota was declared national champions in the final 1940 Associated Press Poll, which was the best-known and most widely circulated poll of sportswriters and broadcasters in determining the national champion, Stanford was recognized as national champions by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation and Poling System.
^ Cohen, Mark (2014). 2014 TCU Football Fact Book. TCU Athletics Media Relations Office. pp. 2, 129. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ TCU Horned Frogs football National Champions 1935, 1938 (Stadium Sign). Amon G. Carter Stadium: Texas Christian University. 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ Washington Huskies football National Champions 1960, 1991 (Stadium Sign). Husky Stadium: University of Washington. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ Parkinson, Kyle; Grigg, Oliver; Tafolla, Grace, eds. (2022). "1964 National Champions". Arkansas Razorbacks 2022 Media Guide (PDF). University of Arkansas and Learfield. pp. 4, 114. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
^ Oslin, Reid (November 10, 2015). "The 1940 Team of Destiny". bceagles.com. Boston College Athletics. Retrieved June 1, 2022. Boston College, Minnesota and Stanford were all crowned as "National Champions" by various media outlets – and each school has a case for the right to fly the 1940 championship banner. In the East and South, sentiment was strong in favor of the Eagles: the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune wrote that the victory over Tennessee "entitled Boston College to be the undefeated champions of the United States." Twenty-five years after the Sugar Bowl game, in 1966, The Boston Globe sponsored a gala downtown honoring the declared 1940 National Champions. [...] But now – 75 years later – let's all raise our glasses and our voices to a National Championship pennant that can fly proudly and rightfully in Chestnut Hill.
^ Harris, Otis (December 2, 1940). "As we were saying". The Shreveport Journal. Vol. 44, no. 285. Shreveport, Louisiana. p. 14. Retrieved March 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. [T]he game will come closer than any other that will be played to identifying the national champion.
^ Digby, Fred (January 1, 1941). "The Game Today". Seventh Annual Sugar Bowl Classic Souvenir Program. pp. 27, 71. Retrieved March 5, 2023 – via Digital Public Library of America. Each will be out to the limit in speed, stamina and spirit to capture the honors in this classic which could rightfully be heralded as for the national football championship.
^ Written at New Orleans. "Boston College homebound after joyous celebration in New Orleans following Sugar Bowl win". The Shreveport Times. Vol. LXVIII, no. 213. Shreveport, Louisiana. January 3, 1941. p. 10. Retrieved March 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. 'The Eagles not only earned the national championship but they proved the greatest team ever to play in the Sugar Bowl,' said Fred Digby of the New Orleans Item.
^ "Boston College Football 2021 Record Book" (PDF). Boston College Athletics Department. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022. 1940 — An undefeated (11–0) season, capped by the Sugar Bowl championship and the claim of a national championship made this arguably the greatest season in Eagle football annals. [...] On Jan. 1, the Eagles would lay claim to the national championship with a 19–13 victory over Tennessee in the Sugar Bowl.
^ "1984 National Championship". BYUCougars.com: The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics. 2011. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ BYU Cougars football 1984 National Champions (Stadium Sign). LaVell Edwards Stadium: Brigham Young University. 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "Centre College to be inducted into Kentucky Pro Football Hall of Fame". January 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
^ "1990 National Champions". CUBuffs.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
^ Colorado Buffaloes football 1990 National Champions (Stadium Sign). Folsom Field: University of Colorado. 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "Dartmouth — National Champions (Teams) — Football — 1925". Dartmouth College Athletics. September 27, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
^ "Detroit Titans Football". University of Detroit Mercy Athletics. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022. The undefeated 1928 U-D squad was deemed a Co-national champion, along with Georgia Tech, by Parker [sic] Davis.
^ "2015 Football Media Guide". University of Kentucky Athletics. August 2015. p. 100. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ "Terrapin Team Titles: University of Maryland National Championships". Maryland Athletics, University of Maryland. 2015. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Maryland Terrapins football National Championships 1953 (Stadium Sign). Maryland Stadium: University of Maryland. 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ 2021 Navy Football Media Guide (PDF). Naval Academy Athletic Association. 2021. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022. In today's modern era, three undefeated teams with nearly identical records would cause a stir among fans and pollsters alike. This was the case when Navy earned its lone national championship in 1926, as the Midshipmen shared the honor with Stanford and Alabama.
A 7–7 tie between Alabama and Stanford in the 1926 Rose Bowl gave the Cardinal a 10–0–1 mark, while the Crimson Tide and the Mids each had identical 9–0–1 records.
The [Army–Navy Game] tie gave the Midshipmen a share of the national championship, as a pair of polls (sic), Boand and Houlgate, named Navy the national champion.
^ "AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion". October 13, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ Oklahoma State 1945 National Champions (Stadium Sign). Boone Pickens Stadium: Oklahoma State University. 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ "National Championships". Rutgers University Athletics. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
^ Edson, Sue Cornelius, ed. (2014). 2014 Syracuse University Football Media Guide (PDF). Syracuse University Athletic Communications Department. pp. 6, 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Syracuse Orange football National Champions 1959 (Stadium Banner). Carrier Dome: Syracuse University. 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "2018 Football Media Guide" (PDF). UCFKnights.com. UCF Athletics. p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ UCF Knights 2017 National Champions (Stadium Sign). Spectrum Stadium: University of Central Florida. 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ 2014 UCLA Football Media Guide (PDF). UCLA Sports Information Office. 2014. pp. 90, 108. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ UCLA National Champions 1954 (Stadium Sign). Rose Bowl press box: University of California, Los Angeles. September 1, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
^ This table uses the same sources as those listed in the Claims by school table above.
^ Koger, Jim (1970). "The history of the National Intercollegiate Football Championship ... 1900–1969". National Champions. Columbus, Georgia: Atlantic Publishing Company. 1903: Michigan, Minnesota, Princeton | 1913: Chicago, Harvard, Notre Dame
^ Whitney, Caspar (January 1905). Whitney, Caspar (ed.). "The Sportsman's View-Point: 1904 Ranking Football Teams". Outing. Vol. XLV, no. 4. Outing Publishing Company. pp. 493–499. Retrieved January 26, 2024. This ranking is not based only on comparative scores, but on style of play, conditions under which games were contested, relative importance of games on the schedule—especially with regard to each teams's "big" game, for which it was particularly trained—as well as the season's all-round record of the elevens under discussion. My particular interest in the study is its object lesson on comparative football development throughout the country. No college is eligible for consideration here whose disregard of wholesome sport has been patent and persistent, or whose team has played an ineligible man.
^ "Yale's was the best football eleven". Harrisburg Star-Independent. December 31, 1904. p. 4. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
^ Libby, Bill (1975). Champions of College Football. Hawthorne Books, Inc. pp. 11–14. ISBN 0-8015-1196-8.
^ "World Almanac Selections". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2022. Data created by: World Almanac
^ "Football, Intercollegiate Season, 1914.". The World Almanac (1915). 1915. p. 865.
^ "Alexander Weyand Selections". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2022. Data created by: Alexander M. Weyand — Data obtained from: "The Real National Champions"
^ Weyand, Alexander M. (1926). American Football, Its History and Development. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 278. Harvard and the Army Powerful, 1914 | Although the Army was the only one of the larger teams to win all games, the majority of the critics favored Harvard for the championship. (Note: The author, Alexander Weyand, was an All-American player on the Army team in 1914.)
^ SR 8715 — Honoring the 99th Anniversary of the National Champion 1915 Washington State College Football Team (Resolution). Washington State Senate. March 7, 2014.
^ Weyand, Alexander M. (1926). American Football, Its History and Development. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 321. 1917 The famous 'Golden Tornado' of Georgia 'Tech.' coached by John W. Heisman (Pennsylvania) gained national recognition through the overwhelming defeat of Pennsylvania, and was entitled to rank with Pittsburgh as the best in the nation.
^ Weyand, Alexander M. (1926). American Football, Its History and Development. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 381. Undoubtedly the most spectacular team was Notre Dame, ranked by some critics as the strongest team in the country at the close of the season.
^ Wood, Frank E. (December 4, 1929). "National Football Standings: Utah, Tennessee, Pittsburgh, Tulane". Somerset Daily Herald. Central Press Association. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ Wood, Frank E. (December 8, 1931). "Tulane Is National Champion, Wood Says". Wisconsin State Journal. Central Press. Retrieved February 28, 2023. Tulane University, the pride of the south, is gridiron champion of the United States, the national football standings show.
^ Levandusky, J. F. (January 11, 1935). "Here's a little incident that happened after the Rose Bowl game". Waukegan News-Sun. Waukegan, Illinois. Retrieved January 31, 2023. Last year Stanford was [Houlgate's] choice and the presentation of the trophy was scheduled to take place after the Alabama–Stanford battle.
^ "Massey Ratings (1930–1998)". MasseyRatings.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
^ Michelson, Paul (November 30, 1936). Written at New York. "Gridiron Hits Dizziest Year; Bearcats Win Title". Arizona Republic. Phoenix, AZ. Associated Press. p. 11. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
^ Written at New York. "Mathematically St. Vincent Champion". The Indiana Gazette. Indiana, PA. Associated Press. December 1, 1936. p. 6. Retrieved July 1, 2023. the St. Vincent College Bearcats of Latrobe, Pa., are the undisputed national champions: By arithmetic
^ "Houlgate Lists Tulane First". Chattanooga Daily Times. December 17, 1939. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Final ratings: 1. Tulane, B, 36
^ Baker, Dr. L. H. (1945). "The Nation's Leading Teams, 1869–1944 | College and Service Teams' 1944 Ratings and Ranks (Compiled by Dr. L. H. Baker)". Football: Facts & Figures. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. pp. 644–645. No. 1 Randolph Field 958, No. 2 Army 951 — The ratings listed here have been computed by a method devised by the author. It consists of a combination of a modification of the Dickinson method plus one used by the author for several years. This combination has proved highly accurate.
^ "Washington Touchdown Club Selections". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "DC Touchdown Club Award Winners". DC Touchdown Club. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
^ "NATIONAL CHAMPS — Auburn wins Trib national crown". The Eufaula Tribune. Eufaula, Alabama. January 5, 2005. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2023. Auburn received all six first place votes in The Eufaula Tribune's post season football poll, making them national champions.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Strege, John (December 29, 2016). "Former Auburn football coach still thrilled that Tigers were Golf Digest's mythical national champions". Golf Digest. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
^ Szvetitz, Mike (January 27, 2005). Written at Auburn, Alabama. "Auburn University football team awarded People's Championship". Opelika-Auburn News. Opelika, Alabama. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
^ "2010 Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments Selections ("FACT")". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2022. 1 Auburn — 72.49 — Co-Champion* | 2 Oregon — 71.42 — Co-Champion* | *David Rothman wrote: "Teams within 1.8 points of the leader automatically share FACT's title. Any other teams within 3.0 points of the leader share at my discretion."
^ "2014 Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments Selections ("FACT")". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2022. 1 Ohio State — 81.81 — FACT Cochampion* | 2 Oregon — 80.67 — FACT Cochampion* | 3 Alabama – 79.45 – FACT Cochampion* | 4 TCU – 79.35 – FACT Cochampion* | *David Rothman wrote: "Teams within 1.8 points of the leader automatically share FACT's title. Any other teams within 3.0 points of the leader share at my discretion."

