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Economy of Brazil

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Economy of Brazil
São Paulo, the financial capital of Brazil
CurrencyBrazilian real (BRL) = 0.258 USD
1 January – 31 December
Trade organizations
Unasul, WTO, Mercosur, G-20 and others
Statistics
GDP$2.138 trillion (nominal; 2018)[1]
$3.388 trillion (PPP; 2018)[1]
GDP rank
GDP growth
-3.5% (2015), -3.5% (2016),
1.0% (2017e), 2.4% (2018f) [2]
GDP per capita
$10,224 (nominal; 2018)[1]
$16,199 (PPP; 2018)[1]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
services: 76%
industry: 18.5%
agriculture: 5.5% (2016 est.)[3]
Negative increase 4.17% (August 2018 est.)[4]
Population below poverty line
Positive decrease 3.8% (2016)[5]
Steady 0.52 (2018 est.)[6]
Labor force
120 million (2017 est.)[7]
Labor force by occupation
Agriculture: 8%; Industry: 22%; Services: 70% (2017 est.)
UnemploymentPositive decrease 12.3% (August 2018) [8]
Main industries
External
Exports$217.7 billion (2017)[9]
Export goods
transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, automobiles
Main export partners
 China 21.8%
 European Union 16%
 United States 12.3%
 Argentina 8%
 Japan 2.4%
Other 39% [9]
Imports$150.72 billion (2017.)[9]
Import goods
machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
Main import partners
 European Union 21.2%
 China 18.1%
 United States 16.5%
 Argentina 6.2%
 South Korea 3.4%
Other 35% [9]
$684.6 billion (January 2018)[10]
Public finances
Positive decrease 78.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
Revenues$511.9 billion (2017 est.)
Expenses$462.6 billion (2017 est.)
$373.9 billion (2017 est.)[14][15]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
GNI per capita in 2010:
  Brazil (9,390 $)
  Higher GNI per capita compared to Brazil
  Lower GNI per capita compared to Brazil

The Economy of Brazil is the world's eight largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth largest by purchasing power parity. The Brazilian economy is characterized by a mixed economy that relies on import substitution to achieve economic growth. Brazil has an estimated US$21.8 trillion worth of natural resources which includes vast amounts of gold, uranium, iron, and timber.[16] [17] [18]

As of late 2010, Brazil's economy is the largest of Latin America[19] and the second largest in the Americas. ″ From 2000 to 2012, Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%, with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom, temporarily making Brazil the world's sixth largest economy. However, Brazil's economy growth decelerated in 2013[20] and the country entered a recession in 2014. In 2017, however, the economy started to recover, with a 1% GDP growth in the first quarter. In the second quarter, the economy grew 0.3% compared to the same period of the previous year, officially exiting the recession.

Brazil's economy has a gross domestic product (GDP) of R$ 6.559 trillion, or US$ 2.080 trillion nominal, according to the estimates by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), being ranked as the 8th largest economy in the world. It is the second largest in the American continent, only behind the United States' economy. According to the report of the International Monetary Fund of 2017, Brazil is the 65th country in the world in the ranking of GDP per capita, with a value of US$ 10,019 per inhabitant.

According to the World Economic Forum, Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009, gaining eight positions among other countries, overcoming Russia for the first time, and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies. Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability, as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy, have significantly boosted the country's competitiveness fundamentals, providing a better environment for private-sector development.[21]

In 2016 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 12th largest number of billionaires in the world. [22] Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations, such as Mercosur, Unasul, G8+5, G20, WTO, Paris Club and the Cairns Group.

