Jump to content

Same-sex marriage in the United States

Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Global-Cityzen (talk | contribs) at 11:51, 7 May 2016 (→State and territorial recognition). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

An accepted version of this page, accepted on 7 May 2016, was based on this revision.

Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

In the United States of America, same-sex marriage has been legal nationwide since June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional.[1][2][3] The court ruled that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples and the refusal to recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions violates the Due Process and the Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The ruling overturned a precedent, Baker v. Nelson.

While civil rights campaigning took place from the 1970s,[4] the issue became prominent from around 1993, when the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled in Baehr v. Lewin that the prohibition was unconstitutional. The ruling led to federal actions and actions by several states, to restrict marriage to male-female couples, in particular the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). During the period of 2003 to 2015, various lower court decisions, state legislation, and popular referendums had already legalized same-sex marriage to some degree in thirty-eight out of fifty U.S. states, in the U.S. territory Guam, and in the District of Columbia. In 2013 the Supreme Court overturned a key provision of DOMA, declaring part of it unconstitutional and in breach of the Fifth Amendment in United States v. Windsor because it "single[d] out a class of persons" for discrimination, by refusing to treat their marriages equally under federal law when state law had created them equally valid. The ruling led to the federal government's recognition of same-sex marriage, with federal benefits for married couples connected to either the state of residence or the state in which the marriage was solemnized. However the ruling focused on the provision of DOMA responsible for the federal government refusing to acknowledge State sanctioned same-sex marriages, leaving the question of state marriage laws itself to the individual States. The Supreme Court addressed that question two years later in 2015, ruling, in Obergefell, that same-sex married couples were to be constitutionally accorded the same recognition as opposite-sex couples at state/territory levels, as well as at federal level.

By the time that same-sex marriage became legal nationally, public opinion on the subject had reached almost 60% approval levels according to polls by The Wall Street Journal,[5] the Human Rights Campaign,[6] and CNN,[7] having been consistently over 50% since 2010[8] and trending consistently upward over the years prior.

History

Main article: History of same-sex marriage in the United States
See also: Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States

The movement to obtain civil marriage rights and benefits for same-sex couples in the United States began in the 1970s.[4] In the 1971 case Baker v. Nelson the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled that denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples did not violate the U.S. Constitution. On appeal, the United States Supreme Court denied to hear the case, establishing it as a federal precedent as it came from mandatory appellate review. The issue did not become prominent in U.S. politics until the 1993 Hawaii Supreme Court decision in Baehr v. Lewin that declared that state's prohibition to be unconstitutional.[9]

During the 21st century, while several countries elsewhere in the world were opening marriage for same-sex couples, public support in the U.S. for same-sex marriage has grown considerably,[10][11] and national polls conducted since 2011 show that a majority of Americans support legalizing it. However at the same time, many states[specify] also passed bans against same-sex marriage, either legislatively or by referendum. On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state and the sixth jurisdiction in the world to legalize same-sex marriage following the Supreme Judicial Court's decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health six months earlier.[12] On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to publicly declare support for the legalization of same-sex marriage.[13] On November 6, 2012, Maine, Maryland, and Washington became the first states to legalize same-sex marriage through popular vote.

In June 2013 the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor that federal law could not treat as unequal, marriages that individual States had created as equally valid, when it overturned a key provision of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), thus forcing federal recognition of same-sex marriage and marriage-related benefits when related to a same-sex marriage performed by a state that sanctioned such marriages. In the two years following Windsor, U.S. district courts in 27 states[a] and state courts in six states,[b] plus one state court ruling addressing only the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions,[c] found that same-sex marriage bans violate the U.S. Constitution, while two U.S. district courts[d] and one state court[e] found that they did not. The flow of federal appeal cases rejecting same-sex marriage bans was finally interrupted in November 2014. In contrast to all other circuits that had ruled at the time, the Sixth Circuit ruled such bans to be constitutional. The panel ruling reversed six U.S. district court rulings that had found bans on same-sex marriage or its recognition to be unconstitutional, reinstating State bans in the four states served by that circuit (Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio and Tennessee).[f][48]

The crowd assembled in front of the Supreme Court shortly before same-sex marriage bans were struck down nationwide in Obergefell v. Hodges.