External links

Official website

[seattimes-47] The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book shows Anderson & Hester listed as "Seattle Times."

[billing-48] The NCAA records books have contained four distinct sets of Billingsley Report national champions since the system's inclusion as a "major selector" in 1995. Billingsley made several changes to his system's formula over the years, most notably eliminating "Margin of Victory" as a BCS ranking component prior to the 2001 season. The details of the changes can be found at the system's dedicated article; all four sets of champions are included in the table below.

[wolff-58] Wolfe did not provide rankings for the 2020 season, stating that there were not "enough games played to allow meaningful analysis," due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[55]

[afcarules-64] At the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission" in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches' Trophy winners for 1922 through 1949.^[59] The trophy is awarded upon application by individual schools.^[60] Trophies have been awarded to TCU for 1935 and 1938, Texas A&M for 1939, and Oklahoma State for 1945.

[UPIPolls-65] United Press first published their poll of coaches in 1950. International News Service published a separate poll between 1952 and 1957. In 1958 the two news agencies merged, and the Coaches Poll was published by United Press International from 1958 to 1990 until it was taken over by USA Today in 1991. UPI then published the National Football Foundation poll from 1991 to 1992 until it too was taken over by USA Today. Finally, UPI published a poll from 1993 to 1995 that was unaffiliated with either the Coaches Poll or NFF.

[USATodayPolls-66] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f USA Today published its own Top 25 college football poll when the national magazine launched in 1982. In 1983 the poll took on CNN as a voting and broadcast partner. In 1991 USA Today / CNN took over the Coaches Poll from UPI. Between 1993 and 1996 USA Today additionally published the National Football Foundation poll. USA Today has published the Coaches Poll since 1991, with partners CNN from 1991 to 1996 and ESPN from 1997 to 2004.

[fwaa-68] Since the beginning of the College Football Playoff era in 2014, the Football Writers Association of America and National Football Foundation have partnered to conduct the weekly FWAA-NFF Super 16 poll.^[61] The final FWAA-NFF poll is taken at the end of the regular season with the intention of influencing the CFP Selection Committee's playoff team selections.^[61] No poll is taken after the bowl games or CFP National Championship game and the FWAA-NFF poll does not award or name a national champion. The FWAA's Grantland Rice Award was retired following the 2013 season and the end of the BCS era.^[61] The NFF's MacArthur Bowl is now awarded after the season to the CFP national champion.

[majselect-69] The Harris Interactive College Football Poll was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings. It did not conduct a final poll following the BCS National Championship Game or award or name a national champion on its own, so is not included in the table of national championship selections.^[8]

[NFFPollBCSCFP-72] From 1998 to 2013, the MacArthur Bowl was presented to the Bowl Championship Series national champion.^[63] Since 2014, it has been presented to the College Football Playoff national champion.^[63]

[noclaims-278] The following schools either make no apparent statement or claim regarding national championships, or clearly state no claims on a national championship, despite the listing of a national championship for that school in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records: Arizona State, Colgate, Duke, Missouri, Purdue, Utah,^[267] Vanderbilt,^[268] and Washington & Jefferson.

[yalech-280] No major selectors chose Yale for 1901. The original source for Parke H. Davis' "National Champion Foot Ball Teams" states "1901 Harvard".^[28]

[trojansp-289] USC's January 4, 2005, win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed." USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship.^[199]^[277]

[ppanth-292] No major selectors chose Pittsburgh for 1934. Parke H. Davis died in June 1934;^[28] Pitt was selected in the next 1935 edition of the Spalding Foot Ball Guide^[71] but that selection is not included in the NCAA record books. Pitt's claim was based on a 1967 Sports Illustrated article which attributed the posthumous Spalding selections directly to Davis.^[14]

[pennq-303] The Billingsley Report originally named Penn as champions for 1907 and the team was listed in the 1996^[68]–2003^[139] NCAA records books. However the team was dropped from subsequent NCAA records books when Billingsley updated his system's formula to remove the Margin of Victory component.

[collions-345] No major selectors chose Columbia for 1933. Columbia's media guide states that the team "was referred to as a national champ."^[330]

[bceagl-358] No major selectors chose Boston College for 1940. Final AP Poll and several other selections preceded bowl games. Boston College defeated Tennessee in the Sugar Bowl in a battle of unbeatens.^[339]^[340]^[341]^[342]

[1] "Frequently Asked Questions about the CFP". Retrieved October 27, 2024. The College Football Playoff is administered by the FBS conferences and the University of Notre Dame which are members of CFP Administration, LLC.

[Mythical1923-2] "Syracuse and Cornell Still Top Gridders". The Reading Eagle. Reading, Pennsylvania. November 12, 1923. p. 12. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[3] Viehman, Harold H., ed. (1939). The 1939 Owl. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 276. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[4] Dodd, Dennis (December 22, 2004). "Subtracting AP poll leaves BCS again scrambling for legitimacy". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[5] Peterson, Bill (November 5, 2008). "UC Football in the Hunt for a Big East Crown and BCS Bid". Citybeat.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[NCAA1960-6] 1960 NCAA Official Collegiate Football Record Book. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 1960. p. 8. Retrieved May 25, 2023. The AP poll of sports writers was originated in 1936 and the UPI poll of coaches was begun in 1950. Representing the combined opinions of observers across the country, they are the most popularly accepted electors to mythical national title honors. Prior to the polls, the Rissman and Knute Rockne trophies, symbolized the championship from 1924 to 1936.

[multiplechamps-7] Hooper, Matt (October 10, 2009). Noel, Tex (ed.). "How many national titles can Alabama really lay claim to? Better yet, why is there more than one answer? (republished with permission from the Birmingham Weekly)" (PDF). The College Football Historian. 2 (9). Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association. ISSN 2326-3628. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[NCAA_2022_Major_Selectors-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "National Champion Major Selections (1896 to Present)". 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. pp. 112–114. Retrieved January 4, 2023. The criteria for being included in this historical list of poll selectors is that the poll be national in scope, either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online. The list includes both former selectors, who were instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors who were among the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) selectors.

[TrickyDicksTrickPlay-9] Weinreb, Michael (June 18, 2013). "Tricky Dick's Trick Play". Grantland. ESPN Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017. In 1969, President Nixon was the decider of the national championship

[NCAA_2022_Final_National_Poll_Leaders-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Final National Poll Leaders". 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. pp. 114–119. Retrieved January 4, 2023.

[11] Blevins, Dave (2012). College Football Awards: All National and Conference Winners Through 2010. p. 73. the two most widely recognized and authoritative [national championship] selectors are the Associated Press (which conducts a poll of football sportswriters) and the USA Today Coaches' Poll of the American Football Coaches Association.

[TopSpotInPollDrawsReward-12] Benagh, Jim (October 6, 1985). "Top Spot in Poll Draws Reward". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2022. When the University of Iowa rose to No. 1 in The Associated Press and the United Press International college football rankings last week, it was reason for elation across the state. ... The polls, since the first one began 50 years ago this month, have been the prime measuring stick for determining the champion, albeit an unofficial one.

[BaltimoreAmerican1899-13] "Doctors After the Indians". Baltimore American. Vol. 187, no. 34, 129. Baltimore, Maryland. October 31, 1899. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015. [Carlisle was] defeated by Harvard last Saturday, which gives the Crimson the best chance for national championship honors this year.

[SI1967Jenkins-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Jenkins, Dan (September 11, 1967). Laguerre, André (ed.). "This Year The Fight Will Be In The Open". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 27, no. 11. Chicago. pp. 28–34. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2016. Coaches of top teams have long pretended they did not care about national rankings, but Notre Dame vs. Michigan State has changed that, and this season's excitement centers on the battle to be No. 1

[contemporaneouspoll-15] Noel, Tex, ed. (May 2009). "Three Actual Polls from the 1901 College Football Season" (PDF). The College Football Historian. 2 (4). Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association. ISSN 2326-3628. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[TheSun1899-16] "In the Football World: How the Leading Elevens are Impartially Rated". The Sun. New York. December 4, 1899. Retrieved March 5, 2023. With the football season at an end, the critics are busily engaged in reviewing the various big games and in rating the leading elevens according to merit.

[Colliers1919-17] Camp, Walter (December 13, 1919). "Walter Camp's All-America Football Team". Collier's. Vol. 64, no. 20. p. 46. Retrieved March 6, 2023. Football, however, is not a game where a great national championship is possible or desirable. The very nature of the sport would forbid anything like such a series of contests as are played in baseball.

[1917GeorgiaTechGoldFootballs-18] Jemison, Dick (December 9, 1917). "Everett Strupper Elected To Lead 1918 Tech Eleven". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved February 21, 2023. To each member of the team was presented from admiring alumni gold footballs with the inscription, "National Champions."

[NotreDameAlumnusJanuary1925-19] Ryan, Alfred C., ed. (January 1925). "Bonniwell National Football Trophy of America Awarded to Notre Dame" (PDF). The Notre Dame Alumnus. Vol. III, no. 4. South Bend, Indiana: The Alumni Association of the University of Notre Dame. pp. 96, 105. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[1924BonniwellTrophy-20] Written at Philadelphia. "Notre Dame to Receive National Title Trophy". The News-Journal. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. December 5, 1924. Retrieved March 5, 2023. [The Bonniwell Trophy] is "to be awarded in such years as produces a team whose standing is so preeminent as to make its selection as champion of America beyond dispute."

[cjwbook-21] Walsh, Christopher J. (2007). Who's #1?: 100-Plus Years of Controversial National Champions in College Football. Taylor Trade Publications. pp. 13–16, 148–149. ISBN 9781461734765. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[NotreDame1929-22] Written at South Bend, Indiana. "Football Award will be made at Pittsburgh" (PDF). The Reflector. Vol. VIII, no. 17. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Central College. February 7, 1930. p. 3. Retrieved May 17, 2022. The Albert Russell [sic] Eskine Trophy, emblematic of the national football championship as determined by 250 sports writers, will be presented to Notre Dame, 1929 winner, at the Pittsburgh–Notre Dame basketball game in this city, February 8.

[NotreDame1930ReceivesErskineAward-23] "Notre Dame Receives Erskine Award" (PDF). The Notre Dame Alumnus. Vol. IX, no. 5. South Bend, Indiana: The Alumni Association of the University of Notre Dame. January 1931. p. 169. Retrieved May 17, 2022. Nation's sports writers pick Notre Dame football team as champions by record vote; Trophy awarded in New York January second.

[TrojansGetErskine1931-24] "Trojans Get Erskine 1931 Grid Award". Los Angeles Times. January 2, 1932. Retrieved May 17, 2022. Southern California's 21–12 victory over Tulane brought the Trojans the Albert Russell Erskine football trophy and the national grid championship for 1931. Presentation of the trophy was made in front of the Trojan rooting section following the game by William R. Moorehouse, member of the Erskine award board. The Erskine award brought a Studebaker President eight sedan to Coach Howard Jones, an engraved cup to the University of Southern California and a scroll signifying the national championship to the Trojan team.