History

Main articles: Economic history of Brazil and Economy of the Empire of Brazil

When the Portuguese explorers arrived in the 16th century, the native tribes of current-day Brazil totaled about 2.5  million people and had lived virtually unchanged since the Stone Age. From Portugal's colonization of Brazil (1500–1822) until the late 1930s, the Brazilian economy relied on the production of primary products for exports. In the Portuguese Empire, Brazil was a colony subjected to an imperial mercantile policy, which had three main large-scale economic production cycles – sugar, gold and from the early 19th century on, coffee. The economy of Brazil was heavily dependent on African slave labor until the late 19th century (about 3 million imported African slaves in total). In that period Brazil was also the colony with the largest amount of European settlers, most of them Portuguese (including Azoreans and Madeirans) but also some Dutch (see Dutch Brazil), Spaniards, English, French, Germans, Flemish, Danish, Scottish and Sephardic Jews. Since then, Brazil experienced a period of strong economic and demographic growth accompanied by mass immigration from Europe, mainly from Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira), Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Switzerland, Austria and Russia. Smaller numbers of immigrants also came from the Netherlands, France, Finland, Iceland and the Scandinavian countries, Lithuania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Latvia, England, Ireland, Scotland, Croatia, Czech Republic, Malta, Macedonia and Luxembourg, the Middle East (mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Armenia), Japan, the United States and South Africa, until the 1930s. In the New World, the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia, Uruguay, New Zealand, Chile, Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, Paraguay, Puerto Rico and Peru (in descending order) were the countries that received most immigrants. In Brazil's case, statistics showed that 4.5  million people emigrated to the country between 1882 and 1934.

In 2007, with a population of over 209 million and abundant natural resources, Brazil is one of the ten largest markets in the world, producing tens of millions of tons of steel, 26 million tons of cement, 3.5  million television sets, and 3  million refrigerators. In addition, about 70  million cubic meters of petroleum were being processed annually into fuels, lubricants, propane gas, and a wide range of hundreds of petrochemicals.[23] [18]

Brazil has at least 161,500 kilometers of paved roads, more than 150 [24]Gigawatts of installed electric power capacity and its real per capita GDP surpassed US$9,800 in 2017 [25][18]. Its industrial sector accounts for three-fifths of the Latin American economy's industrial production.[26] The country's scientific and technological development is argued to be attractive to foreign direct investment, which has averaged US$30  billion per year the last years, compared to only US$2 billion per year last decade,[26] remarkable growth. The agricultural sector, locally called the agronegócio (agro-business), has also been remarkably dynamic: for two decades this sector has kept Brazil among the most highly productive countries in areas related to the rural sector.[26] The agricultural sector and the mining sector also supported trade surpluses which allowed for massive currency gains (rebound) and external debt paydown. Due to a downturn in Western economies, Brazil found itself in 2010 trying to halt the appreciation of the real.[27]

from the Asian Development Bank and the Tax Justice Network show the untaxed "shadow" economy of Brazil is 39% of GDP.[28]Template:″date=June 2017

Data

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 5 % is in green.[29]