On January 16, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear four cases, on appeal from the Sixth Circuit, on whether states may constitutionally ban same-sex marriages or refuse to recognize such marriages legally performed in another state. The cases were: Obergefell v. Hodges (Ohio), Tanco v. Haslam (Tennessee), DeBoer v. Snyder (Michigan), and Bourke v. Beshear (Kentucky). Decided by the court under the heading of Obergefell on June 26, 2015, a 5–4 majority of justices led by Justice Anthony Kennedy reversed the Sixth Circuit's upholding of state bans and declared that the Court's rulings must evolve in the light of better understanding of discrimination and the constitutional protections available to protect minorities, and that same-sex couples have the constitutional rights to marry and to have their marriages recognized.[49] Obergefell therefore overturned the Court's own prior ruling in Baker.

Before Obergefell

State laws regarding same-sex marriage in the United States prior to Obergefell v. Hodges1
  Same-sex marriage legal (including by court decision)
  Same-sex marriage ban overturned, decision stayed indefinitely
  Same-sex marriage banned where federal circuit court has found similar bans unconstitutional
  Same-sex marriage banned
  Same-sex marriage legality complicated
1 Native American tribal nations have laws pertaining to same-sex marriage independent of state law. The federal government recognizes same-sex marriages, regardless of the current state of residence.

Prior to Obergefell, same-sex marriage was legal to at least some degree in thirty-eight states, one territory (Guam) and the District of Columbia; of the states, Missouri, Kansas, and Alabama had restrictions. Until United States v. Windsor, it was only legal in 12 states and Washington D.C.. Beginning in July 2013, over forty federal and state courts cited Windsor to strike down state bans on the licensing and/or recognition of same-sex marriage. Missouri recognized same-sex marriages from out of state and same-sex marriages licensed by the City of St. Louis under two separate state court orders; two other jurisdictions issued such licenses as well. In Kansas, marriage licenses were available to same-sex couples in most counties, but the state did not recognize their validity. Some counties in Alabama issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples for three weeks until the state Supreme Court ordered probate judges to stop doing so. That court's ruling did not address the recognition of same-sex marriages already licensed in Alabama, but referred to them as "purported 'marriage licenses'".[50] In two additional states, same-sex marriages were previously legal between the time their bans were struck down and then stayed. Michigan recognized the validity of more than 300 marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples and those marriages. Arkansas recognized the more than 500 marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples there,[51] and the federal government had not taken a position on Arkansas's marriage licenses.

See also: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

The legal issues surrounding same-sex marriage in the United States are determined by the nation's federal system of government, in which the status of a person, including marital status, is determined in large measure by the individual states. Prior to 1996, the federal government did not define marriage; any marriage recognized by a state was recognized by the federal government, even if that marriage was not recognized by one or more states, as was the case until 1967 with interracial marriage, which some states banned by statute.

Civil same-sex marriage ceremony being performed in San Francisco City Hall in June 2008.

Prior to 2004, same-sex marriage was not performed in any U.S. jurisdiction. It was subsequently legalized in different jurisdictions through legislation, court rulings,[52] tribal council rulings,[53] and popular vote in referenda.[54][55][56]

The Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell renders moot any remaining legal challenges, as it specifically orders states to both issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, and to recognize as valid marriages performed in other states.[57]

Federal law

According to the federal government's Government Accountability Office (GAO) in 2004, more than 1,138 rights and protections are conferred to U.S. citizens upon marriage by the federal government; areas affected include Social Security benefits, veterans' benefits, health insurance, Medicaid, hospital visitation, estate taxes, retirement savings, pensions, family leave, and immigration law.[58]

Since July 9, 2015, married same-sex couples throughout the United States have equal access to all the federal benefits that married opposite-sex couples have.[59]

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was enacted in 1996. DOMA's Section 2 says that no state need recognize the legal validity of a same-sex relationship even if recognized as marriage by another state. It purports to relieve a state of its reciprocal obligation to honor the laws of other states as required by the Constitution's full faith and credit clause.[60] Even before DOMA, however, states sometimes refused to recognize a marriage from another jurisdiction if it was counter to its "strongly held public policies".[61] Most lawsuits that seek to require a state to recognize a marriage established in another jurisdiction argue on the basis of equal protection and due process, not the full faith and credit clause.[g]