[ToledoCup-25] Toledo Cup — National Collegiate Football Championship (Trophy). Gibson-Nagurski Athletic Center, University of Minnesota. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023. 1934, 1935, 1936 — University of Minnesota

[ToledoBlade2023-26] Briggs, David (January 8, 2023). "What if one of the greatest trophies in sports was named after Toledo? In college football, it once was". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Retrieved February 3, 2023.

[Athletic2023-27] Emerson, Seth (August 20, 2023). "College football's last 3-peat: The Minnesota national title history Georgia is chasing". The Athletic. Minneapolis. Retrieved September 14, 2023.

[Spalding1934-28] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1934). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1934. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. pp. 206–208.

[1983McLellan-29] McLellan, Bruce (September 3, 1983). "A Belated Look at Some No. 1 Teams". The Macon Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[11SplitNationalChampionships-30] Dubow, Josh (January 3, 2004). "Split national championships nothing new to college football — 11 times since 1950". The Modesto Bee. Associated Press. Retrieved March 4, 2023. List of the 11 split national titles since 1950: 1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003

[No1FinalAPPollLostBowlGame-31] "Teams No. 1 in final AP Poll that lost Bowl game". Tallahassee Democrat. January 3, 1993. Retrieved March 2, 2023. 1950 Oklahoma, 1951 Tennessee, 1953 Maryland, 1960 Minnesota, 1964 Alabama

[OleMissGuide2014-32] Campbell, Kyle; Jones, Joey, eds. (2014). "2014 Ole Miss Football Guide". University, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Athletics Media Relations Office. p. 104. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[UWMNCs-33] "UW Football National Championships". gohuskies.com. University of Washington Athletic Communications Office. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2020. Washington officially claims two national championships in football: 1960 and 1991.

[1968APPollOhioStateUSC-34] "Poll Matches Rose Foes – 'One-Two' Fracas Set". Moberly Monitor–Index. Moberly, Missouri. Associated Press. December 3, 1968. p. 8. Retrieved August 25, 2022. That Dream Match—the No. 1 team against the No. 2 outfit in the Rose Bowl—remained a reality today... but just barely. [...] Because the race is so tight, the final AP poll of the season won't be released until after the Jan. 1 bowl games.

[OnlyLuckEnsuresNationalChampionshipGame-35] Barbati, Carl; Cannizzaro, Mark (January 3, 1988). "Should there be college Super Bowl?". The Courier–News. Bridgewater, New Jersey. Retrieved October 24, 2022. Only luck ensures one of the many current bowl games gets the No. 1 and No. 2 teams to play each other.

[RockneWouldHaveAgreedAra-36] Jenkins, Dan (December 22, 1969). "Knute Rockne Would Have Agreed, Ara". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 31, no. 26. Chicago. pp. 26–31. Retrieved February 27, 2023.

[PaternoPlayoff1978-37] Written at New York. "Paterno Advocates Playoff System". Lancaster New Era. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. January 5, 1978. Retrieved March 8, 2023.

[PaternoPlayoff1985-38] Written at New York. "Paterno: Playoffs should decide who's No. 1". The Sentinel. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. December 5, 1985. Retrieved March 8, 2023.

[BowlDealSetWithCoalition-39] Fachet, Robert (January 24, 1992). "Bowl Deal Set with Coalition". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2022. ...under an agreement hammered out yesterday by the College Football Bowl Coalition that also provides enhanced opportunity for a national championship game.

[AllianceAimsHigh-40] Murray, Ken (September 1, 1995). "'ALLIANCE' AIMS HIGH No. 1 vs. 2 is goal of new bowl setup, but Rose is prickly". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2022. Briefly, the Bowl Coalition has been replaced by the Bowl Alliance, which will spread five conference champions (ACC, Big East, Big Eight, Southeastern, Southwest) plus Notre Dame around three different bowls. The championship game between the Nos. 1 and 2 alliance teams will be rotated among the Fiesta (this year), Sugar (1996) and Orange (1997) bowls. Unlike the coalition, the alliance has eliminated conference tie-ins to its respective bowls.

[ESPNBillingsley2001-41] Billingsley, Richard (October 21, 2001). "The road to the BCS has been a long one". ESPN College Football. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

[APOptsOutBCS-42] Schlabach, Mark (December 22, 2004). "AP Opts Out Of Formula For BCS". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2022.

[PollsProvideLittlePlayoffEra-43] Kilgore, Adam (September 1, 2015). "College football rankings provide problems and little else in playoff era". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2023.

[CFPtrophy-44] "College Football Playoff Unveils National Championship Trophy". College Football Playoff. July 14, 2014. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Handcrafted piece of art to serve as new, iconic symbol of postseason college football

[Rosiek1988-45] Rosiek, Robert A. (May 1988). College Football National Champions 1869–1987. Dearborn Heights, Michigan. OCLC 29365957. Retrieved April 1, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[LitkenhausTrophyToday-46] Litkenhous Ratings Championship trophy (Trophy plaque). Hollingsworth / Manning Hall, University of Mississippi: Litkenhous Ratings. July 18, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2023. The Difference By Score System

[IllustratedFootballAnnual1937-49] Reiss, Malcolm, ed. (1937). "Ranking the Champions; A Review of National Football Ranking for the Past 13 Years". Illustrated Football Annual 1937. New York City: Fiction House, Inc. pp. 86–87. The final revision of the AZZI RATEM System was completed in the spring of 1936. This revision was used to re-rate previous years.

[BoandTrophy1954-50] "The William F. Boand trophy". The Baytown Sun. Baytown, Texas. International News Service. February 2, 1955. Retrieved January 19, 2023. The William F. Boand trophy... in recognition of the Bucks as the No. 1 football team of 1954 according to Board's Azzi Ratem system. Byron F. Boyd, editor of the Football News, will make the presentation

[DickinsonFinal1925-51] "National Dickinson Football Ratings". The Honolulu Advertiser. January 24, 1926. Retrieved January 19, 2023. Places Dartmouth at the top of the column

[GrangeToHarmon1941-52] Dickinson, Frank G. (February 1941). Dickinson's Football Ratings — from Grange to Harmon. Omaha, Nebraska: What's What Publishing Company.

[HoulgateThesaurus1954-53] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Houlgate, Deke (1954). The Football Thesaurus: 85 Years on the American Gridiron. Los Angeles, California: Houlgate House. In the Huddle with Deke Houlgate: College Football from 1869 through 1953; Annual Supplements for 1954–1958

[SMURotunda1936-54] Noel, David, ed. (1936). "Football – Awards". The Rotunda 1936. Southern Methodist University — Dallas, Texas: S. M. U. Students Publishing Company Incorporated. p. 190. In recognition of their outstanding ability on the gridiron, the Mustangs were awarded several trophies, most significant being the coveted national championship honors. SMU is the first Southwest team to receive the Knute K. Rockne Memorial Trophy. Equally prized is the Deke Houlgate Cup, which designates the Ponies national champions of 1935.

[HoulgateTrophy1936-55] Written at Dallas, Texas. "Louisiana State Gets Foreman–Clark Trophy". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. Associated Press. January 10, 1937. Retrieved January 31, 2023. The Foreman and Clark trophy, emblematic of the National football championship, won by SMU in 1935, will be sent to LSU. The Tigers were awarded the trophy for the past season under the ratings of Deke Houlgate, Los Angeles, grid statistician.

[FACTHomepage-56] Rothman, David. "FACT College Football Standings". Retrieved July 13, 2022. Around April of 1970 or 1971, I came up with the method now used. [...] Championships have been awarded on this basis by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments since the 1970s, and retroactive to 1968.

[57] Wolfe, Peter. "2020 College Football". Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2021.

[ncaabook-59] 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2023.

[NCAA_2022_Consensus_National_Champions-60] "Consensus National Champions". 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. July 2022. p. 125. Retrieved January 4, 2023. Since 1950 — AP, UPI, FW, NFF, USA/CNN, USA/ESPN, USA

[APTrophy19661977-61] The Associated Press Trophy (Trophy). Joyce Center, University of Notre Dame: Associated Press. 1966–1977. Archived from the original on November 27, 2023. The National Collegiate Football Championship Award — Based on the Top Ten Championship Poll of Nation's Sports Writers and Sportscasters — 1966: Notre Dame; 1967: USC; 1968: Ohio State; 1969: Texas; 1970: Nebraska; 1971: Nebraska; 1972: USC; 1973: Notre Dame; 1974: Oklahoma; 1975: Oklahoma; 1976: Pitt; 1977: Notre Dame{{cite sign}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[afca1945-62] "AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion". afca.com. American Football Coaches Association. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.

[OSU-63] Tramel, Berry (August 23, 2017). "Why is Oklahoma State on an island with the retroactive titles?". News OK. Retrieved December 4, 2018.

[FifthDownFWAA-NFF-67] Bohls, Kirk (March 4, 2014). "President's Column: Introducing the FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll". The Fifth Down: The online newsletter of the FWAA. Football Writers Association of America. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014. The FWAA will not give out a trophy to the national champion moving forward, but with this poll we may have some influence on just which team is holding the ultimate trophy on the night of Jan. 12.

[CitizensSavings1973-70] "They Were Number One — College Football's National Championship Teams — As Chosen By Citizens Savings Athletic Foundation" (Press release). Los Angeles: Citizens Savings Athletic Foundation. March 15, 1973. As the result of its 1973 appraisal, the Athletic Foundation took the privilege of granting co-championship recognition to Stanford with Alabama in 1926; Notre Dame with the U.S. Military in 1946; Michigan with Notre Dame in 1947; and Ohio State with UCLA in 1954.

[2015MacArthurBowl-71] "University of Alabama Recognized as 2015 NFF MacArthur Bowl Recipient" (Press release). Irving, Texas: National Football Foundation. January 12, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2023. During college football's Poll Era, the NFF MacArthur Bowl Committee selected the recipient of the trophy. With the advent of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) in 1998, the national championship game has determined which team claimed the MacArthur Bowl, a tradition that will continue with the adoption of the College Football Playoff.

[MacArthurBowl-73] "The MacArthur Bowl". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015. Since 1959, the MacArthur Bowl has been presented annually by The National Football Foundation & College Hall of Fame to the outstanding college football team of the season.

[USATodayCNNTop25Trophy-74] USA Today / CNN Top 25 National College Football Champion (Trophy). USA Today / CNN. January 3, 1989. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023.

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[76] Whitley, David (February 9, 2013). "College football playoff selection committee members will need witness protection". AOL SportingNews.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

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[NCAA2000-78] 2000 NCAA Football Division I-A Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2000. Retrieved May 10, 2023.

[1934HoulgateFanfare-79] McDonald, Neil (December 29, 1934). "Fanfare — Stanford Gets Trophy". Los Angeles Evening Post. p. 8.

