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Panch Kalyanaka

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Panch Kalyanaka (Sanskrit: pan̄ca kalyāṇaka, "Five Auspicious Events") are the five chief auspicious events that are believed to occur in the life of tirthankara in Jainism.[1][2][3] They are commemorated as part of many Jain rituals and festivals.[4]

Kalyanaka

These auspicious life events are as below:[3][4][5][6]

  1. Cyavana kalyāṇaka: When the ātman (soul) of a tirthankara enter's their mother's womb.[7]
  2. Janma kalyāṇaka: Birth of the tirthankara.[2][7] Snatra Puja is a ritual celebrating this event in which Indra does abhisheka on the tirthankara on Mount Meru.[8]
  3. Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka: When a tirthankara renounce all worldly possessions and becomes an ascetic.[9]
  4. Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka: The event when a tirthankara attains kēvalajñāna (absolute knowledge). A divine samavasarana (preaching hall) appears, from where the tirthankara delivers sermons and restores the Jain community and teachings.[10]
  5. Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka: When a tirthankara leaves their mortal body, it is known as nirvana. It is followed by final liberation, moksha. A tirthankara is considered a Siddha after that.[11][12]
Pancha Kalyanaka of Mahavira, folios from Kalpasutra, loose leaf manuscript, Patan, Gujarat. c. 1472 (now in Brooklyn Museum)
  • Cyavana kalyāṇaka
    Cyavana kalyāṇaka
  • Janma kalyāṇaka
    Janma kalyāṇaka
  • Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka
    Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka
  • Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka
    Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka
  • Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka
    Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka

Kalyanaka Dates of 24 Tirthankara

These dates are called Kalyanaka Tithi. All dates are considered according to Jain calendar known as Jain Panchang based on the Vira Nirvana Samvat, but they differ according to different sects of Jain tradition and sometimes different within the same tradition also.[13][14][15][16]

[s] [d] [o]

Note: This list is according to Śvētāmbara tradition and months are according to the Gujarati calendar.

No. Tirthankara Chyavan Kalyanaka Janma Kalyanaka Diksha Kalyanaka Kevala Jnana Kalyanaka Nirvana Kalyanaka
1 Rishabha Jeth Vad 4 Fagan Vad 8 Fagan Vad 8 Maha Vad 11 Posh Vad 13
2 Ajitanatha Vaisakh Sud 13 Maha Sud 8 Maha Sud 9 Posh Sud 11 Chaitra Sud 5
3 Sambhavanatha Fagan Sud 8 Magsar Sud 14 Magasar Sud 15 Asho Vad 5 Chaitra Sud 5
4 Abhinandananatha Vaisakh Sud 4 Maha Sud 2 Maha Sud 12 Posh Sud 14 Vaisakh Sud 8
5 Sumatinatha Shravan Sud 2 Vaisakh Sud 8 Vaisakh Sud 9 Chaitra Sud 11 Chaitra Sud 9
6 Padmaprabha Posh Vad 6 Asho Vad 12 Asho Vad 13 Chaitra Sud 11 Chaitra Sud 9
7 Suparshvanatha Shravan Vad 8 Jeth Sud 12 Jeth Sud 13 Maha Vad 6 Maha Vad 7
8 Chandraprabha Fagan Vad 5 Magasar Vad 12 Magasar Vad 13 Maha Vad 7 Shravan Vad 7
9 Pushpadanta Maha Vad 9 Kartak Vad 5 Kartak Vad 6 Kartak Sud 3 Bhadarva Sud 9
10 Shitalanatha Chaitra Vad 6 Posh Vad 12 Posh Vad 13 Magasar Vad 14 Chaitra Vad 2
11 Shreyanasanatha Vaisakh Vad 6 Maha Vad 12 Maha Vad 13 Posh Vad Amaas Ashadh Vad 3
12 Vasupujya Jeth Sud 9 Maha Vad 14 Maha Vad Amaas Maha Sud 2 Asadh Sud 14
13 Vimalanatha Vaisakh Sud 12 Maha Sud 3 Maha Sud 4 Posh Sud 6 Jeth Vad 7
14 Anantanatha Asadh Vad 7 Chaitra Vad 13 Chaitra Vad 14 Chaitra Vad 14 Chaitra Sud 5
15 Dharmanatha Vaisakh Sud 7 Maha Sud 3 Maha Sud 12 Posh sud 15 Jeth Sud 5
16 Shantinatha Shravan Vad 7 Vaishakh Vad 13 Vaiskh Vad 14 Posh Sud 9 Vaisakh Vad 13
17 Kunthunatha Asadh Vad 9 Chaitra Vad 14 Chaitra Vad 5 Chaitra Vad 5 Chaitra Vad 1
18 Aranatha Fagan Sud 2 Magsar Sud 10 Magsar Sud 11 Kartik Sud 12 Magsar Sud 10
19 Māllīnātha Fagan Sud 4 Magsar Sud 11 Magsar Sud 11 Magsar Sud 11 Fagan Sud 12
20 Munisuvrata Shravan Sud 15 Vaisakh Vad 8 Fagan Sud 12 Shravan Vad 12 Vaisakh Vad 9
21 Naminatha Asho Sud 15 Ashadh Vad 8 Jeth Vad 9 Magsar Sud 11 Chaitra Vad 10
22 Neminatha Asho Vad 12 Shravan Sud 5 Shravan Sud 6 Bhadarva Vad Amaas Ashadh Sud 8
23 Parshvanatha Fagan Vad 4 Magsar Vad 10 Magsar Vad 11 Fagan Vad 4 Shravan Sud 8
24 Mahavira Asadh Sud 6 Chaitra Sud 13 Kartak Vad 10 Vaisakh Sud 10 Asho Vad Amaas
Keys
  • Dates are in short format. For example, Kartik Sud 2 means Second day of Bright half(Sud) of Kartik month.
  • ^ s: according to Śvētāmbara tradition
  • ^ d: according to Digambara tradition
  • ^ o: according to other sources