DOMA's Section 3 defined marriage for the purposes of federal law as a union of one man and one woman.[64] It was challenged in the federal courts. On July 8, 2010, Judge Joseph Tauro of the District Court of Massachusetts held that the denial of federal rights and benefits to lawfully married Massachusetts same-sex couples is unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution.[65] Beginning in 2010, eight federal courts found DOMA Section 3 unconstitutional in cases involving bankruptcy, public employee benefits, estate taxes, and immigration.[66][67][68] On October 18, 2012, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals became the first court to hold sexual orientation to be a quasi-suspect classification and applied intermediate scrutiny to strike down Section 3 of DOMA as unconstitutional in Windsor v. United States.[69] The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Windsor on June 26, 2013, that Section 3 violated the Fifth Amendment.[70][h]

As a result of the Windsor decision, married same-sex couples—regardless of domicile—have federal tax benefits (including the ability to file joint federal income tax returns), military benefits, federal employment benefits, and immigration benefits.[71][72][73][74] In February 2014, the Justice Department expanded federal recognition of same-sex marriages to include bankruptcies, prison visits, survivor benefits and refusing to testify against a spouse.[75] Likewise in June 2014, family medical leave benefits under the Family Medical Leave Act 1975 were extended to married same-sex couples.[76] With respect to social security and veterans benefits, same-sex married couples are eligible for full benefits from the Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA). Prior to the Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015, the VA and SSA could provide only limited benefits to married same-sex couples living in states where same-sex marriage was not legal.[77][78] Effective March 27, 2015, the definition of spouse under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993[79] includes employees in a same-sex marriage regardless of state of residence.[80] Following the Obergefell decision, the Justice Department extended all federal marriage benefits to married same-sex couples nationwide.[59]

The federal government recognizes the marriages of same-sex couples who married in certain states in which same-sex marriage was legal for brief periods between the time a court order allowed such couples to marry and that court order was stayed, including Michigan. The federal government also recognized marriages performed in Utah from December 20, 2013 to January 6, 2014, even while the state didn't. Under similar circumstances, the federal government never took a position on Indiana or Wisconsin's marriages performed in brief periods, though it did recognize them once the respective states announced they would do so. It had not taken a position with respect to similar marriages in Arkansas[81] prior to the Obergefell decision legalising and recognising same-sex marriages in all 50 states.

Opponents of same-sex marriage have worked to prevent individual states from recognizing same-sex unions by attempting to amend the United States Constitution to define marriage as a union between one man and one woman. In 2006, the Federal Marriage Amendment, which would prohibit states from recognizing same-sex marriages, was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee on a party-line vote and was debated by the full Senate, but was ultimately defeated in both houses of Congress.[82] On April 2, 2014, the Alabama State House adopted a resolution calling for a constitutional convention to propose an amendment to ban same-sex marriage nationwide.[83]

State and territorial recognition

Further information: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state

Same-sex marriages are licensed in and recognized by all U.S. states and Washington, D.C., as well as all U.S. territories except American Samoa.[84] On July 3, 2015, the Attorney General for American Samoa stated "we are reviewing the opinion [Obergefell v. Hodges] and its potential applicability to American Samoa, and will provide comment when it is completed."[85] On January 6, 2016, Alabama's Chief Justice, Roy Moore, issued a ruling forbidding state officials from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[86] The ruling had no effect and all Alabama counties continued either issuing marriage licenses to all couples or not issue licenses at all, and in May 2016 Moore was charged with ethics charges by the state Judicial Inquiry Commission for the ruling.[87]

Counties not issuing marriage licenses

Officials of fourteen counties in three states are still unwilling to issue licenses to same-sex couples.[88] Those wishing to marry within the state must travel to another part of the state in order to obtain a license.

