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Lewisville, Texas
City
Lewisville City Hall
Lewisville City Hall
Location of Lewisville in Denton County, Texas
Location of Lewisville in Denton County, Texas
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountiesDenton, Tarrant[1]
IncorporatedJanuary 15, 1925 (1925-01-15)[2]
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • City councilMayor Rudy Durham
Leroy Vaughn
Neil Ferguson
TJ Gilmore
Greg Tierney
Brent Daniels
 • City managerDonna Barron
Area
 • Total
42.47 sq mi (109.99 km2)
 • Land36.4 sq mi (94.27 km2)
 • Water6.07 sq mi (15.72 km2)
Elevation
525 ft (170 m)
Population
 (2010)[3]
 • Total
95,290
 • Estimate 
(2014)
101,074 (US: 287th)
 • Density2,618/sq mi (1,011/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (Central)
ZIP codes
75029, 75057, 75067, 75077
Area code(s)214, 469, 972[4]
FIPS code42508[3]
GNIS feature ID1339860[5]
Websitewww.cityoflewisville.com

Lewisville /ˈljuː.ɪs.vɪl/ is a city in Denton and Tarrant County, Texas, United States. The 2000 United States Census placed the city's population at 77,737 and the 2010 Census placed it at 95,290, making it one of the fastest-growing city populations in the United States and the 33rd most populous in Texas.[6] It occupies 36.4 square miles (94 km2) of land and includes 6.07 square miles (15.7 km2) of Lewisville Lake.[3]

Originally called Holford's Prairie, the origins of Lewisville date back to the early 1840s.[7] The arrival of the town's first railroad in 1881 engendered its initial growth, and the expansion of the area's transportation infrastructure spurred further development in the early part of the 20th century.[8] Lewisville incorporated in 1925, and when construction of Lewisville Lake was completed in the 1950s, the city began to expand rapidly.

Lewisville's consistently warm climate and proximity to Lewisville Lake has made it a recreational hub of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The city's municipal government, led by a nonpartisan city council, focuses its recreational and cultural investments on facilities such as Toyota of Lewisville Park and the MCL Grand Theater. The area's transportation infrastructure has evolved around the I-35 Corridor along Interstate 35E. The diversity of its population and industry has created a stable economic climate. Lewisville Independent School District provides most of the area's public education programs.

History

Settlement

In 1841, the Republic of Texas chartered the Peters Colony Land Grant Company (named for William Smalling Peters, publisher of the song "Oh! Susanna")[7] to settle the North Texas area.[8] In 1844, John W. King and his wife settled on the east side of the prairie, where the city now lies. Baptist settlers from Platte County, Missouri, settled on the west side; among them were John and James Holford, who named the area Holford's Prairie.[9][10] Further south, Presbyterians established a church and called it Flower Mound.[11] In the confusion over land ownership after the Hedgcoxe War, Basdeal Lewis purchased Holford's Prairie in 1853 and renamed it after himself.[12]

In 1845, the Fox family, which owned about a dozen slaves, buried a slave child called Melinda on the family farm, which eventually became the town's cemetery for black residents. Named Fox–Hembry Cemetery, the plot still exists today.[13] After it had fallen into disrepair, local residents and businesses gathered to restore it in 2011.[14] Though Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the area for the 1860 Presidential election, residents of Lewisville (listed as "Hollforts" on election results) still gave John C. Breckinridge only a 44–31 majority over an electoral fusion option.[15]

During Reconstruction, Lewisville became home to Denton County's first cotton gin. Built in 1867, it could produce up to three bales per day.[16][17] The Thirteenth Texas Legislature chartered the Dallas and Wichita Railroad (later the Missouri–Kansas–Texas) on terms requiring 20 miles of track to be in running order by July 1, 1875. Lewisville paid the company $15,000 to come to the city, with a promise of another $5,000 on completion.[18] The company fulfilled the deal by completing the railroad tracks to a point just south of Lewisville on the morning of the deadline, and the line began running full-time in 1881.[19][8] Republicans in the Fourteenth Texas Legislature passed a law on April 30, 1874, prohibiting alcohol within two miles of the town.[20] Many residents ignored the law, however, and the city retained as many as 17 saloons at one point.[21] The population of the unincorporated town was 500 in 1888.[22]