[Spalding1935-80] Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1935). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1935. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. pp. 233–235.

[AFCA_BRC_1935-81] The Coaches' Trophy — 1935 Texas Christian University (Trophy). Schollmaier Arena: American Football Coaches Association. March 21, 2023. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. The American Football Coaches Association Honors The National Football Champion — Texas Christian University — 1935

[WilliamsonSystem1935-82] Williamson, Paul B. (January 16, 1936). "Frogs Rated First In Final Grid Standings; S.M.U. Mustangs Placed Second By Williamson". Fort Worth Star–Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. Retrieved January 2, 2023. No Undisputable National Champions Picked; Sugar Bowl Game One of Best

[Spalding1936-83] Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1936). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1936. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. pp. 222–224.

[WS1936-84] Williamson, Paul B. (January 6, 1937). "P.B. Williamson Ranks Gophers at Top — Nation's Leading 24 Football Teams". The Knoxville News–Sentinel. United Features Syndicate. Retrieved January 2, 2023. At the curtain of the 1936 football season, again like for 1935, the Williamson Rating System does not name any team that could be consistently called the out and out national football champion.

[WS1937-85] "Williamson System Names Bears Champs". The Knoxville News–Sentinel. United Press. January 6, 1938. Retrieved January 2, 2023.

[AFCA_BRC_1938-86] The Coaches' Trophy — 1938 Texas Christian University (Trophy). Schollmaier Arena: American Football Coaches Association. March 21, 2023. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. The American Football Coaches Association Honors The National Football Champion — Texas Christian University — 1938

[WS1938-87] Williamson, Paul B. (January 6, 1938). "Vols, T.C.U. Share Grid Laurels". The Oklahoma News. Oklahoma City. Retrieved January 2, 2023.

[AFCA_BRC_1939-88] The Coaches' Trophy — 1939 Texas A&M University (Trophy). Hall of Champions at Kyle Field: American Football Coaches Association. April 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. The American Football Coaches Association Honors The National Football Champion — Texas A&M University — 1939

[WS1940-89] Williamson, Paul B. (January 7, 1941). "Williamson Votes National Title to Stanford". Nasheville Banner. Retrieved January 3, 2023.

[BillingsleyNationalChampions-90] Billingsley, Richard (2013). "Billingsley's National Champions". CFRC.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2023.

[AFCAExplainsBRC-91] Marshall, Kendrick (October 18, 2016). Written at Stillwater, Oklahoma. "AFCA member explains why OSU awarded 1945 national championship". Tulsa World. Tulsa, Oklahoma. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2023. The AFCA commission consisted of former Baylor coach Grant Teaff, Georgia's Vince Dooley, and Texas A&M's R.C. Slocum.

[NCAA1951-92] 1951 NCAA Official Collegiate Football Record Book. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 1951. p. 5. Retrieved July 2, 2023.

[NCAA1952-93] 1952 Official NCAA Football Guide. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 1952. p. 3. Retrieved December 13, 2023.

[NCAA1953-94] 1953 Official NCAA Football Guide. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 1953. p. 3. Retrieved December 13, 2023.

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[Litkenhous1973-115] "Bowl Litratings (1973)". The Tampa Times. Tampa, Florida. December 20, 1973. Retrieved January 22, 2023. Alabama 123.0, Ohio State 122.8, Notre Dame 116.5

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[Litkenhous1975-119] "Final college football Litratings (1975)". The Courier–Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. December 17, 1975. Retrieved January 22, 2023. 1. Ohio State 114.3

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[Litkenhous1977-121] Leonard, George (January 5, 1978). "Sidelines". Nashville Banner. Archived from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023. Dr. Litkenhous traditionally determines his system's national champion after the regular season ends. Texas won in 1977.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

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[AH2007-156] "Missouri Edges Kansas and LSU to Finish #1". andersonsports.com. Anderson and Hester. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2018.

[Dunkel2007-157] Dunkel, Bob. "Final 2007: Trojans Finish Ranked No. 1". The Dunkel Index. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2024. LSU was able to beat Ohio State (38-24) to claim its second BCS championship, but it was USC that finished with the top rating in the Index after dismantling Illinois in the Rose Bowl (49-17). The Trojans' domination of the Illini -- a team that had beaten Ohio State on the road during the final weeks of the regular season -- vaulted USC to the top spot while the Tigers finished No. 2.

[NCAA2008-158] 2008 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[Wolfe-159] "2021 College Football III. Results from past years". Peter R. Wolfe. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.

[NCAA2009-160] 2009 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2010-161] 2010 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2011-162] 2011 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[A&H-163] Guerra, Darren. "AndersonSports: The Jeff Anderson & Chris Hester College Football Computer Rankings – Part of the BCS Rankings". andersonsports.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

[CCR-164] "CONGROVE COMPUTER RANKINGS (FBS)". collegefootballpoll.com. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2021.

[NCAA2012-165] 2012 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2013-166] 2013 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2014-167] 2014 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2015-168] 2015 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2016-169] 2016 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2017-170] 2017 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2018-171] 2018 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2019-172] 2019 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2020-173] 2020 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2020. pp. 112–126. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2021-174] 2021 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2022-175] 2022 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

[NCAA2023-176] 2023 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2023. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[AH2023-177] Jeff Anderson and Chris Hester. "Michigan Finishes #1". AndersonSports.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[APPollFinal2023-178] "Michigan is a unanimous No. 1 in final AP Top 25 football poll". Associated Press News. January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

[CCRFinal2023-179] "Congrove Computer Rankings (FBS) 2022 Final". Congrove Computer Rankings. January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

[DFP2023MichiganCFP-180] Garcia, Tony (January 8, 2023). Written at Houston, Texas. "Michigan football runs over Washington 34–13, wins 2023 national championship". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

[CFRAFinal2023-181] "2023 CFRA Final Poll". College Football Researchers Association. January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.

[ColeyMatrixFinal2023-182] "Colley Matrix 2023 Rankings, Week 17". Colley Matrix. January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

[NFFMacArthurBowl2023-183] "University of Michigan Recognized as 2023 NFF MacArthur Bowl Recipient". National Football Foundation. January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

[MasseyFinal2023-184] "Massey Ratings 2023". Massey Ratings. January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

[SagarinFinal2023-185] "Jeff Sagarin's College Football Ratings — Final COLLEGE FOOTBALL 2023 through results of 2024 JANUARY 8 MONDAY – WEEK #19 – CFP CHAMPIONSHIP". Sagarin Ratings. January 9, 2024. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[CoachesPollFinal2023-186] "Michigan finishes at No. 1 in college football's final US LBM Coaches Poll". USA Today. January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

[187] "USC loses Grantland Rice Trophy". ESPN. August 26, 2010. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[BCSVacatesUSC-188] "BCS Group vacates USC 2004–05 national championship following NCAA denial of appeal" (Press release). Bowl Championship Series. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2023.

[189] "University of Southern California Public Interactions Report" (PDF). USA Today. NCAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[strptle1-190] Morey, Earl (December 9, 1960). "Big Eight voted 5–3 to strip KU's title in Bert Coan action". Lawrence Daily Journal-World. (Kansas). p. 1. The move gave MU a 10–0 season record and a 7–0 record in league play.

[MajorPollsAgreeConsensus-191] "Major polls agree: Sooners consensus national champions". The Fresno Bee. January 3, 1986. Retrieved March 3, 2023.

[192] "Football Bowl Subdivision Records" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved January 4, 2023.

[1938PollExtendeDecember6-193] Middleton, Drew (December 6, 1938). Written at New York. "Texas Christian, Duke and Tennessee Top in Nation; Notre Dame Falls to Fifth". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis. Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2022. The poll was extended for another week because of the select quality of last Saturday's games, three of which had a direct bearing on the ranking.

[1967APPollUSCTennessee-194] Written at Los Angeles. "USC, Vols 1–2 in AP poll". Honolulu Star–Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. Associated Press. November 30, 1967. p. 71. Retrieved August 25, 2022. Southern California is king of 1967 college football. [...] Tennessee, 8–1 with one regular season game remaining before its Orange Bowl date with Oklahoma, received 11 first-place votes.

[1938OriginalFinalPollNovember29-195] Fullerton, Hugh S. Jr. (November 29, 1938). Written at New York. "Irish Still Top Scribes' Ballot". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis. Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2022. In the final Associated Press football ranking poll of the year, ninety sports writers and editors chose Notre Dame as the nation's No. 1 team with Duke in third place. Texas Christian, which hoped for a Rose bowl bid, came in between them.

[APConductsSpecialPoll-196] Written at New York. "AP Conducts Special Poll; Only Notre Dame, Michigan In Running". The La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Associated Press. January 3, 1948. Retrieved August 21, 2022. The AP's final poll of the top ten teams, released Dec. 8 at the conclusion of the regulation season, resulted in Notre Dame Winning first place with 1,410 points. Michigan was second with 1,289. While the latest poll—which will be released to afternoon papers of Tuesday, Jan. 6—will not supersede the regular season-end poll, it is intended to serve as a final summing up of the opinion on the two teams.

[ScribesOfNationPickMichigan-197] Chandler, John (January 7, 1948). Written at New York. "Scribes of Nation Pick Michigan". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City. Associated Press. Retrieved August 21, 2022. This post-season poll, conducted by the Associated Press by popular demand after Michigan thumped Southern California in the Rose bowl, 49–0, doesn't supersede the weekly A. P. poll held during the regular season. The final poll released Dec. 8 gave Notre Dame 1410 points for first place, with Michigan 1289 for second. The Irish had just polished off Southern California 38–7.

[1965DecisionToDelayFinalAPPoll-198] Grimsley, Will (November 23, 1965). "MSU Tightens No. 1 Grip". St. Cloud Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 21, 2022. Another poll will be staged after this week's few remaining games and the final balloting, determining the national championship, will be held after the bowl games on New Year's Day. The decision to delay the final poll until after the New Year was made because of the broad growth of the post-season attractions and the involvement of most of the teams in the Top Ten. Actually, eight of the Top Ten will be in action after the regular season.

[Alabama1965-199] Green, Bob (January 4, 1966). "Crimson Tide Named National Collegiate Football Champions — Third Title in Five Years". Fort Collins Coloradoan. Associated Press. Retrieved August 17, 2022. Ironically, when the Tide won last year, the poll was taken at the close of the regular season and 'Bama went on to lose to Texas in the Orange Bowl. This year the final poll of the season was conducted after the New Year's bowl games—the first time it had been held until after the bowls—because the six top teams were in action New Year's Day.

[1966NoPostSeasonAPPollPlanned-200] Rapoport, Ron (December 31, 1966). "Bear Bryant Still Figures His Team Is Best in Land". Sun-Journal. Lewiston, Maine. Associated Press. Retrieved August 24, 2022. Last year, the AP took a post-Bowl game poll because Michigan State and Alabama were involved in Bowl games. This year, with the No. 1 and 2 teams not in Bowl games, so no post-season poll is planned.

[201] Whittingham, Richard (2001). Rites of Autumn: The Story of College Football. Simon and Schuster. p. 46. ISBN 9780743222198. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.