Kalyanaka Places of 24 Tirthankara

Kalyanaka Bhumi are places where any of these Kalyanaka took place in relation to 24 Tirthankara. They are considered places of pilgrimage by Jains.[5] 20 out of 24 Tirthankaras' Nirvana kalyanaka took place at Shikharji.[12]

They are as below:[12][17][18][19][20]

No. Tirthankara Chyavan Kalyanaka Janma Kalyanaka Diksha Kalyanaka Keval Gyan Kalyanaka Nirvan Kalyanaka
1 Rishabha Ayodhya Purimtal ( now Prayag or Allahabad) Ashtapad
2 Ajitnath Ayodhya Shikharji
3 Sambhavanath Shravasti
4 Abhinandannath Ayodhya
5 Sumatinath
6 Padmaprabha Kausambi
7 Suparshvanath Bhadaini, Varanasi
8 Chandraprabha Chandrapuri
9 Suvidhinatha Kakandi (now Khukhundu, Deoria district)
10 Sheetalnath Bhadilpur or Bhadrikapuri
11 Shreyansanath Sinhpuri, Varanasi
12 Vasupujya Champapuri (now Bhagalpur)[21]
13 Vimalnath Kampilya Shikharji
14 Anantnath Ayodhya
15 Dharmanath Ratnapuri
16 Shantinath Hastinapur
17 Kunthunath
18 Aranath
19 Mallinath Mithila
20 Munisuvrata Rajgruhi
21 Nami Natha Mithila
22 Neminatha Sauripur Girnar
23 Parshva Varanasi Shikharji
24 Mahavira Kundalagrama (Kshatriya Kund) near Vaishali Rijuvaluka Pavapuri

Rituals

Main article: Jain rituals

Some rituals have close relationshhip with these five Kalyanakas.

Jain temple erection

Main article: Panch-kalyanak Pratishtha

When a new Jain Temple is erected, these Five Auspicious Life Events are celebrated known as Panch Kalyanak Pratishtha Mahotsava. It is followed by Anjana Shalaka, a ceremony to install new Tirthankara icon. An Acharya recite mantras related to Panch Kalyanaka followed by applying special paste to eyes of Tirthankara image. After these an icons of Tirthankara gets a status of real Tirthankara which can be worshipped by Jains. Acharya have to fast for three days before that.[22]

Worship rituals

Panch Kalyanaka Puja is a ritual solemnizes all five Kalyanaka. It was narrated by Pandit Virvijay.