Progress

Photograph of an old theater sign on a rustic building.
The building currently housing the Greater Lewisville Community Theater, built in 1885, is the oldest standing structure in Lewisville.[23]

On January 15, 1925, residents voted by a margin of 17 votes to incorporate Lewisville, which established its official boundaries as a city.[2] By 1930, Lewisville's population had increased to 853, making it the fourth most populous municipality in Denton County (behind Denton, Sanger, and Pilot Point).[24]

Because the city's economy had become diversified before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Lewisville was relatively well insulated from the Great Depression. Many residents, including business leaders, nevertheless supported the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[25][26] By 1936, the Works Progress Administration operated a cannery in the city to provide temporary jobs for unemployed residents.[27] As an extension of the Good Roads Movement, which had been prominent in Denton County since the early 1910s,[28] residents formed the Good Roads Committee of Lewisville to lobby state and federal officials for funding to create better streets.[29][30] Lewisville celebrated the paving of the U.S. Route 77 between Denton and Dallas in 1931 with a "Coming Out of the Mud" ceremony. The new pavement closed the "Lewisville Gap" between the two cities, a stretch of dirt road through the city that often became too muddy for travel.[31]

The new road also led indirectly to the downfall of the area's public transportation system. Between 1925 and 1932, the Texas Interurban Railway, an electric commuter rail service that ran from Dallas to Denton, operated a station in Lewisville. Business leaders in the Lewisville Chamber of Commerce welcomed the service at the time, proudly citing the city's progressive citizenship.[32] The area's low population density could not sustain the venture, however, and in 1932, the line went out of business and immediately halted service.[33][34]

On April 25, 1934, Raymond Hamilton of the Barrow Gang robbed the First National Bank of Lewisville. Residents chased him to Howe, Texas, where he was captured at a roadblock and transferred to Dallas County Jail.[35][36]

Growth

Lewisville's rapid growth began when construction of the Garza–Little Elm Dam finished in 1954, expanding the Garza–Little Elm Reservoir into the what is now Lewisville Lake.[37] The city adopted a home rule charter for a council–manager style of municipal government in 1963, becoming one of only a few home rule cities in Texas with a population of less than 5,000.[38] In September 1969, 13 days after Woodstock, the city hosted the Texas International Pop Festival, which drew over 150,000 spectators and featured performances by Janis Joplin, B.B. King and Led Zeppelin.[39] In 2011, the Texas Historical Commission dedicated a historical event marker at the Hebron A-train station in Lewisville to commemorate the event.[40]

When Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport opened to the south of the city in 1974 and Vista Ridge Mall opened at the intersection of Interstate 35E and Round Grove Road in 1987, Lewisville began to undergo rapid suburban growth.[41] Its population increased from 24,273 in 1980 to 46,521 in 1990, making it the 40th most populous city in Texas.[42] In the early 1990s, the Lewisville Chamber of Commerce marketed the city with the slogan "City of Expanding Horizons".[43] The population reached 77,737 in 2000 and 95,290 in 2010.[3]

Geography

Lewisville is located at 33°2′18″N 97°0′22″W / 33.03833°N 97.00611°W / 33.03833; -97.00611 (33.038316, −97.006232)[44] at an elevation of about 550 feet (170 m). It has a total area of 42.47 square miles (110.0 km2), of which 36.4 sq mi (94 km2) is land.[44] It lies at the southern end of Denton County and the northern end of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, in the eastern part of the Cross Timbers region of Texas between the Texas Blackland Prairies and the Grand Prairie.[7] Vista Ridge, a small plateau, is in the southeast corner of Lewisville, and the lowest part of Denton County, at 484 feet (148 m), is found in the city.[45] Lewisville sits above the Barnett Shale, a geological formation containing a large quantity of natural shale gas.[46]