Year GDP
(in Bil. US$ PPP) 		GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP) 		GDP growth
(real) 		Inflation rate
(in Percent) 		Unemployment
(in Percent) 		Government debt
(in % of GDP)
1980 567.7 4,787 Increase9.2 % Negative increase90.2 % n/a n/a
1981 Increase593.4 Increase4,895 Decrease−4.4 % Negative increase101.7 % n/a n/a
1982 Increase633.9 Increase5,117 Increase0.6 % Negative increase100.6 % n/a n/a
1983 Increase636.5 Decrease5,029 Decrease−3.4 % Negative increase135.0 % n/a n/a
1984 Increase694.1 Increase5,369 Increase5.3 % Negative increase192.1 % n/a n/a
1985 Increase772.9 Increase5,856 Increase7.9 % Negative increase226.0 % n/a n/a
1986 Increase847.0 Increase6,298 Increase7.5 % Negative increase147.1 % n/a n/a
1987 Increase900.9 Increase6,563 Increase3.6 % Negative increase228.3 % n/a n/a
1988 Increase934.9 Increase6,686 Increase0.3 % Negative increase629.1 % n/a n/a
1989 Increase1,002.4 Increase7,044 Increase3.2 % Negative increase1,430.7 % n/a n/a
1990 Decrease996.1 Decrease6,795 Decrease−4.2 % Negative increase2,947.7 % n/a n/a
1991 Increase1,039.9 Increase6,975 Increase1.0 % Negative increase432.8 % 10.1 % n/a
1992 Increase1,057.7 Increase6,979 Decrease−0.6 % Negative increase952.0 % Negative increase11.6 % n/a
1993 Increase1,136.0 Increase7,377 Increase4.9 % Negative increase1,927.4 % Positive decrease11.0 % n/a
1994 Increase1,288.0 Increase7,850 Increase5.8 % Negative increase2,075.8 % Positive decrease10.5 % n/a
1995 Increase1,306.6 Increase8,224 Increase4.2 % Negative increase66.0 % Positive decrease9.9 % n/a
1996 Increase1,359.9 Increase8,304 Increase2.2 % Negative increase15.8 % Negative increase11.2 % n/a
1997 Increase1,430.2 Increase8,605 Increase3.4 % Negative increase6.9 % Negative increase11.6 % n/a
1998 Increase1,450.6 Decrease8,604 Increase0.3 % Increase3.2 % Negative increase14.7 % n/a
1999 Increase1,479.7 Increase8,651 Increase0.5 % Increase4.9 % Steady14.7 % n/a
2000 Increase1,579.8 Increase9,108 Increase4.4 % Negative increase7.0 % Positive decrease13.9 % 65.6 %
2001 Increase1,638.1 Increase9,313 Increase1.4 % Negative increase6.8 % Positive decrease12.5 % Negative increase70.1 %
2002 Increase1,714.0 Increase9,614 Increase3.1 % Negative increase8.5 % Negative increase13.0 % Negative increase78.9 %
2003 Increase1,768.2 Increase9,789 Increase1.1 % Negative increase14.7 % Negative increase13.7 % Positive decrease73.9 %
2004 Increase1,921.5 Increase10,505 Increase5.8 % Negative increase6.6 % Positive decrease12.9 % Positive decrease70.2 %
2005 Increase2,046.7 Increase11,055 Increase3.2 % Negative increase6.9 % Positive decrease11.4 % Positive decrease68.7 %
2006 Increase2,193.0 Increase11,707 Increase4.0 % Increase4.2 % Negative increase11.5 % Positive decrease65.9 %
2007 Increase2,387.8 Increase12,605 Increase6.1 % Increase3.6 % Positive decrease10.9 % Positive decrease63.8 %
2008 Increase2,558.7 Increase13,360 Increase5.1 % Negative increase5.7 % Positive decrease9.4 % Positive decrease61.9 %
2009 Increase2,574.8 Decrease13,304 Decrease−0.1 % Increase4.9 % Negative increase9.7 % Negative increase65.0 %
2010 Increase2,802.8 Increase14,338 Increase7.5 % Increase5.0 % Positive decrease8.5 % Positive decrease63.1 %
2011 Increase2,974.8 Increase15,070 Increase4.0 % Negative increase6.6 % Positive decrease7.8 % Positive decrease61.2 %
2012 Increase3,088.1 Increase15,499 Increase1.9 % Negative increase5.4 % Positive decrease7.4 % Negative increase62.2 %
2013 Increase3,232.4 Increase16,079 Increase3.0 % Negative increase6.2 % Positive decrease7.2 % Positive decrease60.2 %
2014 Increase3,307.2 Increase16,309 Increase0.5 % Negative increase6.3 % Positive decrease6.8 % Negative increase62.3 %
2015 Decrease3,224.3 Decrease15,769 Decrease−3.6 % Negative increase9.0 % Negative increase8.3 % Negative increase72.6 %
2016 Decrease3,152.2 Decrease15,295 Decrease−3.5 % Negative increase8.7 % Negative increase11.3 % Negative increase78.4 %
2017 Increase3,240.3 Increase15,602 Increase1.0 % Increase3.4 % Negative increase12.8 % Negative increase84.0 %

Components

The service sector is the largest component of the gross domestic product (GDP) at 67.0 percent, followed by the industrial sector at 27.5 percent. Agriculture represents 5.5 percent of GDP (2011).[30] The Brazilian labor force is estimated at 100.77 million of which 10 percent is occupied in agriculture, 19 percent in the industry sector and 71 percent in the service sector.

Agriculture and food production

Agriculture production
Combine harvester on a plantation
Main products coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
Labor force 15.7% of total labor force
GDP of sector 5.9% of total GDP
Economic activity in Brazil (1977).
Main article: Agriculture in Brazil

Agribusiness contributes to Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.[31]

In the space of fifty five years (1950 to 2005), the population of Brazil grew from 51 million to approximately 187 million inhabitants,[32] an increase of over 2 percent per year. Brazil created and expanded a complex agribusiness sector.[31] However, some of this is at the expense of the environment, including the Amazon.