Snatra Puja is a ritual related to Janma Kalyanaka in which icons of Tirthankara are bathed symbolising Indra doing Abhisheka on Tirthankara on Mount Meru after birth of Tirthankara. It performed before many other rituals and before starting of new enterprises, birthdays.[8]

Festivals

Main article: Jain festivals

Many religious festivals mark Kalyanaka of Tirthankara especially Janma and Nirvana Kalyanaka.

Mahavir Jayanti

Main article: Mahavir Jayanti

It marks Janma Kalyanak (birth) of 24th Tirthankara, Mahavira. Abhisheka of icons are done on this day and procession celebrating this event takes place in the cities. It is on 13th day of bright half of Chaitra month of Jain calendar (March/April).[8]

Diwali

Main article: Diwali § Jainism

Diwali is a day of Nirvana Kalyanaka of 24th Tirthankara, Mahavira. He attained Moksha on this day in 527 BCE. It falls on fifteenth day of dark half of Ashwin (Aaso) month (September/October) which is also a last day of a year.[8]

Pausha Dashmi

It is celebrated on 10th day of dark half of Pausha (Pushya) month of Hindu calendar(December/January). It marks Janma kalyanaka (birth) of 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanath. Three days fast is observed by many Jains.

Maun Agiyaras

Maun Agiyaras or Ekadashi marks Kalyanaka of many Tirthankaras. It is celebrated on 11th day of Magshar month of Jain calendar (October/November). On this day, complete silence is observed and fasting is kept. Meditation is also performed.[8]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panch Kalyanaka.

References

  1. ^ Titze, Kurt (1998). Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 262. ISBN 9788120815346. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  2. ^ a b Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). The Jaina Path Of Purification. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 196, 343, 347. ISBN 9788120815780. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  3. ^ a b Mehta, Jodh Sinha (1970). Abu to Udaipur: (Celestial Simla to City of Sunrise). Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 20. ISBN 9788185066172. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780195132342. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  5. ^ a b Lal, Kanwar (1961). Holy cities of India. Asia Press. p. 59. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  6. ^ Eberhard Fischer, Jyotindra Jain (1978). Jaina Iconography, Volume 1. BRILL. pp. 4–13. ISBN 9789004052598. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  7. ^ a b "Chyavana Kalyanak". www.herenow4u.net. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e Wiley, Kristi L. (2009). The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 200, 246. ISBN 9780810868212. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  9. ^ "Diksha Kalyanak". www.herenow4u.net. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  10. ^ "Kevaljnana Kalyanak". www.herenow4u.net. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  11. ^ "Nirvana Kalyanak". www.herenow4u.net. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b c Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. p. 369. ISBN 9780143415176. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  13. ^ "PANCH KALYANAK of 24 TIRTHANKAR". jainuniversity.org. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  14. ^ "Kalyanak Year 2012-13". www.jain24.org. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  15. ^ "Jain Panchang 2010-Page 2" (PDF). http://www.jaindial.com/Jain_Panchang.asp. www.jaindial.com. Retrieved 10 December 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  16. ^ "Activity / Tithi Calendar showing Feb-2011/Posh-Maha month Kalyanaka". www.melbournejainsangh.org. Melbourne Jain Sangh. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  17. ^ "kalyanak-bhumi". jainuniversity.org. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  18. ^ "Narration Chart of 24 Tirthankars". www.jainuniversity.org. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  19. ^ "Introduction 24 Tirthankaras". www.jainreligion.in. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  20. ^ "Brief details of Tirthankaras". www.ejainism.com. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  21. ^ Krishnachandra Ghosh, Puran Chand Nahar (1988). Jainism, precepts and practice, Volume 2. Caxton. p. 689. ISBN 9788185066172. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  22. ^ Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). The Jaina Path Of Purification. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 196–199. ISBN 9788120815780. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
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