Water constitutes 6.072 sq mi (15.73 km2) of the city's total area,[44] including Lewisville Lake, the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, and two local tributaries of the Elm Fork, Prairie Creek and Timber Creek. A riparian zone encompasses a portion of the city in the southeast.[47] The intersection of the Elm Fork and Lake Lewisville has given rise to a delta at the southern end of the lake, extending 6.9 miles (11.1 km) south.[48] The Federal Emergency Management Agency has labeled much of the area surrounding the delta as "Zone AE", meaning that the area is subject to 100-year flood precautions.[49]

Climate and weather

Lewisville's climate is classified as humid subtropical. Its Köppen climate classification is Cfa, which means that it has a temperate climate, does not have a dry season, and has a hot summer.[50] According to the United States Department of Agriculture, Lewisville is located in a hardiness zone of 8a.[51] The city is seldom affected by extreme weather, but Hurricane Carla in 1961 brought 86-mile-per-hour (138 km/h) winds and caused 6-foot (1.8 m) swells on Lewisville Lake.[52] During heavy rains, Timber Creek can overflow its banks, and on rare occasion, flood some of the surrounding homes.[53] The National Weather Service defines no official borders for Tornado Alley, but Lewisville is considered to be in it.[54]

Climate data for Lewisville, Texas
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 90
(32) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		108
(42) 		113
(45) 		113
(45) 		111
(44) 		103
(39) 		99
(37) 		89
(32) 		113
(45)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 53.3
(11.8) 		59.2
(15.1) 		67.2
(19.6) 		74.4
(23.6) 		81.7
(27.6) 		89.2
(31.8) 		94.1
(34.5) 		93.5
(34.2) 		86.1
(30.1) 		76.3
(24.6) 		64.1
(17.8) 		56.0
(13.3) 		74.6
(23.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 42.7
(5.9) 		48.0
(8.9) 		55.9
(13.3) 		63.4
(17.4) 		71.6
(22.0) 		79.1
(26.2) 		83.6
(28.7) 		82.7
(28.2) 		75.6
(24.2) 		65.3
(18.5) 		53.6
(12.0) 		45.4
(7.4) 		63.9
(17.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 32.0
(0.0) 		36.8
(2.7) 		44.6
(7.0) 		52.4
(11.3) 		61.4
(16.3) 		69.0
(20.6) 		73.1
(22.8) 		71.9
(22.2) 		65.0
(18.3) 		54.3
(12.4) 		43.0
(6.1) 		34.8
(1.6) 		53.2
(11.8)
Record low °F (°C) −3
(−19) 		−2
(−19) 		5
(−15) 		23
(−5) 		35
(2) 		48
(9) 		51
(11) 		52
(11) 		36
(2) 		16
(−9) 		10
(−12) 		0
(−18) 		−3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.94
(49) 		2.55
(65) 		2.82
(72) 		3.30
(84) 		5.41
(137) 		3.29
(84) 		2.53
(64) 		2.26
(57) 		3.35
(85) 		4.81
(122) 		2.87
(73) 		2.66
(68) 		37.79
(960)
Average snowfall inches (cm) .2
(0.51) 		.5
(1.3) 		.1
(0.25) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.3
(0.76) 		1.1
(2.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.7 6.1 7.0 7.1 8.4 6.4 4.4 4.7 5.8 6.8 6.8 6.5 76.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) .4 .2 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .2 1
Source: NOAA (1971–2000)[55]

Surrounding municipalities

Arts and cultural life

MCL Grand Theater

A nighttime photograph of a building that says "Grand Theater" across the front.
The Medical Center of Lewisville Grand Theater, which opened in 2011[56]

The Medical Center of Lewisville Grand Theater, known informally as the MCL Grand, is located on the east side of Interstate 35E in Lewisville's Old Town. It functions as a hub for the arts in Lewisville, able to show films, host meetings, and provide a venue for various kinds of artistic performance. The project began in 2004 and aimed to fulfill a long-term goal of building an arts center to coincide with the 2011 opening of the Old Town Station.[57] The facility opened in January 2011 with a series of performances, children's shows, concerts, and exhibits,[56] and the Greater Lewisville Arts Alliance presented the theater with a $25,000 contribution to begin their fundraiser to place a Steinway piano in the theater.[58] In 2011 and 2012, The Flower Mound Connection newspaper named the MCL Grand the best events venue in Denton County.[59][60]

