List of prime ministers of Italy
Part of the Politics series |
Politics portal |
The Prime Minister of Italy, officially President of the Council of Ministers, is the political leader of Italy since 1861. The Palazzo Chigi in Rome is the official residence of the Prime Minister.[1]
The Prime Minister is the President of the Council of Ministers (which holds effective executive power) and he must receive a vote of approval from it to execute most political activities. The office is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems, but the leader of the Italian government is not authorized to request the dissolution of the Parliament or to dismiss the ministers (that are appointed by him).
The office was established by Articles 92 through to 96 of the current Constitution of Italy. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic after each general election. Commonly referred to in Italy as Premier, the right title of the office holder is Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri, or just Presidente del Consiglio. The formal Italian order of precedence lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office.
History
The office was first established in 1848 in Italy's predecessor state, the Kingdom of Sardinia, although it was not mentioned in the constitution, the Albertine Statute. The candidate for office was appointed by the king and presided over a very unstable political system. In its first 60 years of existence (1861–1921), Italy changed its prime minister 37 times. Regarding this situation, the first goal of Benito Mussolini, appointed in 1922, was to abolish the Parliament's ability to put him to a vote of no confidence, thus basing his power on the will of the king and the National Fascist Party alone. With the proclamation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the office received constitutional recognition and 26 men assumed the office in 70 years.
Prime Ministers of Italy
Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Parties:
- 1861–1912: (two-party system)
Historical Right Historical Left
- 1912–1922: (multiparty system)
Liberal Union Radical Party Reform Socialist Party Military
- 1922–1943: (single-party state)
- 1943–1946: (multiparty system)
Labour Democratic Party Action Party Christian Democracy
Governments: Rightist coalition Leftist coalition Liberal coalition Fascist Military Mixed coalition
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Tenure (Years and days) |
Party | Government | Composition | Legislature | King | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour (1810–1861) |
23 March 1861 |
6 June 1861† |
75 days | Historical Right | Cavour IV | Right | VIII (1861) |
Victor Emmanuel II (1861–1878) | |
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Bettino Ricasoli (1809–1880) |
12 June 1861 |
3 March 1862 |
264 days | Historical Right | Ricasoli I | Right | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Urbano Rattazzi (1808–1873) |
3 March 1862 |
8 December 1862 |
280 days | Historical Left | Rattazzi I | Right–Left | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Luigi Carlo Farini (1812–1866) |
8 December 1862 |
24 March 1863 |
106 days | Historical Right | Farini | Right | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Marco Minghetti (1818–1886) |
24 March 1863 |
28 September 1864 |
1 year, 188 days | Historical Right | Minghetti I | Right | |||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | General Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora (1804–1878) |
28 September 1864 |
31 December 1865 |
1 year, 265 days | Historical Right | La Marmora II | Right | |||
31 December 1865 |
20 June 1866 |
La Marmora III | IX (1865) | |||||||
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Bettino Ricasoli (1809–1880) |
20 June 1866 |
10 April 1867 |
294 days | Historical Right | Ricasoli II | Government of National Unity (Right–Left) | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Urbano Rattazzi (1808–1873) |
10 April 1867 |
27 October 1867 |
200 days | Historical Left | Rattazzi II | Right–Left | X (1867) | ||
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Luigi Federico Menabrea (1809–1896) |
27 October 1867 |
5 January 1868 |
1 year, 48 days | Historical Right | Menabrea I | Right | |||
5 January 1868 |
13 May 1869 |
Menabrea II | ||||||||
13 May 1869 |
14 December 1869 |
Menabrea III | ||||||||
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Giovanni Lanza (1810–1882) |
14 December 1869 |
10 July 1873 |
3 years, 208 days | Historical Right | Lanza | Right | XI (1870) | ||
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Marco Minghetti (1818–1886) |
10 July 1873 |
25 March 1876 |
2 years, 259 days | Historical Right | Minghetti II | Right | XII (1874) | ||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) |
25 March 1876 |
25 December 1877 |
1 year, 364 days | Historical Left | Depretis I | Left | XIII (1876) | ||
26 December 1877 |
24 March 1878 |