Alabama counties not issuing marriage licenses to any couples (grey).
Kentucky counties refusing licenses to same-sex couples (pink). Status of Knott is unknown.
Counties denying licenses to same-sex couples
(as of October 2015)[89]
Status AL KY TX Total, U.S.
Refuse to issue any marriage licenses 10[89] - - 10
Issue licenses to opposite-sex couples only - 2 1 3
Officials will not state whether they will issue licenses - 1 - 1
Total, by state 10 3 1 14
Percent of state population in said counties 5.78 1.52 0.006 0.10
  • Officials in ten Alabama counties no longer issue any marriage licenses.[90] This is being done in accordance with a state law, which in 1961 was created to preserve racial segregation and made it optional for county clerks to issue marriage licenses. Several have chosen to exercise this option since the Obergefell ruling.[91]
  • Officials of one Texas county, Irion, issue marriage licenses but claim they will refuse same-sex couples. None have applied and no legal action has been taken.[90]
  • Officials in the Kentucky counties of Casey, Whitley and Knott issue licenses to opposite-sex couples, but in the former two say they will refuse same-sex couples, and in Knott refuse to confirm whether they will. No such couples have yet applied, and no legal action has been taken.[90][92][93]
Rowan County, KY clerk Kim Davis refused to issue licenses to any couple or to allow her deputies to issue licenses in her place, despite being ordered to do so by the governor and federal courts, and was convicted for civil-rights violations. The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously denied her request for a stay pending appeal on August 31, 2015.[94] Davis was found in contempt of court and jailed on September 3.[95] A clerk from her office started granting licenses the following day.[96] After her release from jail with a promise not to interfere with the issuance of licenses from her office, Davis defaced the licenses that had been issued to same-sex couples in her absence, placing their validity into question.[97]

Parental rights

Main article: LGBT adoption in the United States

Post-Obergefell, six states have, on occasion, attempted to deny same-sex couples full adoption rights to varying degrees. In Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, and Wisconsin, same-sex couples have been met with rejection when trying to get both parents' names listed on the birth certificate. Alabama's highest court attempted to void an adoption decree obtained by a same-sex couple in Georgia, but the Supreme Court reversed, restoring joint custody to the adoptive mother on March 7, 2016. Mississippi previously banned same-sex couples from adopting, but this law was ruled unconstitutional by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi on March 31, 2016. The ruling was described as having the effect of making same-sex adoption essentially legal in all 50 states.[98][99]

Tribal law

Main article: Same-sex marriage under United States tribal jurisdictions

The Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage in the states and territories did not legalize same-sex marriage on Indian lands. In the United States, Congress (not the federal courts) has legal authority over Indian country. Thus, unless Congress passes a law regarding same-sex marriage on Indian tribes, federally recognized American Indian tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws.[100] As of the time of the Obergefell ruling, 24 tribal jurisdictions legally recognize same-sex marriage. Some tribes have passed legislation specifically addressing same-sex relationships and some specify that state law and jurisdiction govern tribal marriages.

Local laws prior to Obergefell v. Hodges

States and territories that fully licensed/recognized same-sex marriage

Note: This table shows only states that licensed and recognized same-sex marriages or had legalized them, before Obergefell v. Hodges. It does not include states that recognized same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions but did not license them.