Libraries

The entrance of a building with a glass front.
Front of the Lewisville Public Library building, which opened in 2006

The city government created the Lewisville Public Library in 1968, naming Cindy Bennett as its first director. A 5,000 sq ft (460 m2) structure was built where the city hall now stands. A new library facility was built in 1986 as part of the municipal building on Main Street. In 2001, Lewisville voters approved a 4B tax package, part of which was dedicated to building a new library facility,[61] the children's wing of which was dedicated to Bennett.[62] The $11 million renovation opened in 2006,[63] and it received the Achievement of Excellence in Libraries Award in that year and again in 2009.[64] Lewisville was also the temporary home of the George W. Bush Presidential Library until 2013.[65][66]

Media

Lewisville is served mainly by media from the Dallas area, but a number of niche publications focus on local news. The Lewisville Enterprise merged with The Lewisville Leader in 1962. The paper's publisher and editor at the time, U.O. Clements, was a staunch conservative, but vociferously supported the racial integration of Lewisville Independent School District, for which he received many anonymous threats from members of the Ku Klux Klan.[67] Clements sold the paper to Harte-Hanks Community Newspapers in 1971.[68] Star Newspapers, which owned the Leader, was purchased by 1013 Communications in 2012.[69] The newspaper is based in Plano, Texas. In 2011, the Lewisville City Council designated the Lewisville portion of Neighborsgo, a weekly section of The Dallas Morning News, as the city's official newspaper of record.[70]

Parks and recreation

Skateboarders at Scion Skate Park in Toyota of Lewisville Railroad Park

The City of Lewisville operates various public recreation facilities, including parks, two recreation centers, and approximately 14 miles (23 km) of trails.[71] The $20 million Railroad Park was built in 2009 using the revenue from a quarter-cent sales tax increase; it was the largest capital project in the city's history at the time. It was renamed Toyota of Lewisville Railroad Park in 2010 in a deal worth $1.5 million. The park has a baseball/softball complex, a football complex, eight lighted soccer fields, two concession buildings, a perimeter walking/jogging trail, three man-made lakes, a dog park and the Scion Skate Park.[72] Since 2010, the skate park has hosted the Scion Regional Amateur Tour, part an annual series of six skateboarding competitions held across the country.[73] In 2012, the venue hosted its first annual triathlon event benefiting the Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) of Denton County.[74]

Lewisville Lake Park comprises 662 acres (268 ha), which the city leases from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The park includes various amenities, including athletic fields and designated campgrounds. The Lewisville Fishing Barge, an indoor–outdoor fishing facility that opened in 1958, is located on the lake.[52][75] The park also hosts the Rick Neill Memorial, a cross country running meet organized each year by the Lewisville High School track and field team.[76] In February 2013, the city began to review a development proposal to build a resort hotel and convention center on a 60-acre (0.24 km2) parcel of land next to the lake.[77]

Lewisville is also a major hub of the Northern Golf Corridor of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.[78] Golf facilities located in the city include the Hank Haney Golf Ranch at Vista Ridge and Timbercreek Golf Center.[79][80] Located on the southeast edge of the city, the Lakes at Castle Hills is a Jay Morrish-designed course which opened in the late 1990s; critics have rated the course highly, praising its amenities and difficulty level.[81][78] Lake Park Golf Course, located near Lewisville Lake, is noted for its beginner-friendly design.[82] The nine-hole, 1,724-yard (1,576 m) Lake Park Executive course opened in 1994.[83] Lewisville is also home to professional golfer Chad Campbell, winner of the 2003 Tour Championship.[84]

In 2011, the Lewisville Park Board proposed a new master plan for the city's parks and recreation facilities. It specifies a major overhaul of the city's trail system, including 51 miles (82 km) of off-street trails, 50 miles (80 km) of enhanced sidewalks, 50 miles (80 km) of bicycle routes, a 7.4-mile (11.9 km) paddling trail down the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, and 31 major and minor trailheads throughout the area, many of which would connect to other trail networks. The plan includes numerous crossings of Interstate 35E for pedestrian and bicyclist safety.[85] In March 2012, the Park Board began reviewing a new master plan to address the next ten years of park development in the city.[86]

Government

A box beam from the World Trade Center South Tower on display at the Lewisville Fire Department offices as a memorial to the service members who died as a result of the September 11 attacks
A box beam from the World Trade Center South Tower stands on display in front of the Lewisville Fire Department offices as a memorial to those who died as a result of the September 11 attacks.