The importance given to the rural producer takes place in the shape of the agricultural and cattle-raising plan and through another specific subsidy program geared towards family agriculture (Programa de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar [pt] (Pronaf)), which guarantees financing for equipment and cultivation and encourages the use of new technology. With regards to family agriculture, over 800 thousand rural inhabitants are assisted by credit, research and extension programs. A special line of credit is available for women and young farmers.[31]

With The Land Reform Program, on the other hand, the country's objective is to provide suitable living and working conditions for over one million families who live in areas allotted by the State, an initiative capable of generating two million jobs.[when?] Through partnerships, public policies and international partnerships, the government is working towards guaranteeing infrastructure for the settlements, following the examples of schools and health outlets. The idea is that access to land represents just the first step towards the implementation of a quality land reform program.[31]

Over 600,000 km² of land are divided into approximately five thousand areas of rural property; an agricultural area currently with three borders: the Central-western region (savannah), the northern region (area of transition) and parts of the northeastern region (semi-arid). At the forefront of grain crops, which produce over 110 million tonnes/year, is the soybean, yielding 50 million tonnes.[31]

In the cattle-raising sector, the "green ox," which is raised in pastures, on a diet of hay and mineral salts, conquered markets in Asia, Europe and the Americas, particularly after the "mad cow disease" scare period. Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world, with 198 million heads,[33] responsible for exports of more than US$1 billion/year.[31]

A pioneer and leader in the manufacture of short-fiber timber cellulose, Brazil has also achieved positive results within the packaging sector, in which it is the fifth largest world producer. In the foreign markets, it answers for 25 percent of global exports of raw cane and refined sugar; it is the world leader in soybean exports and is responsible for 80 percent of the planet's orange juice, and since 2003, has had the highest sales figures for beef and chicken.[31]

Industry

Industrial production
Embraer Legacy 600 jet manufactured by Embraer
Main industries textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
Industrial growth rate −5% (2015 est.)
Labor force 13.3% of total labor force
GDP of sector 22.2% of total GDP
Main article: Industry in Brazil

Brazil has the second-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables. With increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real, Brazilian and multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology, a large proportion of which has been purchased from US firms.

Brazil has a diverse and sophisticated services industry as well. During the early 1990s, the banking sector accounted for as much as 16 percent of the GDP. Although undergoing a major overhaul, Brazil's financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range of products and is attracting numerous new entrants, including U.S. financial firms. On 8 May 2008, the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the São Paulo-based Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) merged, creating BM&F Bovespa, one of the largest stock exchanges in the world. Also, the previously monopolistic reinsurance sector is being opened up to third party companies.[34]

As of 31 December 2007, there were an estimated 21,304,000 broadband lines in Brazil. Over 75 percent of the broadband lines were via DSL and 10 percent via cable modems.

Proven mineral resources are extensive. Large iron and manganese reserves are important sources of industrial raw materials and export earnings. Deposits of nickel, tin, chromite, uranium, bauxite, beryllium, copper, lead, tungsten, zinc, gold, and other minerals are exploited. High-quality coking-grade coal required in the steel industry is in short supply.

Largest companies

See also: List of companies of Brazil

In 2017, 20 Brazilian companies were listed in the Forbes Global 2000 list – an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by Forbes magazine.[35] The 20 companies listed were:

World Rank Company Industry Revenue
(billion $)		 Profits
(billion $)		 Assets
(billion $)		 Market Value
(billion $)		 Headquarters
38 Itaú Unibanco Banking 61.3 6.7 419.9 79.2 São Paulo
62 Banco Bradesco Banking 70.2 4.3 362.4 53.5 Osasco, SP
132 Banco do Brasil Banking 57.3 2.3 430.6 29 Brasilia
156 Vale Mining 27.1 3.8 99.1 45.4 Rio de Janeiro
399 Petrobras Oil & Gas 81.1 - 4.3 247.3 61.3 Rio de Janeiro
610 Eletrobras Utilities 17.4 0.983 52.4 7.2 Rio de Janeiro
791 Itaúsa Conglomerate 1.3 2.4 18.1 23 São Paulo
895 JBS Food Processing 48.9 0.108 31.6 8.2 São Paulo
981 Ultrapar Conglomerate 22.2 0.448 7.4 12.5 São Paulo
1103 Cielo Financial services 3.5 1.1 9.4 20.9 Barueri, SP
1233 Braskem Chemicals 13.8 - 0.136 15.9 7.9 São Paulo
1325 BRF Food processing 9.7 - 0.107 13.8 9.3 Itajaí, SC
1436 Sabesp Waste Management 4 0.846 11.6 7.4 São Paulo
1503 Oi Telecommunications 7.5 - 2 25.2 0.952 Rio de Janeiro
1515 Gerdau Iron & Steel 10.8 - 0.395 16.8 1.4 Porto Alegre, RS
1545 CBD Retail 12 0.139 13.9 5.9 São Paulo
1572 CCR Transportation 2.9 0.429 7.5 11.5 São Paulo
1597 Bovespa Stock Exchange 0.666 0.415 9.7 12.8 São Paulo
1735 CPFL Energia Electricity 5.4 0.258 13 8.4 Campinas, SP
1895 Kroton Educacional Higher Education 1.5 0.535 5.4 7.1 Belo Horizonte, MG
Renewable energy in Parnaíba.

Energy

Main articles: Energy policy of Brazil and Renewable energy in Brazil

The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil is one of the world's leading producers of hydroelectric power, with a current capacity of about 260,000 megawatts. Existing hydroelectric power provides 90% of the nation's electricity. Two large hydroelectric projects, the 19,900 megawatt Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River (the world's largest dam) and the Tucurui Dam in Pará in northern Brazil, are in operation. Brazil's first commercial nuclear reactor, Angra I, located near Rio de Janeiro, has been in operation for more than 10 years. Angra II was completed in 2002 and is in operation too. An Angra III had a planned inauguration scheduled for 2014. The three reactors would have a combined capacity of 9,000 megawatts when completed. The government also plans to build 19 more nuclear plants by the year 2020.[citation needed]

Economic status

Statistical Table
Inflation (IPCA)
2002 12.53%
2003 9.30%
2004 7.60%
2005 5.69%
2006 3.14%
2007 4.46%
2008 5.91%
2009 4.31%
2010 5.90%
2011 6.50%
2012 5.84%
2013 5.91%
2014 6.41%
2015 10.67%
2016 6.29%
2017 2.95%
Source:[36]
Average GDP growth rate 1950–2013
1950–59 7.1%
1960–69 6.1%
1970–79 8.9%
1980–89 3.0%
1990–99 1.7%
2000–09 3.3%
2010–17 1.4%
Source:[37]

Sustainable growth

Portuguese explorers arrived in 1500, but it was only in 1808 that Brazil obtained a permit from the Portuguese colonial government to set up its first factories and manufacturers. In the 21st century, Brazil became the eighth largest economy in the world. Originally, its exports were basic raw and primary goods, such as sugar, rubber and gold. Today, 84% of exports are of manufactured and semi-manufactured products.

The period of great economic transformation and growth occurred between 1875 and 1975.[38]

In the last decade, domestic production increased by 32.3%. Agribusiness (agriculture and cattle-raising), which grew by 47% or 3.6% per year, was the most dynamic sector – even after having weathered international crises that demanded constant adjustments to the Brazilian economy.[39] The Brazilian government also launched a program for economic development acceleration called Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, aiming to spur growth.[40]

Brazil's transparency rank in the international world is 75th according to Transparency International.[41]

Control and reform

Among measures recently adopted to balance the economy, Brazil carried out reforms to its social security (state and retirement pensions) and tax systems. These changes brought with them a noteworthy addition: a Law of Fiscal Responsibility which controls public expenditure by the executive branches at federal, state and municipal levels. At the same time, investments were made towards administration efficiency and policies were created to encourage exports, industry and trade, thus creating "windows of opportunity" for local and international investors and producers.