States and territories with same-sex marriage before Obergefell v. Hodges.
State or territory Population[101] Date of Enactment/Ruling Date Effective Legalization method Details
Alaska 736,732 October 12, 2014 October 17, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska ruling in Hamby v. Parnell.[102]
Arizona 6,731,484 October 17, 2014 October 17, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona ruling in Connolly v. Jeanes and in Majors v. Horne .[103]
California 38,802,500 May 15, 2008 June 16, 2008 State court decision → (Overturned by constitutional ban) California Supreme Court ruling in In re Marriage Cases. Ceased via state constitutional amendment after Proposition 8 passed on November 5, 2008.
August 4, 2010 June 28, 2013 Federal court decision → legislative statute U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruling in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, finding Proposition 8 unconstitutional. Stayed during appeal, affirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as Perry v. Brown. Certiorari granted and appealed as Hollingsworth v. Perry to the U.S. Supreme Court; the high court dismissed Hollingsworth for lack of standing and vacated the Ninth Circuit decision below, resulting with the original decision in Perry left intact.[104] Gender-neutral marriage bill passed by the California State Legislature and signed into law took effect January 1, 2015.[105]
Colorado 5,355,866 July 9, 2014 October 7, 2014 State court decision Colorado district court ruling in Brinkman v. Long
July 23, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado ruling in Burns v. Hickenlooper
Connecticut 3,596,677 October 10, 2008 November 12, 2008 State court decision → legislative statute Connecticut Supreme Court ruling in Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health; incorporated into state statutes in April 2009.
Delaware 935,614 May 7, 2013 July 1, 2013 Legislative statute Passed by the Delaware General Assembly and signed into law by the Governor of Delaware.
District of Columbia 658,893 December 18, 2009 March 9, 2010 Legislative statute Passed by the Council of the District of Columbia.
Florida 19,893,297 August 21, 2014 January 6, 2015 Federal court decision U.S. Northern District of Florida ruling in Brenner v. Scott.
Guam 165,124 (not included in population total) June 5, 2015 June 9, 2015 Binding federal court precedent → Actions of territorial officials → Federal court decision → Legislative statute Attorney General Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson deferred to the controlling precedent set by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Latta v. Otter, ordering that marriage licenses for same-sex couples be processed immediately beginning April 15, 2015.[106] District Court of Guam ruling in Aguero v. Calvo upholding the earlier decision by the Ninth Circuit.[107] In August 2015, the Guam Legislature passed a Marriage Equality Act statute, incorporating the decision.[108]
Hawaii 1,419,561 November 13, 2013 December 2, 2013 Legislative statute Hawaii Marriage Equality Act passed by Hawaii State Legislature and signed into law by the Governor of Hawaii.
Idaho 1,634,464 October 7, 2014 October 15, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho ruling in Latta v. Otter,[109] upheld by the Ninth Circuit.[110]
Illinois 12,880,580 November 20, 2013 June 1, 2014 Legislative statute Passed by the Illinois General Assembly and signed into law by the Governor of Illinois.
Indiana 6,596,855 September 4, 2014 October 6, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana ruling in Baskin v. Bogan. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's ruling.[111]
Iowa 3,107,126 April 3, 2009 April 27, 2009 State court decision Iowa Supreme Court ruling in Varnum v. Brien. One same-sex couple obtained a marriage licensed and married before initial ruling was stayed.[112]
Maine 1,330,089 November 6, 2012 December 29, 2012 Initiative statute Proposed by initiative as referendum Question 1, approved.
Maryland 5,976,407 November 6, 2012 January 1, 2013 Legislative statute → referendum Civil Marriage Protection Act passed by the Maryland General Assembly; petitioned to referendum Question 6, upheld.
Massachusetts 6,745,408 November 18, 2003 May 17, 2004 State court decision Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health.
Minnesota 5,457,173 May 14, 2013 August 1, 2013 Legislative statute Passed by the Minnesota Legislature and signed into law by the Governor of Minnesota.
Montana 1,023,579 November 19, 2014 November 19, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Montana ruling in Rolando v. Fox.[36]
Nevada 2,839,099 October 7, 2014 October 9, 2014 Federal court decision Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in Sevcik v. Sandoval. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada's ruling.[113]
New Hampshire 1,326,813 June 3, 2009 January 1, 2010 Legislative statute Passed by New Hampshire General Court and signed into law by the Governor of New Hampshire.
New Jersey 8,938,175 September 27, 2013 October 21, 2013 State court decision New Jersey Superior Court ruling in Garden State Equality v. Dow
New Mexico 2,085,572 December 19, 2013 December 19, 2013 State court decision New Mexico Supreme Court ruling in Griego v. Oliver.
New York 19,746,227 June 24, 2011 July 24, 2011 Legislative statute Marriage Equality Act passed by New York State Legislature and signed into law by the Governor of New York.
North Carolina 9,943,964 October 10, 2014 October 10, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina ruling in General Synod of the United Church of Christ v. Cooper.[114]
Oklahoma 3,878,051 July 18, 2014 October 6, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma ruling in Bishop v. Oklahoma. The Tenth Circuit affirmed the ruling in Bishop v. Smith.[115]
Oregon 3,970,239 May 19, 2014 May 19, 2014 Federal court decision → Legislative statute U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon ruling in Geiger v. Kitzhaber. In July 2015, the Oregon Legislature passed a gender-neutral marriage law, incorporating the decision.[116]
Pennsylvania 12,787,209 May 20, 2014 May 20, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania ruling in Whitewood v. Wolf.
Rhode Island 1,055,173 May 2, 2013 August 1, 2013 Legislative statute Passed by the Rhode Island General Assembly and signed into law by the Governor of Rhode Island.
South Carolina 4,832,482 November 12, 2014 November 20, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina ruling in Condon v. Haley.[117]
Utah 2,942,902 June 25, 2014 October 6, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Utah ruling in Kitchen v. Herbert. Marriages licensed between December 20, 2013, and January 6, 2014. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court ruling in Kitchen v. Herbert.
Vermont 626,562 April 7, 2009 September 1, 2009 Legislative statute Passed by the Vermont General Assembly, overriding Governor Jim Douglas' veto.
Virginia 8,326,289 July 28, 2014 October 6, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruling in Bostic v. Rainey.[118] The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the U.S. district court ruling in Bostic v. Schaefer.[119]
Washington (state) Washington 7,061,530 November 6, 2012 December 6, 2012 Legislative statute → referendum Passed by the Washington State Legislature; suspended by petition and referred to Referendum 74, approved.
West Virginia 1,850,326 October 9, 2014 October 9, 2014 Binding federal court precedent → Actions of state officials → Federal court decision Governor Earl Ray Tomblin and state Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, recognizing the precedent established by the Fourth Circuit ruling in Bostic v. Schaefer, dropped their defense of the state's same-sex marriage ban.[120] The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia in McGee v. Cole overturned West Virginia's statutory ban on same-sex marriage on November 7, 2014.[121]
Wisconsin 5,757,564 September 4, 2014 October 6, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin ruling in Wolf v. Walker. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's ruling.[122]
Wyoming 584,153 October 17, 2014 October 21, 2014 Federal court decision U.S. District Court for the District of Wyoming ruling in Guzzo v. Mead.[123]
Total 221,434,635 (69.4% of the U.S. population)