Since 1963, the City of Lewisville has operated as a home rule city with a council–manager style of municipal government. Residents elect six at-large members to serve on the City Council, including a mayor. Council elections in Texas are nonpartisan.[87] Members are elected to three-year terms and are not term-limited.[88] The mayor does not vote on issues that come before the council except in the case of a tie. There were three different female mayors between 1985 and 2000, but no woman has served on the City Council since 2001.[89] In 2011, the Fitch Group upgraded the city's general obligation bond rating from "AA+" to "AAA".[90] Lewisville has the lowest municipal property tax rate in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.[91] In the fiscal year 2012–2013, the city government's operating funds totaled $124,845,436.[92]

The Lewisville Police Department had 27 sworn police officers in 1977, and the number had increased to 136 by 2007.[93] As of 2015, the department included 229 full-time employees, four of whom were administrators.[94] The Lewisville Fire Department included 146 full-time employees, six of whom were administrators.[95] After the September 11 attacks, the fire department and its then chief, Rick Lasky, attracted national attention when they raised a large amount of donations for victims' families. As a reward, John Travolta, Joaquin Phoenix, and Robert Patrick visited the department in 2004 to promote the release of the film Ladder 49.[96] In May 2011, Lewisville residents approved a sales tax increase to create two public safety districts. The revenue from the increase will fund investments in the city's police and fire departments, including new officers and vehicles, as well as a new fire station in the eastern part of the city.[97]

Lewisville is located in the 26th Congressional district in Texas, which is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Michael C. Burgess. As of 2015, the city is represented in District 12 of the Texas Senate by Jane Nelson.[98] The city is split between two Texas House of Representatives districts: District 63, represented by Tan Parker, and District 65, represented by Ron Simmons.[99] Lewisville is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions.

Transportation

Photograph of a commuter rail stop.
The A-train station in Old Town Lewisville, opened in 2011

The primary freeway running through Lewisville is Interstate 35E, which runs north–south through the city. Before it was built, US Highway 77 (now Mill Street) was the main through route, connecting the city with Denton to the north and Dallas to the south.[31] In 1998, the Texas Department of Transportation carried out a Major Investment Study to examine the possibility of expanding the section of Interstate 35E between Interstate 635 and U.S. Route 380,[100] the primary focus being an 8-mile (13 km) stretch from Texas State Highway 121 to the bridge crossing Lewisville Lake.[101] The project is scheduled to add one general-purpose lane in each direction, in addition to a managed toll lane.[102] The project is expected to allow the city to substantially renovate its portion of the I-35 Corridor.[103] Construction on the first phase of the project is projected to begin in summer 2013 and finish in late 2016.[104]

Texas State Highway 121, which runs along the Sam Rayburn Tollway, intersects with Interstate 35E in the southeastern edge of the city. Farm to Market Road 1171, known in the city as Main Street, runs east–west across the middle part of the city from Business Highway 121 to Interstate 35W. Farm to Market Road 407 runs east–west across the northern part of the city. Lewisville also encompasses most of Farm to Market Road 3040, which runs east–west towards Carrollton and Flower Mound.[105]

Lewisville residents voted in a special election held on September 13, 2003, to become a full member of the Denton County Transportation Authority (DCTA).[106] The authority began running a regional bus service in November 2006.[107] In 2011, the Old Town and Hebron stations opened as commuter stops along the route of the DCTA's A-train. The route continues north to Denton and south to Trinity Mills Station in Carrollton, where it connects with the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) Green Line to Dallas.[108] DCTA also owns a Rail Operation and Maintenance Facility in Lewisville.[109]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880466—
18904986.9%
1930853—
19408732.3%
19501,51673.7%
19603,956160.9%
19709,264134.2%
198024,273162.0%
199046,52191.7%
200077,73767.1%
201095,29022.6%
2014 (est.)102,889[3]8.0%