With these alterations in place, Brazil has reduced its vulnerability: it doesn't import the oil it consumes; it has halved its domestic debt through exchange rate-linked certificates and has seen exports grow, on average, by 20% a year. The exchange rate does not put pressure on the industrial sector or inflation (at 4% a year), and does away with the possibility of a liquidity crisis. As a result, the country, after 12 years, has achieved a positive balance in the accounts which measure exports/imports, plus interest payments, services and overseas payment. Thus, respected economists say that the country won't be deeply affected by the current world economic crisis.[42]

In 2017, President Michel Temer refused to make public the list of companies accused of "modern slavery". The list, made public yearly since the presidency of Lula Da Silva in 2003, was intended to persuade companies to settle their fines and conform to labor regulations, in a country where corruption of the political class risked compromising respect for the law. The relations of the president-in-office with the "landowner lobby" were denounced by dismissed president Dilma Rousseff on this occasion.[43]

Central business district of Rio de Janeiro.

Consistent policies

Support for the productive sector has been simplified at all levels; active and independent, Congress and the Judiciary Branch carry out the evaluation of rules and regulations. Among the main measures taken to stimulate the economy are the reduction of up to 30 percent on manufactured products tax (IPI), and the investment of $8 billion on road cargo transportation fleets, thus improving distribution logistics. Further resources guarantee the propagation of business and information telecenters.

The policy for industry, technology and foreign trade, at the forefront of this sector, for its part, invests $19.5 billion in specific sectors, following the example of the software and semiconductor, pharmaceutical and medicine product, and capital goods sectors.[44]

Mergers and acquisitions

Between 1985 and 2017, 11,563 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of US$1,185 billion with the involvement of Brazilian firms were announced.[45] The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with $115 billion of transactions. It is worth noticing, that in the top 100 deals by value there are only four cases of Brazilian companies acquiring a foreign company. This reflects the strong interest in the country from a direct investment perspective.

Here is a list of the largest deals where Brazilian companies took on either the role of the acquiror or the target:

Date Announced Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ($mil)
09/01/2010 Petrobras Oil & Gas Brazil Brazil-Oil & Gas Blocks Oil & Gas Brazil 42,877.03
02/20/2017 Vale SA Metals & Mining Brazil Valepar SA Metals & Mining Brazil 20,956.66
08/11/2006 Cia Vale do Rio Doce SA Metals & Mining Brazil Inco Ltd Metals & Mining Canada 17,150.30
02/20/2008 BM&F Brokerage Brazil Bovespa Holding SA Brokerage Brazil 10,309.09
01/13/2000 Telefónica SA Telecommunications Services Spain Telecommunicacoes de Sao Paulo Telecommunications Services Brazil 10,213.31
07/31/2014 Telefonica Brasil SA Telecommunications Services Brazil GVT Participacoes SA Telecommunications Services Brazil 9,823.31
05/10/2010 Telefonica SA Telecommunications Services Spain Brasilcel NV Telecommunications Services Brazil 9,742.79
11/03/2008 Banco Itaú Holding Financeira Banks Brazil Unibanco Holdings SA Other Financials Brazil 8,464.77
03/03/2004 Ambev Food and Beverage Brazil John Labatt Ltd Food and Beverage Canada 7,758.01
10/01/2010 China Petrochemical Corporation Oil & Gas China Repsol YPF Brasil SA Oil & Gas Brazil 7,111.00
02/07/2012 Banestado Participacoes Other Financials Brazil Redecard SA Computers & Peripherals Brazil 6,821.71

Entrepreneurship

According to a search of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 2011 Brazil had 27 million adults aged between 18 and 64 either starting or owning a business, meaning that more than one in four Brazilian adults were entrepreneurs. In comparison to the other 54 countries studied, Brazil was the third-highest in total number of entrepreneurs. The Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea), a government agency, found that 37 million jobs in Brazil were associated with businesses with less than 10 employees.[46]

Even though Brazil ranks internationally as one of the hardest countries in the region to do business due to its complicated bureaucracy, there is a healthy number of entrepreneurs, thanks to the huge internal consumer market and various government programs.