Depretis II | Umberto I (1878–1900) | |||||||
style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889) |
24 March 1878 |
19 December 1878 |
270 days | Historical Left | Cairoli I | Left | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) |
19 December 1878 |
14 July 1879 |
214 days | Historical Left | Depretis III | Left | |||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889) |
14 July 1879 |
25 November 1879 |
1 year, 319 days | Historical Left | Cairoli II | Left | |||
25 November 1879 |
29 May 1881 |
Cairoli III | XIV (1880) | |||||||
rowspan=5 style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) |
29 May 1881 |
25 May 1883 |
6 years, 61 days | Historical Left | Depretis IV | Left | |||
25 May 1883 |
30 March 1884 |
Depretis V | XV (1882) | |||||||
30 March 1884 |
29 June 1885 |
Depretis VI | ||||||||
29 June 1885 |
4 April 1887 |
Depretis VII | XVI (1886) | |||||||
4 April 1887 |
29 July 1887† |
Depretis VIII | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Francesco Crispi (1819–1901) |
29 July 1887 |
9 March 1889 |
3 years, 192 days | Historical Left | Crispi I | Left | |||
9 March 1889 |
6 February 1891 |
Crispi II | XVII (1890) | |||||||
style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908) |
6 February 1891 |
15 May 1892 |
1 year, 99 days | Historical Right | Rudinì I | Left–Right | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
15 May 1892 |
15 December 1893 |
1 year, 214 days | Historical Left | Giolitti I | Left | XVIII (1892) | ||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Francesco Crispi (1819–1901) |
15 December 1893 |
14 June 1894 |
2 years, 86 days | Historical Left | Crispi III | Left | |||
14 June 1894 |
10 March 1896 |
Crispi IV | XIX (1895) | |||||||
rowspan=4 style="background:Template:Historical Right (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908) |
10 March 1896 |
11 July 1896 |
2 years, 111 days | Historical Right | Rudinì II | Left–Right | |||
11 July 1896 |
14 December 1897 |
Rudinì III | ||||||||
14 December 1897 |
1 June 1898 |
Rudinì IV | XX (1897) | |||||||
1 June 1898 |
29 June 1898 |
Rudinì V | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Military (Italy)/meta/color;" | | General Luigi Pelloux (1839–1924) |
29 June 1898 |
14 May 1899 |
1 year, 360 days | Military | Pelloux I | Left–Right–Military | |||
14 May 1899 |
24 June 1900 |
Pelloux II | ||||||||
style="background:Template:Historical Left (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Giuseppe Saracco (1821–1907) |
24 June 1900 |
15 February 1901 |
236 days | Historical Left | Saracco | Left–Right | XXI (1900) |
Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946) | |
style="background:Template:Historical Left/meta/color;" | | Giuseppe Zanardelli (1826–1903) |
15 February 1901 |
3 November 1903 |
2 years, 261 days | Historical Left | Zanardelli | Left–Right | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Left/meta/color;" | | Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
3 November 1903 |
12 March 1905 |
1 year, 129 days | Historical Left | Giolitti II | Left–Right with PSI's external support |
XXII (1904) | ||
style="background:Template:Historical Right/meta/color;" | | Tommaso Tittoni (1855–1931) |
12 March 1905 |
27 March 1905 |
15 days | Historical Right | Tittoni | Left–Right | |||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Historical Left/meta/color;" | | Alessandro Fortis (1842–1909) |
27 March 1905 |
24 December 1905 |
318 days | Historical Left | Fortis I | Left–Right | |||
24 December 1905 |
8 February 1906 |
Fortis II | ||||||||
style="background:Template:Historical Right/meta/color;" | | Sidney Sonnino (1847–1922) |
8 February 1906 |
29 May 1906 |
110 days | Historical Right | Sonnino I | Left–Right–Radicals | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Left/meta/color;" | | Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
29 May 1906 |
11 December 1909 |
3 years, 196 days | Historical Left | Giolitti III | Left–Right | |||
style="background:Template:Historical Right/meta/color;" | | Sidney Sonnino (1847–1922) |
11 December 1909 |
31 March 1910 |
110 days | Historical Right | Sonnino II | Left–Right | XXIII (1909) | ||
style="background:Template:Historical Right/meta/color;" | | Luigi Luzzatti (1841–1927) |
31 March 1910 |
30 March 1911 |
364 days | Historical Right | Luzzatti | Left–Right | |||
style="background:Template:Liberal Union (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
30 March 1911 |
21 March 1914 |
2 years, 356 days | Liberal Union | Giolitti IV | Liberal coalition (UL–PR–PDC–UECI–PD–CC) | |||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Liberal Union (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Antonio Salandra (1853–1931) |
21 March 1914 |
5 November 1914 |
2 years, 89 days | Liberal Union | Salandra I | Liberal coalition (UL–PDC–UECI–PD–CC) |
XXIV (1913) | ||
5 November 1914 |
18 June 1916 |
Salandra II | ||||||||