The 2010 United States Census recorded a population of 95,290 in Lewisville, up from the 77,737 recorded for the 2000 Census, making it one of the 25 fastest-growing city populations in the United States. The 2010 population was made up of 37,496 households and 23,417 families. Its racial makeup was 65.3% White, 11.2% African American, 0.7% Native American, 7.8% Asian, 11.3% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 29.2% of the population was considered to be of Hispanic or Latino origin. There were children under the age of 18 in 35.5% of the households. The average household size was 2.53 persons and the average family size was 3.21 persons. The median age was 30.9 years. Between 2007 and 2011, the median income for a Lewisville household was $56,811, and per capita income was $28,144. About 9.6% of the population was below the poverty line, as compared to 17% for Texas as a whole.

Economy

The city has a diverse commercial tax base. Its top employers include JPMorgan Chase, Lewisville Independent School District, and Nationstar Mortgage.[110] Automobile dealerships have flourished there, including Huffines Auto Dealerships and Village Auto Group, which was ranked as one of the top "Powerhouses of the New Economy" by Black Enterprise magazine in 2000.[111] Lewisville's lake and the city's location the The DFW Metroplex has contributed to the largest boat sales market in the state by volume in a state that is second in the nation in overall boat sales. Because of the city's proximity to Dallas and Fort Worth, a number of food distribution companies have branches in Lewisville, including Sysco and Meadowbrook Meat Company (MBM). Fleming Companies, one of the United States' largest food distribution companies, relocated to Lewisville in 2000, but it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2003 after the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced that the company had been hiding massive losses.[112] Responsive Education Solutions, which operates chartered schools nationwide, is also headquartered in Lewisville.[113]

Education

Lewisville educational attainment
Lewisville Texas United States
High school graduate or higher 86.7% 80.4% 85.4%
Bachelor's degree or higher 29.7% 26.1% 28.2%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007−2011 American Community Survey[114]

Lewisville Independent School District operates the area's public school system, including Lewisville High School. Four of the district's middle schools feed into two high school feeder campuses; since the 2011−2012 school year, the Killough and Harmon campuses have served the city's ninth and tenth grade students, while the main campus at the intersection of FM 1171 (Main Street) and Valley Parkway is used primarily for eleventh and twelfth grade students.[115][116] The district also operates the Dale Jackson Career Center and conducts a night high school in Lewisville.[117]

According to American Community Survey results from 2007 to 2011, 86.7% of the city's population aged 25 or older had graduated from high school, 29.7% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 8.4% held a graduate or professional degree. The survey estimated that 24,879 Lewisville residents over the age of three were enrolled in schools.[114]