[1950UPCoachesPollAnnouncement-202] Petersen, Leo H. (September 13, 1950). "United Press Will Poll Coaches for Ratings on Leading College Elevens". Coshocton Tribune. Vol. XLII, no. 21. New York. United Press. p. 8. Retrieved August 13, 2022. Thirty-five of the nation's foremost football coaches will rate the country's top collegiate football teams each week for the United Press this coming season.

[UPItoExcludeCoachesVotes-203] "UPI to Exclude Coaches' Votes From National Football Poll". Los Angeles Times. United Press International. June 4, 1991. Retrieved August 13, 2022. "After more than six months' discussion, UPI and AFCA have ended the joint polling effort which began in 1950," said Milt Capps, senior vice president for UPI, a wire service agency. For more than 40 years, UPI sportswriters gathered votes from coaches each week, tallied the results and reported them. But UPI's rankings now will be determined by the votes of the sportswriters independent of the AFCA, which will produce its own, separate coaches rankings.

[UPIPollToIncludeBowlResults-204] "Sports News Briefs — U.P.I. Poll to Include Bowl Results". The New York Times. January 17, 1974. Retrieved August 14, 2022. The American Football Coaches Association, acting on a proposal by United Press International, has voted to permit member coaches to extend their future U.P.I. rankings of the top 10 teams to include results of postseason bowl games. Since their Inception in 1950, rankings by the U.P.I. board of 35 coaches—five from each of the nation's seven geographical areas—have ended each year with the final Saturday of the regular season. This action will conform with the practice of the Associated Press, whose final ratings based on the votes of sports writers and broadcasters, include the bowl results. — A.F.C.A. members for many years expressed preference for including only regular-season games in the U.P.I. board's final rankings, A factor in the decision was the circumstance of first-ranked Alabama losing to fourth-ranked Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl this season. — In a separate action, the A.F.C.A. recommended that no votes be cast by them or anyone else for football teams the National Collegiate A.A. has placed on probation, with sanctions, for violating the N.C.A.A. code.

[205] "Amway Coaches Poll". American Football Coaches Association. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[USATodayGetsUPICoachesPoll-206] Written at Dallas. "'USA Today' gets UPI coaches' poll". Austin American-Statesman. Austin. Associated Press. June 3, 1991. p. D2. Retrieved August 13, 2022. The college football coaches poll, carried by United Press International since 1950, will now be distributed by USA Today.

[trophy2014-207] "FBS coaches' poll will continue every week despite BCS going away". Associated Press. January 13, 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[BCSStripsUSC-208] "BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship". USA Today. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2023.

[MiamiWashingtonEarnSplitDecisionForNo1-209] Shapiro, Leonard (January 3, 1992). "Miami, Washington Earn Split Decision for No. 1". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2022. The triumphant Miami and Washington teams exulted on separate coasts yesterday, each celebrating the outcome of at least one major poll that proclaimed it the national college football champion for 1991.

[AtlantaConstitution1917WhyNot-210] Jemison, Dick (October 31, 1917). "Chance to Name Grid Champ — Why Not Decide Football Title of America Nov. 24?". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved October 19, 2024. The game would be patronized by a packed house, regardless of what city it is staged in, played up as the championship game of the season and for the benefit of some worthy cause

[SI2018GeorgiaTech1917-211] Fuchs, Jeremy (January 4, 2018). "College Football Playoff Controversy Is 100 Years Old—Just Ask Georgia Tech". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved October 19, 2024. In 1917, after Pitt beat Penn 14–6 in October, the march toward a quasi–national championship game began. In a column in The Atlanta Constitution, Dick Jemison first proposed the idea. The notion caught on. Frank Menke in the Pittsburgh Press wrote...

[1954RoseBowlNoRepeat-212] Written at Chicago. "Leahy Says Bruins Should Play Bucks in Rose Bowl for National Championship". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. Los Angeles. United Press. November 30, 1954. Retrieved February 26, 2023. The clause prohibits a team from playing in the [Rose Bowl] more than once in two years

[1990BowlInvitesTooEarly-213] Lee, Victor (November 18, 1990). Written at Miami. "Notre Dame's loss is Orange Bowl's loss". The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. Retrieved February 26, 2023. This is a classic example of the Orange Bowl extending the invitation too early when they could have had the national championship game. The Orange Bowl has done this two years in a row.

[1932RoseBowlErskineTrophy-214] Written at New York. "Rose Bowl Winner Will be Awarded Erskine Trophy". The Tampa Times. Tamp, Florida. December 26, 1931. Retrieved March 8, 2023.

[1931NCG-215] Roberts, Don (January 1, 1932). "Trojans, Tulane Fight for National Crown". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. Los Angeles. Retrieved February 28, 2023. With the Albert Russell Erskine national football championship at stake, Tulane University's Green Wave today met the University of Southern California Trojans at the Pasadena Rose Bowl.

[1931TulaneLeadsErskine-216] "Tulane Leads Erskine Voting — Trojans Close Behind". The South Bend Tribune. December 18, 1931. Retrieved March 8, 2023.

[217] The Erskine poll's preliminary ballot ranked No. 1 Tulane and No. 2 USC.^[207] Rather than hold a final vote, it was decided that the teams would compete for the Albert Russel Erskine Trophy at the Rose Bowl;^[205] the trophy was presented to USC on the field following the game.

[AP1931RockneTrophyDelay-218] Written at Champaign, Illinois. "Trojans Request Delay — Rockne Memorial Trophy to Be Accepted After Tulane Game". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Associated Press. December 15, 1931. Retrieved October 17, 2024.

[AP1932RockneTrophyAward-219] Written at Los Angeles. "USC Will Be Awarded Rockne Cup — Dr. Frank G. Dickinson to Present Trophy to Rose Bowl Winners". The Tacoma Daily Ledger. Tacoma, Washington. Associated Press. January 4, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2024. The ratings made long in advance of the Tournament of Roses game New Year's day placed Southern California first and Tulane second but when these two teams met in a 'natural' Rose bowl game, it was decided that if Tulane could overrule Dickinson's rating, he would stand corrected and give the trophy to the New Orleans lads.

[UP1932RissmanTrophy-220] Written at Los Angeles. "Troy, Pitt Play for Cup — Winner Will Get National Title Trophy — Donor of Cup Awarded Michigan 'Peeved,' Offers New One". The Long Beach Sun. Long Beach. United Press. December 15, 1932. Retrieved July 3, 2024. A trophy symbolic of the mythical national football championship will be awarded to the winner of the Southern California–Pittsburgh game at Pasadena by Jack Rissman, wealthy Chicago sportsman who donated the Dickinson rating cup.

[UP1932Beale-221] Beale, George H. (December 17, 1932). Written at Los Angeles. "Sports Parade — Champions, Trophies and Systems — What This Country Needs Is More Sportsmen Willing to Donate Cups to Grid Champions". The Lincoln Journal. Lincoln, Nebraska. United Press. Retrieved July 4, 2024. All that is needed now to make the football season a complete success is for someone to figure out a system to declare Colgate the undisputed national champion and to give the Red Raiders a trophy indicative of the same. [...] More national champions, more systems of picking them and more trophies to give them have long been the crying need of football. [...] It might even be worked out so Slippery Rock and Knox could have very fine trophies for their Y.M.C.A. trophy rooms. [...] Under the Beale system, I hereby award the national football championship to Bucknell (dear old alma mater)

[LATimes1932Rissman-222] "Gridiron Trophy Donor Here To See Big Game". The Los Angeles Times. International News Service. December 6, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024. Jack Rissman, a Chicago merchant, said that thus far the Trojans are slightly in the lead in the race for the trophy, which is now known as the Knute Rockne Cup, and can clinch the honor only by defeating the Irish Saturday.

[AP1932Dickinson-223] Written at Champaign, Illinois. "Michigan Gets Rockne Trophy as U.S. Champ — USC Rated Second, Pittsburgh Third". The Daily Argus-Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Associated Press. December 11, 1932. p. 9. Although Southern California's Trojans defeated Notre Dame today to finish their regular season undefeated and untied, the University of Michigan tonight was declared winner of the Knute. K. Rockne memorial trophy, symbolic of the national football championship, under the Dickinson rating system.

[224] Jack F. Rissman, who donated the first Dickinson System trophy, announced that the Dickinson title and Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy would go to USC with a season-ending win over Notre Dame.^[213]^[212] However, following that game, Professor Dickinson named 8–0 Michigan as national champions with 9–0 USC No. 2 and 8–0–2 Pittsburgh No. 3.^[214]^[212] Rissman, "peeved", announced on December 15 a new Rissman national championship trophy.^[211]^[212] For 1932, the trophy would go to the winner of the 1933 Rose Bowl.^[211]^[212]

[1943NCG-225] Written at Chicago. "Irish and Seahawks Pointing for Game — Undefeated Opponents of Saturday Meet in Unofficial National Championship Game at South Bend, Ind". The Knoxville News–Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. Associated Press. November 18, 1943. Retrieved February 20, 2023. The result should establish one or the other definitely as the country's greatest football team—college or service. A crowd of 50,000 is expected to watch this unofficial championship battle at Notre Dame Stadium.

[226] Game of the Year of the Day, 1943: Notre Dame 14, Iowa Pre-Flight 13 " This was college football's national title game in 1943."

[1944ArmyNavyTitleClash-227] Sabo, John N.; Chandler, John F. (December 2, 1944). Written at Baltimore. "75,000 Await Army–Navy Title Clash". Detroit Free Press. Detroit. Detroit Free Press; Associated Press. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ...the big battle for the service championship and, with it, the undisputed National collegiate grid gonfalon for 1944.

[228] On This Date in Sports December 1, 1945: Army-Navy for the Nation "For the second straight season, the fate of the National Championship is on the line in the Army-Navy Game in Philadelphia."

[AP1946NCG-229] Bealmear, Austin (November 4, 1946). Written at New York City. "College Football Season Reaches Climax Saturday: Army and Notre Dame Battle in National Championship Game". The Daily Mail. Hagerstown, Maryland. Associated Press. Retrieved October 29, 2024. Football spotlight will be on Yankee Stadium Saturday when nation's two outstanding gridiron powers clash...to the average fan the only thing that matters will be the national championship struggle between Army and Notre Dame.

[Grantland2013TheArgument-230] Weinreb, Michael (June 18, 2013). "The Birth of 'The Argument'". Grantland. Retrieved October 29, 2024.

[231] Los Angeles Times "The national championship was at stake – USC was ranked No. 1 and Wisconsin No. 2"

[1979SugarBowlTV-232] 1979 Sugar Bowl (Television production). Louisiana Superdome: ABC. January 1, 1979. The Game for the National Championship — No. 1 Penn State vs. No. 2 Alabama [...] Bowl Games for the National Championship: 1963 Rose Bowl, 1964 Cotton Bowl, 1969 Rose Bowl, 1972 Orange Bowl

[SportsIllustrated1968-233] Jenkins, Dan (December 23, 1968). "Bouquets of Roses for No. 1". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 29, no. 26. Chicago. pp. 22–23. Retrieved March 16, 2016. The nation's two top teams, Ohio State and Southern California, get a rare opportunity to settle which is the best as an entire season of undefeated play comes down to their face-to-face clash in Pasadena.