Debate

Support

2011 protest in New Jersey by Garden State Equality in support of same-sex marriage and against deportation of LGBT spouses.

Same-sex marriage supporters make several arguments in support of their position. Gail Mathabane likens prohibitions on same-sex marriage to past U.S. prohibitions on interracial marriage.[124] Fernando Espuelas argues that same-sex marriage should be allowed because same-sex marriage extends a civil right to a minority group.[125] According to an American history scholar, Nancy Cott, "there really is no comparison, because there is nothing that is like marriage except marriage."[126]

The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is one of the leading advocacy groups in support of same-sex marriage. According to the HRC's website, "Many same-sex couples want the right to legally marry because they are in love—many, in fact, have spent the last 10, 20 or 50 years with that person—and they want to honor their relationship in the greatest way our society has to offer, by making a public commitment to stand together in good times and bad, through all the joys and challenges family life brings."[127]

In the United States such professional organizations as the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Sociological Association, American Anthropological Association, American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Nursing, and National Association of Social Workers have said that claims that the legal recognition of marriage for same–sex couples undermines the institution of marriage and harms children are inconsistent with the scientific evidence supporting the conclusions: that homosexuality is a normal expression of human sexuality that is not chosen; that gay and lesbian people form stable, committed relationships essentially equivalent to heterosexual relationships; that same-sex parents are no less capable than opposite-sex parents to raise children; that no civilization or viable social order depends on an institution of exclusive heterosexual marriage; and that the children of same-sex parents are no less psychologically healthy and well-adjusted than children of opposite-sex parents.[128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135] The body of research strongly supports the conclusion that discrimination by the federal government between married same-sex couples and married opposite-sex couples in granting benefits unfairly stigmatizes same-sex couples. The research also contradicts the stereotype-based rationales advanced to support passage of DOMA that the Equal Protection Clause was designed to prohibit.[136]

The 2012 Democratic Party Platform used the term "marriage equality" in its expression of support.[137]

Role of social media

Supporters of the legalization of same-sex marriage have successfully used social media websites such as Facebook to help achieve that goal.[138][139][140] Some have argued that the successful use of social media websites by LGBT groups has played a key role in the defeat of religion-based opposition.[141]

One of the largest scale uses of social media to mobilize support for same-sex marriage preceded and coincided with the arrival at the US Supreme Court of high-profile legal cases for Proposition 8 and the Defense of Marriage Act in March 2013. The 'red equals sign' project started by the Human Rights Campaign was an electronic campaign primarily based on Facebook that encouraged users to change their profile images to a red equal sign to express support for same-sex marriage.[142] At the time of the court hearings it was estimated that approximately 2.5 million Facebook users changed their profile images to a red equals sign.[143]

Opposition

See also: LGBT rights opposition in the United States
Rally for Prop. 8 in Fresno, California (October 2008).