Notes

  1. ^ "LEWISVILLE 7 UNIT TARRANT COUNTY, TEXAS PRODUCTION DATA INFORMATION FOR LEWISVILLE 7 UNIT IN TARRANT COUNTY TEXAS". OGInfo.com LLC. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b Hervey 2002, p. 26.
  3. ^ a b c d e QuickFacts 2015.
  4. ^ AreaCodes 2015.
  5. ^ GNIS 1979.
  6. ^ Aasen 2010.
  7. ^ a b c Capace 1999, p. 437.
  8. ^ a b c Cole-Jett 2011, p. 9.
  9. ^ Cowling 1936, p. 16.
  10. ^ Bates 1918, p. 29.
  11. ^ Bates 1918, p. 31.
  12. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, p. 7.
  13. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, p. 48.
  14. ^ Southwell 2011.
  15. ^ Bridges 1978, p. 94.
  16. ^ Bates 1918, p. 278.
  17. ^ Bridges 1978, p. 121.
  18. ^ Bridges 1978, p. 147.
  19. ^ Bates 1918, p. 172.
  20. ^ Gammel 1898, p. 595.
  21. ^ Bates 1918, p. 146.
  22. ^ Foster 1888, p. 55.
  23. ^ GLCT 2006.
  24. ^ Bridges 1978, p. 367.
  25. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, p. 25.
  26. ^ Degan 1991, pp. 21–23.
  27. ^ Bridges 1978, p. 371.
  28. ^ Almanac 1912, p. 279.
  29. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, pp. 27–32.
  30. ^ Bridges 1978, p. 287.
  31. ^ a b Odom 1996, p. 69.
  32. ^ Tunnell, Moore & Minor 1925, p. 15.
  33. ^ Moynihan 2007, p. 6.
  34. ^ Cochran 1992, p. 15.
  35. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, p. 52.
  36. ^ Riddell 1934.
  37. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, p. 99.
  38. ^ Almanac 1964, pp. 553–554.
  39. ^ Wilonsky 2011.
  40. ^ Lewis 2011.
  41. ^ Cole-Jett 2011, p. 125.
  42. ^ Miskura 1990, p. 95.
  43. ^ Lewisville COC 1991, p. 136.
  44. ^ a b c Gazateer 2011.
  45. ^ Cowling 1936, p. 62.
  46. ^ Hundley 2011a.
  47. ^ Sales 2007, p. 6.
  48. ^ Williams 1991.
  49. ^ FEMA 2011.
  50. ^ Peel, Finlayson & McMahon 2007, p. 1636.
  51. ^ USDA 2012.
  52. ^ a b Cole-Jett 2011, p. 109.
  53. ^ Stoler 2010.
  54. ^ NCDC 2012.
  55. ^ NOAA 2011.
  56. ^ a b Goodwin 2011a.
  57. ^ Goodwin 2011b.
  58. ^ Goodwin 2011d.
  59. ^ Rodriguez 2011.
  60. ^ Allen 2012.
  61. ^ Eaken 2008.
  62. ^ Eaken 2009.
  63. ^ Hixson 2006.
  64. ^ Smith 2010a.
  65. ^ Ginsberg & Lunder 2010, p. 3.
  66. ^ Yip 2013.
  67. ^ Pareti 2000, pp. 40–46.
  68. ^ Pareti 2000, p. 50.
  69. ^ Mann 2012.
  70. ^ Heinze 2011b.
  71. ^ Hughes, Wood & Witte 2011, p. 64.
  72. ^ Smith 2010b.
  73. ^ Skateboarder 2011.
  74. ^ Goodwin 2012.
  75. ^ McQuarrie 1988, p. 209.
  76. ^ Thomas 2010.
  77. ^ Hundley 2013.
  78. ^ a b Holland 2001.
  79. ^ Dodson 2010, p. 8.
  80. ^ Mendez 2004.
  81. ^ McWilliams 2005, pp. 68−69.
  82. ^ McWilliams 2005, pp. 96−97.
  83. ^ Golf Texas 2012.
  84. ^ Valiante & Stachura 2005.
  85. ^ Hughes, Wood & Witte 2011, pp. 73–92.
  86. ^ Lundy 2012.
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  88. ^ Heinze 2011a.
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  91. ^ Sharp 2010, p. 95.
  92. ^ Barron 2015, p. 117.
  93. ^ Burgess 2007, p. 1356.
  94. ^ Barron 2015, pp. 208.
  95. ^ Barron 2015, pp. 221.
  96. ^ Fire 2009.
  97. ^ Goodwin 2011e.
  98. ^ TXmap 2012a.
  99. ^ TXmap 2012b.
  100. ^ Singh 2013.
  101. ^ Reinecke 2012, p. 10.
  102. ^ Lewis 2012.
  103. ^ Hundley 2011c.
  104. ^ Benning 2012.
  105. ^ Map Book 2010.
  106. ^ Phillips 2003.
  107. ^ Pry 2006.
  108. ^ Hundley 2011b.
  109. ^ Southwell 2012.
  110. ^ King & Martin 2013, p. 203.
  111. ^ Gite 2000, p. 149.
  112. ^ Markham 2006, p. 374.
  113. ^ Lane 2014.
  114. ^ a b ACS 2011.
  115. ^ Flores 2012.
  116. ^ Plunkett 2012.
  117. ^ LISD 2012.

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