The most recent research of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor revealed in 2013 that 50.4% of Brazilian new entrepreneurs are men, 33.8% are in the 35–44 age group, 36.9% completed high school and 47.9% earn 3–6 times the Brazilian minimum wage. In contrast, 49.6% of entrepreneurs are female, only 7% are in the 55–64 age group, 1% have postgraduate education and 1.7% earn more than 9 times the minimum wage.[47]

Credit rating

Brazil's credit rating was downgraded by Standard & Poor's to BBB in March 2014, just one notch above junk.[48]

Income

The median income of the ministers of Supreme Federal Court is more than R$300,000.[49]
The city of Presidente Kennedy, Espírito Santo, has the largest median income of Brazil, R$815,093.[50]

Brazil is a country with extreme income inequality. Members of the national congress make R$33,700 per month, plus an additional 13th salary, totaling R$444,800 per year (USD 140,000), but most of the population only makes minimum wage set for the year of 2017 at R$937 per month[51] plus an additional 13th salary in the second half of December, totaling R$12,181 per year (around USD 4,000), which is 35 times less than national politicians. The GDP per capita in 2011 was US$12,906.[52]

Career[53] Median salary (R$) Starting salary (R$) Top salary (R$)
Judge Law 170,000 150,500 310,500
Prosecutor Law 150,000 140,000 270,000
General director Administration 90,000 60,000 1,450,000
Physician Medicine 85,000 40,000 1,550,000
Judicial analyst Law 80,000 70,000 90,000
Police chief Law 60,000 50,000 85,000
Electronic engineer Engineering 51,000 33,600 360,000
Civil engineer Engineering 50,400 22,800 360,000
Other engineers Engineering 45,000 24,000 130,000
Economic researcher Economy 44,000 24,000 180,000
Mechanical engineer Engineering 42,600 26,200 105,000
Department supervisor Administration 41,964 20,076 420,000
Taxation Officer Government 41,520 26,400 240,000
Professors Higher education 40,440 20,000 300,000
Agronomist Agronomy 40,000 27,600 96,000
Chemical engineer Engineering 40,000 31,200 420,000
Systems analyst Computer science 38,400 30,000 180,000
Dentist Dentistry 37,800 29,400 720,000
Architect Architecture 37,320 13,800 600,000
Lawyer Law 36,120 20,040 3,000,000
Accountant Accountancy 35,880 17,400 216,000
Administrator Administration 35,400 25,080 1,800,000
Journalist Journalism 32,880 18,000 2,400,000

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects - Brazil". IMF. October 2017.
  2. ^ "World Bank forecasts for Brazil, June 2018 (p. 152)" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  3. ^ Table 3 - Cumulative Rate in the Year IBGE. Retrieved on 30 March 2016.
  4. ^ https://www.bcb.gov.br/pec/GCI/PORT/readout/R20180824.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2018. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html
  6. ^ "Desigualdade de renda cai no Sudeste, mas cresce no restante do Brasil". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  7. ^ "Labor force, total". World Bank. World Bank. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  8. ^ https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2018/08/30/desemprego-fica-em-123-em-julho-e-atinge-129-milhoes-de-pessoas-diz-ibge.ghtml. Retrieved 31 August 2018. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  10. ^ "Banco Central do Brasil". BCB. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
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  12. ^ "Moody's downgrades Brazil's issuer and bond ratings to Ba2 with a negative outlook". Moody's. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
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  14. ^ Banco Central do Brasil
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  17. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
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  20. ^ http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/17/despite-protests-wont-lead-to-radical-change-in-brazil.html
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  24. ^ http://www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/capacidadebrasil.cfm
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  34. ^ "Government breaks reinsurance monopoly, discards privatization (in Portuguese)". Retrieved 29 April 2008.
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  36. ^ Inflation Ipea
  37. ^ Average Exchange Rate Ipea
  38. ^ Fagoyinbo, Joseph Babatunde. The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity. Author House. p. 209. ISBN 9781477218440.
  39. ^ Sustainable growth Brazilian Government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.
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  43. ^ Au Brésil, Temer protège les esclavagistes
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  46. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) A spirit for entreprise, Finantial Times Online, May 8th,2013
  47. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) GEM 2012 Global Report
  48. ^ Rousseff Losing Bond Investors as Downgrade to Junk Looms – Bloomberg Bloomberg
  49. ^ Median income – Brazilian Supreme Court Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved on 24 October 2011. Template:Pt icon.
  50. ^ IBGE (17 December 2013). "Preço das commodities minerais e agrícolas influenciam mudanças na participação dos municípios no PIB em 2011".
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