[234] After the Rose Bowl, USC received the FWAA's Grantland Rice national championship trophy.^[14]

[Chass1964CottonBowlNCG-235] Chass, Murray (December 30, 1963). "Mythical Crown at Stake in Cotton Bowl". The Post-Crescent. Associated Press. Retrieved January 24, 2024. With Texas and Navy ready to battle for college football's unofficial championship... Unbeaten Texas will have to fend off the East's best to remain first in the minds of the nation's fans.

[Ratliff1964CottonBowlNCG-236] Ratliff, Harold V. (December 31, 1963). Written at Dallas, Texas. "'Dream Game' In Dallas Heads Bowl Parade: National Title Is At Stake". The Herald-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. Retrieved January 24, 2024. Darrel Royal's eyes flashed when he said it: 'We aren't a bit afraid to put it on the line.' He was discussing the question of whether the national championship would be decided when his Texas football team plays Navy in the Cotton Bowl Wednesday.

[237] After the Cotton Bowl, Texas received the FWAA's Grantland Rice national championship trophy.^[14]

[NE2-238] Smothers, Jimmy (January 2, 1966). "Bama shoots for No. 1 spot". The Gadsden Times. p. 21. Retrieved June 16, 2013.

[NCAANC3-239] Green, Bob (January 4, 1966). "Tide keeps AP title trophy". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. p. 7. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

[240] "Remember that time Notre Dame beat Michigan State, 10–10?". September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.

[241] "Upside-Down Game: 1996 Notre Dame-Michigan State". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com.

[trergnd-242] "Polls give No. 1 nod to Notre Dame". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 6, 1967. p. 3B.

[fupibly-243] Meyers, Jeff (November 29, 1966). "Notre Dame is No. 1 in final UPI balloting". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). UPI. p. 26.

[244] After the 10–10 tie, Notre Dame and Michigan State retained their No. 1 and No. 2 rankings in the final AP and Coaches Polls.^[233]^[234]

[245] "The Great One Confronts O.j." Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com.

[246] "A Run for the Roses : O.J. Simpson's 64-Yarder Against UCLA Helped Send USC on to Pasadena and a National Championship". Los Angeles Times. November 19, 1992.

[1969RoseBowlNCG-247] Written at Pasadena, California. "Collegiate Football Title At Stake In Rose Bowl". Palladium–Item. Richmond, Indiana. Associated Press. January 1, 1969. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

[248] "State in top billing battle". Reading Eagle. Pennsylvania. United Press International. December 2, 1969. p. 32. Texas, the nation's No. 1 team, will play Arkansas the No. 3 club, while Penn State, ranked second, waits for either to falter. The UPI national championship will be decided next Tuesday. Ratings are based on regular season performances and do not include post season play.

[249] "Final No. 1". Reading Eagle. Pennsylvania. United Press International. December 9, 1969. p. 36.

[250] The final Coaches Poll was released prior to the bowl games, in early December.

[1971CollegeSuperBowl-251] "College 'Super Bowl' Set Up: Nebraska, Alabama Rank 1–2 in Both Polls". Lincoln Journal Star. Compiled from News Wires. November 30, 1971. Retrieved February 26, 2023. ...college football's version of the Super Bowl. It will take place on New Year's Night in Miami's Orange Bowl when the two leaders clash for the national championship.

[1971MacArthurBowlNCG-252] Written at New York. "Award for top team delayed". The Times-News. Twin Falls, Idaho. United Press International. December 7, 1971. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ...it was decided not to award a championship by ballot but rather to let these teams meet on the field and play for the MacArthur Bowl.

[253] National Football Foundation announced on December 7 that the winner of the Orange Bowl would receive the MacArthur Bowl, and that Nebraska and Alabama would be co-champions in the case of a tie.^[243] The trophy was awarded to Nebraska on the field following the game.

[1973RoseBowlCoachesAgree-254] Prugh, Jeff (January 1, 1973). "ROSE BOWL COACHES AGREE: Trojans, Bukeyes Battle for No. 1". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2022. Well, the college football world can stop arguing about who will be No. 1 after today's Rose Bowl game.

[1973MacArthurBowlNCG-255] Written at New York. "Title at Stake in Sugar Bowl". The Kansas City Times. Kansas City, Missouri. Associated Press. December 3, 1973. Retrieved March 8, 2023. "A championship can only truly be settled on the playing field." Richard Kazmaier, chairman of the awards committee, said in announcing that this year the committee would not vote for the MacArthur Bowl winner.

[GridTitleDecidedTonight1973-256] Nissenson, Herschel (December 31, 1973). "In Sugar Bowl Grid Title Decided Tonight". The Palladium–Item. Richmond, Indiana. Associated Press. Retrieved October 24, 2022.

[257] National Football Foundation announced on December 2 that the winner of the Sugar Bowl would receive the MacArthur Bowl, and that Alabama and Notre Dame would be co-champions in the case of a tie.^[246]

[1978UPI-258] Written at New York. "UPI Coaches Select USC No. 1". The Crowly Post–Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. UPI. January 3, 1979. Retrieved February 25, 2023. Alabama, 11–1, toppled previously top-ranked Penn State, 14–7, in the Sugar Bowl game that was billed as the battle for the championship because the Nittany Lions went into the game ranked No. 1 and Alabama was rated No. 2.

[259] Game was billed as the national championship game for both major polls, each ranking Penn State No. 1 and Alabama No. 2.^[249] The AP Poll consequently awarded their national championship to the winner.

Despite the No. 1 vs. No. 2 showdown in their own poll, the Coaches Poll instead selected No. 3 USC (who in September had handed Alabama their only loss of the season) following the bowls.

After hearing the news a disappointed Bear Bryant stated: "The UPI Board of Coaches demonstrated a lack of consistency with this vote, as their No. 1 and No. 2 teams played in what the vast majority of the nation viewed as their national championship game."^[249]

[1982NCG-260] Written at Dallas. "Mustangs Not Counting Out National Title Bid". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, Ohio. Associated Press. January 1, 1983. Retrieved February 20, 2023. No. 1–ranked unbeaten and untied Georgia and No. 2–ranked once-beaten Penn State meet in the Sugar Bowl New Year's night for what is being billed as "the national championship game."

[1984OrangeBowlTV-261] 1984 Orange Bowl (Television production). Miami Orange Bowl: NBC. January 2, 1984. Orange Bowl Next — For the National Championship — #4 Miami vs #1 Nebraska

[OrangeBowlNationalChampionshipGame-262] Nissenson, Herschel (December 16, 1984). "Who's No. 1? The controversy abounds". The Times of Northwest Indiana. Associated Press. Retrieved October 24, 2022. Brigham Young's opponents as a group have a losing record; how can a team like that be the national champion?" said Nick Crane, chairman of the team selection committee. "As far as the Orange Bowl is concerned, we think ours is a national championship game (between No. 2 Oklahoma and No. 4 Washington).

[263] Gastineau, Mike. Fear No Man: Don James, the '91 Huskies, and the Seven-year Quest for a National Football Championship. University of Washington Press. p. 7.

[264] No. 1 Brigham Young won the Holiday Bowl on December 21. No. 3 Florida would not play in a bowl game due to NCAA sanctions.

[1985NumbersGame-265] Davis, Ken (January 1, 1986). Written at Miami. "Numbers Game Comes Down To One-on-One". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. Retrieved February 20, 2023. In the minds of most people, tonight's Orange Bowl game between No. 1 Penn State and No. 3 Oklahoma will decide the national championship. ... here in sunny and warm Miami everyone is calling the Orange Bowl the national championship game.

[1989FiestaBowlNCG-266] Wine, Steven (January 2, 1989). Written at Miami. "'Canes need big win to have shot". The Times–News. Twin Falls, Idaho. Associated Press. Retrieved February 19, 2023. Monday afternoon's Fiesta Bowl between No. 1 Notre Dame and No. 3 West Virginia, both 11–0, is billed as the national championship game.

[267] Winner would be the season's only undefeated team; one-loss No. 2 Miami held out slim hope to be voted No. 1 in the case of a West Virginia win.^[257]

[268] No. 2 Penn State won the Rose Bowl.

[BowlAllianceTrophyPresentation1998OrangeBowl-269] 1998 Orange Bowl (Television production). Miami Orange Bowl: CBS. January 2, 1998. Also here, commissioner of the Big-12 conference, Steve Hatchell to present the Alliance trophy.

[BowlAllianceHopesForBest-270] Rosenblatt, Richard (December 8, 1997). "Bowl Alliance hopes for best: Without Michigan, Orange Bowl cheers for Washington State". The Daily News–Journal. Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Associated Press. Retrieved October 31, 2022. We're billing this as the alliance national championship, which it is. Obviously if Michigan loses, it becomes the national championship. If they win, we're hoping for a split in the polls.

[271] No. 2 Arizona State lost the Rose Bowl on January 1, making the January 2 Sugar Bowl a true national championship game.^[261]

[272] No. 1 Michigan won the Rose Bowl and would be voted national champions by the AP Poll. Lacking the No. 1 team, the Orange Bowl was billed as the "Alliance National Championship".^[261]

[HarrisPollReplaceAP-273] Wieberg, Steve. "New Harris poll to replace AP in BCS formula". USA Today Sports. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[WhoDecidesMostlyTheSchools-274] Coyne, Tom (December 30, 2012). Written at South Bend, Indiana. "National titles: Who decides? Mostly, the schools". Hattiesburg American. Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Associated Press. Retrieved November 1, 2022. No wonder "mythical" is the word that often precedes national title. "There is no official standard because there is no official national champion," said Kent Stephens, historian at the College Football Hall of Fame in South Bend. "It all depends on the standard the school wishes to utilize. The national champion is in the eye of the beholder."

[NYTimes2018-275] Tracy, Marc (January 3, 2018). "Central Florida Claims a National Title. Want to Fight About It?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2024. By Wednesday, Wikipedia—perhaps the only factual authority still widely accepted in 2018—identified Central Florida's claimed national title. Got a problem with that?

[Utah2008NoClaim-276] "Utes Finish No. 2 in AP Rankings" (Press release). Salt Lake City: University of Utah. January 9, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2022. On Not Finishing No. 1 – "While there is certainly some disappointment about not finishing No. 1, we prefer to look on the positive side."

[VanderbiltNoClaim2015-277] Traughber, Bill (September 2, 2015). "Making the case for Vanderbilt as two-time football national champions". Commodore History Corner Archive. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved August 25, 2024. Rod Williamson, Vanderbilt's Director of Athletic Communications: 'All this said, it seems to us that to suddenly declare, as others would view it, that we have won two national championships when we had not recognized them before would be anticlimactic, after the fact. Personally, I'd like to take a middle-of-the-road approach where we let history write itself, but we come up short of modifying our record book.'

[279] "Princeton Football National Championships". Go Princeton Tigers. Princeton University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.