style="background:Template:Liberal Union (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Paolo Boselli (1838–1932) |
18 June 1916 |
30 October 1917 |
1 year, 134 days | Liberal Union | Boselli | Government of National Unity (UL–PR–PDC–UECI– PSRI–PD–PRI–CC) | |||
style="background:Template:Liberal Union (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860–1952) |
30 October 1917 |
23 June 1919 |
1 year, 236 days | Liberal Union | Orlando | Government of National Unity (UL–PR–PDC–UECI– PSRI–PD–PRI–CC) | |||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Italian Radical Party/meta/color;" | | Francesco Saverio Nitti (1868–1953) |
23 June 1919 |
21 May 1920 |
358 days | Radical Party | Nitti I | Liberal coalition (UL–PPI–PR–PDSI–PSRI) | |||
21 May 1920 |
15 June 1920 |
Nitti II | Liberal coalition (PPI–PLD–UL–PDSI–PR) |
XXV (1919) | ||||||
style="background:Template:Liberal Union (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) |
15 June 1920 |
4 July 1921 |
1 year, 19 days | Liberal Union | Giolitti V | Liberal coalition (PPI–PLD–UL–PDSI–PR–PSRI) | |||
style="background:Template:Italian Reform Socialist Party/meta/color;" | | Ivanoe Bonomi (1873–1951) |
4 July 1921 |
26 February 1922 |
237 days | Italian Reformist Socialist Party |
Bonomi I | Liberal coalition (PPI–PLD–UL–PDSI–PSRI) |
XXVI (1921) | ||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Liberal Union (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Luigi Facta (1861–1930) |
26 February 1922 |
1 August 1922 |
247 days | Liberal Union/ Italian Liberal Party |
Facta I | Liberal coalition (PPI–PLI–PR–PDSI–PSRI–PA) | |||
1 August 1922 | 31 October 1922 | Facta II | Liberal coalition (PPI–PLI–PR–PDSI–PSRI) | |||||||
rowspan=5 style="background:Template:National Fascist Party/meta/color; color:white" | | Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) (Head of the Government and Duce of Fascism from 1925) |
31 October 1922 |
25 July 1943 |
20 years, 267 days | National Fascist Party | Mussolini | PPI–PLI–PDSI–PNF–ANI | |||
PNF | XXVII (1924) | |||||||||
XXVIII (1929) | ||||||||||
XXIX (1934) | ||||||||||
XXX (no election) | ||||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Military (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Marshal Pietro Badoglio (1871–1956) |
25 July 1943 |
24 April 1944 |
329 days | Military | Badoglio I | Military | Abolished Parliament | ||
24 April 1944 |
18 June 1944 |
Badoglio II | National Liberation Committee (DC–PSIUP–PCI–PLI–PDL–PdA) | |||||||
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Italian Reform Socialist Party/meta/color;" | | Ivanoe Bonomi (1873–1951) |
18 June 1944 |
12 December 1944 |
1 year, 1 day | Labour Democratic Party | Bonomi II | National Liberation Committee (DC–PSIUP–PCI–PLI–PDL–PdA) | |||
12 December 1944 |
19 June 1945 |
Bonomi III | National Council | |||||||
style="background:Template:Action Party (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Ferruccio Parri (1890–1981) |
21 June 1945 |
8 December 1945 |
172 days | Action Party | Parri | National Liberation Committee (DC–PSIUP–PCI–PLI–PDL–PdA) | |||
style="background:Template:Christian Democracy (Italy)/meta/color;" | | Alcide De Gasperi (1881–1954) |
10 December 1945 |
10 July 1946 |
212 days | Christian Democracy | De Gasperi I | National Liberation Committee (DC–PSIUP–PCI–PLI–PDL–PdA) |
Umberto II (1946) |
Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic (1946–present)
Parties:
- 1946–1994: (multiparty system)
Christian Democracy Republican Party Socialist Party Independent
- 1994–2018: (two-coalition system)
Centre-right (FI/PdL) Centre-left (Ulivo/PD)
- 2018–present: (three-coalition system)
Coalitions: Centrist coalition Centre-right coalition Centre-left coalition Populist coalition Mixed coalition
Timeline
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Italian Republic (1946–present)
Living former Prime Ministers of Italy
See also
- Deputy Prime Minister of Italy
- Lists of incumbents
- List of Prime Ministers of Italy by time in office
- Politics of Italy
- Prime Minister of Italy
References
Bibliography
- Guglielmotti, Umberto, ed. (1966). I presidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri dell'Unita' d'Italia ad oggi, Volume 3 (in Italian). CEN.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Viviani, Maria Paola, ed. (1970). La presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri in alcuni stati dell'Europa occidentale ed in Italia (in Italian). Giuffrè.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Rotelli, Ettore, ed. (1972). La Presidenza Del Consiglio Dei Ministri: Il Problema Del Coordinamento Dell'amministrazione Centrale in Italia, (1848-1948) (in Italian). Giuffrè.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Marzo, Corradino; Amodio, Vito Domenico, eds. (2014). I governi della Repubblica. Storia dei Presidenti del Consiglio, Volume 1 (in Italian). Lupo. ISBN 978-8866671893.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)