[MG-281] Conn, Steve (2009). 2009 Yale Football Media Guide (PDF). Yale University. pp. 106–112. Retrieved May 5, 2015. ^{[permanent dead link]}

[official-282] "Yale Official Athletic Site – Football by Year". Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[283] Maxon, Josh; Moore, Cami; Paré, Jessica; Thompson, Alex (2021). 2021 Alabama Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Alabama. pp. 3, 108–128. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022. National Championships – 18 – 1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020

[284] Eisendrath, Zach; Satterfield, Derek, eds. (2014). 2014 University of Michigan Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Michigan. pp. 2, 183. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[MichiganTunnelSign-285] Michigan Football National Champions 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997, 2023 (Tunnel Sign). Michigan Stadium: University of Michigan. April 11, 2024. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.

[286] Bertsch, Michael; Masters, Chris; Torbin, Leigh (2014). Notre Dame Football 2014 Media Guide. University of Notre Dame. pp. 2, 157. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[287] Notre Dame Fighting Irish football National Champions 1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988 (Stadium Sign). Notre Dame Stadium locker room: University of Notre Dame. 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[288] "NCAA University of Southern California Public Infractions Report" (PDF). Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association. June 10, 2010. p. 58. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[290] USC Sports Information Office (2014). 2014 USC Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Southern California. p. 114. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[ClaimSignUSC-291] USC Trojans National Champions 1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004 (Stadium Sign). Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum: University of Southern California. October 24, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

[293] Borghetti, E.J.; Feeley, Ted; Welsh, Celeste; et al., eds. (2014). 2014 Pitt Football Media Guide (PDF). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 130. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[294] Pitt Football Nine-Time National Champions (Stadium Sign). Heinz Field: University of Pittsburgh. 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2022.

[295] "Ohio State Football Championship Teams & National Award Winners" (PDF). The Ohio State University Department of Athletics. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022. Ohio State's National Champion Teams: 2014, 2002, 1970, 1968, 1961, 1957, 1954, 1942

[296] Ohio State Buckeyes football National Champions 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014 (Stadium Sign). Ohio Stadium: Ohio State University. 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[297] "Media Center: Harvard Crimson Football – National Championships". Official Website of Harvard Athletics. Harvard University. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[298] Harvard Crimson football National Champions 1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919 (Stadium Sign). Harvard Stadium: Harvard University. 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2022.

[299] "Golden Gophers National Champions – University of Minnesota Athletics". University of Minnesota Athletics Department. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.

[300] Minnesota Golden Gophers football National Championships 1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960 (Stadium Sign). Huntington Bank Stadium: University of Minnesota. 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[301] "OU History & Tradition – 7 National Championships". SoonerSports.com. University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[302] University of Oklahoma National Champions 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: University of Oklahoma. 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[PennFactBook-304] Cunha, Steve (September 14, 2021). 2021 Penn Football Fact Book (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications. pp. 6, 60–61. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. Seven-Time National Champions

[305] "National Champions – Michigan State University Athletics". msuspartans.com. Michigan State Athletics. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2018.

[306] Michigan State Spartans football 6 National Championships 1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966 (Stadium Sign). Spartan Stadium: Michigan State University. 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.

[TennesseeSite-307] "Tennessee National Championships — Football (6) — 1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998". University of Tennessee Athletics. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.

[TennesseeSign-308] Tennessee Volunteers football National Champions 1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998 (Stadium Sign). Neyland Stadium: University of Tennessee. 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2021.

[Army_2024_media_guide-309] Szczepinski, Eric (ed.). 2024 Army West Point Football Media Guide (PDF). U.S. Military Academy Office of Athletic Communication. pp. 105–107, 187. Retrieved August 26, 2024. 5 National Championships (1914, 1916, 1944, 1945, & 1946)

[ArmyClaimSign-310] Army Football National Champions 1914, 1916, 1944, 1945, 1946 (Stadium Sign). Michie Stadium: United States Military Academy. 2024. Archived from the original on September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.

[311] "Cal National Champions — National Team Champions — Football (5)". Cal Athletics. April 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2023. 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937

[312] Over a Century of Tradition (PDF). Cornell Athletics Communications Office. 2015. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[TrophiesCornell-313] Cornell University — Football Champions — 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939 (Trophies). Schoellkopf Field: Cornell University. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

[314] Brown, Kent, ed. (2014). 2014 Illinois Football Record Book (PDF). University of Illinois Division of Intercollegiate Athletics. p. 114. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[315] Illinois Fighting Illini football National Champions 1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: University of Illinois. 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[IowaMediaGuide2022-316] 2022 Iowa Football Media Guide (PDF). University of Iowa Athletic Department. 2022. pp. 2, 151, 196, 202. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022. Iowa Quick Facts – National Champions: 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960 | the Hawkeyes were named national champions by the Football Writers Association in 1958, and by various rating services in 1921, 1922, 1956, and 1960. | Mythical National Champions – Iowa football has been voted mythical national champions by different media services on five occasions. 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960

[317] "Hurricanes Football History & Records". University of Miami Athletics. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[318] Miami Hurricanes football National Champions 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001 (Stadium Sign). Orange Bowl: University of Miami. 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[319] "Nebraska's Five National Titles". University of Nebraska Athletic Department. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[320] Nebraska Cornhuskers football National Champions 1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: University of Nebraska. 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[GAsite-321] "Georgia National Championships — Football (4) — 1942, 1980, 2021, 2022". georgiadogs.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023. The 1927, 1946, 1968 teams were also recognized as National Champions but these were not consensus and thus not officially recognized as National Championships.

[GeorgiaSign-322] Georgia Bulldogs football National Champions 1942, 1980, 2021, 2022 (Stadium Sign). Sanford Stadium: University of Georgia. 2023. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.{{cite sign}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[2018GT-323] "2018 Information Guide" (PDF). ramblinwreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletics. pp. 149–150. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.

[324] Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football National Champions 1917, 1928, 1952, 1990 (Stadium Sign). Bobby Dodd Stadium: Georgia Institute of Technology. 2004. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[325] Bonnette, Michael, ed. (2014). 2014 LSU Football Media Guide (PDF). LSU Sports Information Office. pp. 16–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[326] LSU Tigers football National Champions 1958, 2003, 2007, 2019 (Stadium Sign). Tiger Stadium: Louisiana State University. 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[327] Bianco, John (2014). 2014 Texas Football AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl Guide (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 120. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[328] Texas Longhorns football National Champions '63, '69, '70, '05 (Stadium Sign). Texas Memorial Stadium: University of Texas. 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[329] "Clemson National Champions 1981 | 2016 | 2018" (PDF). Clemson University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[330] Clemson Tigers football: 1981, 2016, 2018 (Stadium Sign). Memorial Stadium: Clemson University. 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[331] "GatorZone.com: Gator Football History". University Athletic Association. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[332] Florida Gators football National Champions 1996, 2006, 2008 (Stadium Sign). Ben Hill Griffin Stadium: University of Florida. 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[333] "2018 Media Guide" (PDF). seminoles.com. Florida State Athletics. pp. 183–184. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

[334] Florida State Seminoles football National Champions 1993, 1999, 2013 (Stadium Sign). Doak Campbell Stadium: Florida State University. 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[335] LaBella, Phil (2014). 2014 Lafayette Football Media Guide (PDF). Lafayette Athletics Communications. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[336] Ole Miss Rebels football National Champions '59, '60, '62 (Stadium Sign). Vaught–Hemingway Stadium: University of Mississippi. 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[SMU2022MG-337] Olsen, Lindsey; Sutton, Brad; Hudson, Herman, eds. (2022). 2022 SMU Football Media Guide (PDF). Southern Methodist University Athletics. pp. 1, 96, 113. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023. National Championships: 3 (1935, 1981 & 1982)

[SMU_Trophies-338] SMU national championship trophies — 1935, 1981, 1982 (Trophies). Gerald J. Ford Stadium Heritage Hall: SMU Mustangs football. June 17, 2024.{{cite sign}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[2018MGTAMU-339] "2018 Media Guide" (PDF). 12thman.com. Texas A&M Athletics. pp. 45–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.

[340] Texas A&M Aggies football National Champions 1919, 1927, 1939 (Stadium Sign). Kyle Field: Texas A&M University. 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[341] "Auburn National Championships". Auburn University Athletics. 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022. 2 – Football: 2010, 1957

[342] Auburn Tigers National Champions 1957 2010 (Stadium Sign). Jordan-Hare Stadium: Auburn University. 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.

[343] "Feature Story: Chicago Football Eras". University of Chicago Campus and Student Life. October 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[ColumbiaRecordBook-344] "Columbia Football 2021 Record Book" (PDF). Columbia University Athletics. pp. 240–241, 244. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022. Columbia has claimed two mythical national championships: in 1875 and 1933. The 1875 team went 4–1–1 and was named national champions, while the 1933 squad defeated Stanford and was referred to as a national champ.

[346] "Championship History – Penn State University Athletics". Pennsylvania State Athletics. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.

[347] Penn State Nittany Lions football honored seasons, including 1982 and 1986 national championships (Stadium Sign). Beaver Stadium: Pennsylvania State University. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[348] "Stanford Football History". Stanford University Department of Athletics. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[349] Swegan, Scott; Lowery, Nate (2021). 2021 Stanford Football Media Guide (PDF). Stanford University Athletic Communications Department. p. 76. Retrieved March 18, 2022. National Championships – 1926, 1940
The 1926 team was declared national champions by the Dickinson System, Helms Athletic Foundation, National Championship Foundation and Sagarin Ratings. Although Minnesota was declared national champions in the final 1940 Associated Press Poll, which was the best-known and most widely circulated poll of sportswriters and broadcasters in determining the national champion, Stanford was recognized as national champions by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation and Poling System.

[350] Cohen, Mark (2014). 2014 TCU Football Fact Book. TCU Athletics Media Relations Office. pp. 2, 129. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[351] TCU Horned Frogs football National Champions 1935, 1938 (Stadium Sign). Amon G. Carter Stadium: Texas Christian University. 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2022.

[352] Washington Huskies football National Champions 1960, 1991 (Stadium Sign). Husky Stadium: University of Washington. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[353] Parkinson, Kyle; Grigg, Oliver; Tafolla, Grace, eds. (2022). "1964 National Champions". Arkansas Razorbacks 2022 Media Guide (PDF). University of Arkansas and Learfield. pp. 4, 114. Retrieved May 1, 2023.

[BostonCollege1940TeamOfDestiny-354] Oslin, Reid (November 10, 2015). "The 1940 Team of Destiny". bceagles.com. Boston College Athletics. Retrieved June 1, 2022. Boston College, Minnesota and Stanford were all crowned as "National Champions" by various media outlets – and each school has a case for the right to fly the 1940 championship banner. In the East and South, sentiment was strong in favor of the Eagles: the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune wrote that the victory over Tennessee "entitled Boston College to be the undefeated champions of the United States." Twenty-five years after the Sugar Bowl game, in 1966, The Boston Globe sponsored a gala downtown honoring the declared 1940 National Champions. [...] But now – 75 years later – let's all raise our glasses and our voices to a National Championship pennant that can fly proudly and rightfully in Chestnut Hill.

[355] Harris, Otis (December 2, 1940). "As we were saying". The Shreveport Journal. Vol. 44, no. 285. Shreveport, Louisiana. p. 14. Retrieved March 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. [T]he game will come closer than any other that will be played to identifying the national champion.

[356] Digby, Fred (January 1, 1941). "The Game Today". Seventh Annual Sugar Bowl Classic Souvenir Program. pp. 27, 71. Retrieved March 5, 2023 – via Digital Public Library of America. Each will be out to the limit in speed, stamina and spirit to capture the honors in this classic which could rightfully be heralded as for the national football championship.

[357] Written at New Orleans. "Boston College homebound after joyous celebration in New Orleans following Sugar Bowl win". The Shreveport Times. Vol. LXVIII, no. 213. Shreveport, Louisiana. January 3, 1941. p. 10. Retrieved March 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. 'The Eagles not only earned the national championship but they proved the greatest team ever to play in the Sugar Bowl,' said Fred Digby of the New Orleans Item.

[359] "Boston College Football 2021 Record Book" (PDF). Boston College Athletics Department. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2022. 1940 — An undefeated (11–0) season, capped by the Sugar Bowl championship and the claim of a national championship made this arguably the greatest season in Eagle football annals. [...] On Jan. 1, the Eagles would lay claim to the national championship with a 19–13 victory over Tennessee in the Sugar Bowl.

[360] "1984 National Championship". BYUCougars.com: The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics. 2011. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[361] BYU Cougars football 1984 National Champions (Stadium Sign). LaVell Edwards Stadium: Brigham Young University. 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[362] "Centre College to be inducted into Kentucky Pro Football Hall of Fame". January 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.

[363] "1990 National Champions". CUBuffs.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2018.

[364] Colorado Buffaloes football 1990 National Champions (Stadium Sign). Folsom Field: University of Colorado. 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[365] "Dartmouth — National Champions (Teams) — Football — 1925". Dartmouth College Athletics. September 27, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2023.

[366] "Detroit Titans Football". University of Detroit Mercy Athletics. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022. The undefeated 1928 U-D squad was deemed a Co-national champion, along with Georgia Tech, by Parker [sic] Davis.

[367] "2015 Football Media Guide". University of Kentucky Athletics. August 2015. p. 100. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.

[368] "Terrapin Team Titles: University of Maryland National Championships". Maryland Athletics, University of Maryland. 2015. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[369] Maryland Terrapins football National Championships 1953 (Stadium Sign). Maryland Stadium: University of Maryland. 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[370] 2021 Navy Football Media Guide (PDF). Naval Academy Athletic Association. 2021. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2022. In today's modern era, three undefeated teams with nearly identical records would cause a stir among fans and pollsters alike. This was the case when Navy earned its lone national championship in 1926, as the Midshipmen shared the honor with Stanford and Alabama.
A 7–7 tie between Alabama and Stanford in the 1926 Rose Bowl gave the Cardinal a 10–0–1 mark, while the Crimson Tide and the Mids each had identical 9–0–1 records.
The [Army–Navy Game] tie gave the Midshipmen a share of the national championship, as a pair of polls (sic), Boand and Houlgate, named Navy the national champion.

[371] "AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion". October 13, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[372] Oklahoma State 1945 National Champions (Stadium Sign). Boone Pickens Stadium: Oklahoma State University. 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[373] "National Championships". Rutgers University Athletics. Retrieved January 10, 2023.

[374] Edson, Sue Cornelius, ed. (2014). 2014 Syracuse University Football Media Guide (PDF). Syracuse University Athletic Communications Department. pp. 6, 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[375] Syracuse Orange football National Champions 1959 (Stadium Banner). Carrier Dome: Syracuse University. 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

[UCF2018MG-376] "2018 Football Media Guide" (PDF). UCFKnights.com. UCF Athletics. p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.

[377] UCF Knights 2017 National Champions (Stadium Sign). Spectrum Stadium: University of Central Florida. 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2022.

[378] 2014 UCLA Football Media Guide (PDF). UCLA Sports Information Office. 2014. pp. 90, 108. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[SignUCLA-379] UCLA National Champions 1954 (Stadium Sign). Rose Bowl press box: University of California, Los Angeles. September 1, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2023.

[380] This table uses the same sources as those listed in the Claims by school table above.

[Koger1970-381] Koger, Jim (1970). "The history of the National Intercollegiate Football Championship ... 1900–1969". National Champions. Columbus, Georgia: Atlantic Publishing Company. 1903: Michigan, Minnesota, Princeton | 1913: Chicago, Harvard, Notre Dame

[Outing1904CasparWhitneyRankings-382] Whitney, Caspar (January 1905). Whitney, Caspar (ed.). "The Sportsman's View-Point: 1904 Ranking Football Teams". Outing. Vol. XLV, no. 4. Outing Publishing Company. pp. 493–499. Retrieved January 26, 2024. This ranking is not based only on comparative scores, but on style of play, conditions under which games were contested, relative importance of games on the schedule—especially with regard to each teams's "big" game, for which it was particularly trained—as well as the season's all-round record of the elevens under discussion. My particular interest in the study is its object lesson on comparative football development throughout the country. No college is eligible for consideration here whose disregard of wholesome sport has been patent and persistent, or whose team has played an ineligible man.

[1904WhitneyRankingsReview-383] "Yale's was the best football eleven". Harrisburg Star-Independent. December 31, 1904. p. 4. Retrieved June 1, 2022.

[LibbyChampionsOfCollegeFootball-384] Libby, Bill (1975). Champions of College Football. Hawthorne Books, Inc. pp. 11–14. ISBN 0-8015-1196-8.

[CFDW_WorldAlmanac-385] "World Almanac Selections". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2022. Data created by: World Almanac

[WorldAlmanac1915-386] "Football, Intercollegiate Season, 1914.". The World Almanac (1915). 1915. p. 865.

[CFDW_Weyand-387] "Alexander Weyand Selections". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2022. Data created by: Alexander M. Weyand — Data obtained from: "The Real National Champions"

[388] Weyand, Alexander M. (1926). American Football, Its History and Development. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 278. Harvard and the Army Powerful, 1914 | Although the Army was the only one of the larger teams to win all games, the majority of the critics favored Harvard for the championship. (Note: The author, Alexander Weyand, was an All-American player on the Army team in 1914.)

[WashingtonStateSenateResolution8715-389] SR 8715 — Honoring the 99th Anniversary of the National Champion 1915 Washington State College Football Team (Resolution). Washington State Senate. March 7, 2014.

[390] Weyand, Alexander M. (1926). American Football, Its History and Development. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 321. 1917 The famous 'Golden Tornado' of Georgia 'Tech.' coached by John W. Heisman (Pennsylvania) gained national recognition through the overwhelming defeat of Pennsylvania, and was entitled to rank with Pittsburgh as the best in the nation.

[391] Weyand, Alexander M. (1926). American Football, Its History and Development. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 381. Undoubtedly the most spectacular team was Notre Dame, ranked by some critics as the strongest team in the country at the close of the season.

[FrankEWood1929-392] Wood, Frank E. (December 4, 1929). "National Football Standings: Utah, Tennessee, Pittsburgh, Tulane". Somerset Daily Herald. Central Press Association. Retrieved November 20, 2023.

[1931TulaneFrankEWoods-393] Wood, Frank E. (December 8, 1931). "Tulane Is National Champion, Wood Says". Wisconsin State Journal. Central Press. Retrieved February 28, 2023. Tulane University, the pride of the south, is gridiron champion of the United States, the national football standings show.

[HoulgateTrophy1934-394] Levandusky, J. F. (January 11, 1935). "Here's a little incident that happened after the Rose Bowl game". Waukegan News-Sun. Waukegan, Illinois. Retrieved January 31, 2023. Last year Stanford was [Houlgate's] choice and the presentation of the trophy was scheduled to take place after the Alabama–Stanford battle.

[395] "Massey Ratings (1930–1998)". MasseyRatings.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2022.

[BearcatsWinTitle1936-396] Michelson, Paul (November 30, 1936). Written at New York. "Gridiron Hits Dizziest Year; Bearcats Win Title". Arizona Republic. Phoenix, AZ. Associated Press. p. 11. Retrieved June 30, 2023.

[MathematicallyStVincentChampions1936-397] Written at New York. "Mathematically St. Vincent Champion". The Indiana Gazette. Indiana, PA. Associated Press. December 1, 1936. p. 6. Retrieved July 1, 2023. the St. Vincent College Bearcats of Latrobe, Pa., are the undisputed national champions: By arithmetic

[Houlgate1939-398] "Houlgate Lists Tulane First". Chattanooga Daily Times. December 17, 1939. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Final ratings: 1. Tulane, B, 36

[DrBaker1944-399] Baker, Dr. L. H. (1945). "The Nation's Leading Teams, 1869–1944 | College and Service Teams' 1944 Ratings and Ranks (Compiled by Dr. L. H. Baker)". Football: Facts & Figures. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. pp. 644–645. No. 1 Randolph Field 958, No. 2 Army 951 — The ratings listed here have been computed by a method devised by the author. It consists of a combination of a modification of the Dickinson method plus one used by the author for several years. This combination has proved highly accurate.

[CFDW_WTC-400] "Washington Touchdown Club Selections". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2022.

[DC-401] "DC Touchdown Club Award Winners". DC Touchdown Club. Retrieved June 2, 2022.

[EufaulaTribune2004-402] "NATIONAL CHAMPS — Auburn wins Trib national crown". The Eufaula Tribune. Eufaula, Alabama. January 5, 2005. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2023. Auburn received all six first place votes in The Eufaula Tribune's post season football poll, making them national champions.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[2004GolfDigest-403] Strege, John (December 29, 2016). "Former Auburn football coach still thrilled that Tigers were Golf Digest's mythical national champions". Golf Digest. Retrieved October 28, 2023.

[2004PeoplesNationalChampionship-404] Szvetitz, Mike (January 27, 2005). Written at Auburn, Alabama. "Auburn University football team awarded People's Championship". Opelika-Auburn News. Opelika, Alabama. Retrieved October 28, 2023.

[RFACT2010-405] "2010 Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments Selections ("FACT")". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2022. 1 Auburn — 72.49 — Co-Champion* | 2 Oregon — 71.42 — Co-Champion* | *David Rothman wrote: "Teams within 1.8 points of the leader automatically share FACT's title. Any other teams within 3.0 points of the leader share at my discretion."

[RFACT2014-406] "2014 Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments Selections ("FACT")". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2022. 1 Ohio State — 81.81 — FACT Cochampion* | 2 Oregon — 80.67 — FACT Cochampion* | 3 Alabama – 79.45 – FACT Cochampion* | 4 TCU – 79.35 – FACT Cochampion* | *David Rothman wrote: "Teams within 1.8 points of the leader automatically share FACT's title. Any other teams within 3.0 points of the leader share at my discretion."

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