Opponents of same-sex marriage in the United States ground their arguments on parenting concerns, religious concerns, concerns that changes to the definition of marriage would lead to the inclusion of polygamy or incest, natural law-based reasoning, and tradition.[144] The Southern Baptist Convention adopted a statement in June 2003 that legalizing same-sex relationships would "convey a societal approval of a homosexual lifestyle, which the Bible calls sinful and dangerous both to the individuals involved and to society at large".[145] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the Southern Baptist Convention, and National Organization for Marriage claim that children do best when raised by a mother and father, and that legalizing same-sex marriage is, therefore, contrary to the best interests of children.[146][147][148][149] Maggie Gallagher of the National Organization for Marriage has raised concerns about the impact of same-sex marriage upon religious liberty and upon faith-based charities in the United States.[150] Opponents of same-sex marriage have claimed that redefining marriage to include same-sex relationships would have harmful effects on biological family, children's rights, and social welfare.[151][152] Stanley Kurtz of the Weekly Standard has written that same-sex marriage would eventually lead to the legalization of polygamy and polyamory, or group marriage, in the United States.[153]

The funding of the amendment referendum campaigns has been an issue of great dispute. Both judges[154][155] and the IRS[156] have ruled that it is either questionable or illegal for campaign contributions to be shielded by anonymity. In February 2012, the National Organization for Marriage vowed to spend in Washington legislative races to defeat the Republican state senators who voted for same-sex marriage.[157]

Politicians and media figures

President Barack Obama interviewed by Robin Roberts of ABC's Good Morning America, in the Cabinet Room of the White House, May 9, 2012.

President Obama's views on same-sex marriage have varied over the course of his political career and become more consistently supportive of same-sex marriage rights over time. In the 1990s, he had supported same-sex marriage while campaigning for the Illinois Senate.[158][159] During the 2008 presidential campaign, he said: "I believe that marriage is the union between a man and a woman. For me as a Christian, it is a sacred union. You know, God is in the mix."[160] He opposed the 2008 California referendum that aimed at reversing a court ruling establishing same-sex marriage there.[161] In 2009, he opposed two opposing federal legislative proposals that would have banned or established same-sex marriage nationally, stating that each state had to decide the issue.[162][163] In December 2010, he expressed support for civil unions with rights equivalent to marriage and for federal recognition of same-sex relationships. He opposed a federal constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage.[164] He also stated that his position on same-sex marriage was "evolving" and that he recognized that civil unions from the perspective of same-sex couples was "not enough".[165] On May 9, 2012, President Obama became the first sitting president to say he believed that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. He still said the legal question belonged to the states.[13][166] In October 2014, Obama told an interviewer that his view had changed:[167]

Ultimately, I think the Equal Protection Clause does guarantee same-sex marriage in all fifty states. But, as you know, courts have always been strategic. There have been times where the stars were aligned and the Court, like a thunderbolt, issues a ruling like Brown v. Board of Education, but that's pretty rare. And, given the direction of society, for the Court to have allowed the process to play out the way it has may make the shift less controversial and more lasting.

Former presidents Bill Clinton[168] and Jimmy Carter,[169] former vice presidents Dick Cheney,[170] Al Gore,[171] Walter Mondale,[172] and current Vice President Joe Biden have voiced their support for legal recognition, as have former first ladies Laura Bush[173] and Hillary Clinton.[174] Former president George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara have served as witnesses to a same-sex wedding, but neither has publicly stated whether this means they support same-sex marriage in general;[175] George W. Bush reportedly offered to officiate the same wedding,[176] but has similarly not made a public statement regarding his position on the issue (as president, he was opposed). Fifteen U.S. senators announced their support in the spring of 2013.[177] By April 2013 a majority of the Senate had expressed support for same-sex marriage.[178] Senator Rob Portman of Ohio became the first sitting Republican senator to endorse same-sex marriage in March 2013,[179] followed by Senator Mark Kirk of Illinois in April,[180] Lisa Murkowski of Alaska in June,[181] and Susan Collins of Maine a year later.[182]

During the 2008 presidential election campaign, Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin stated: "I have voted along with the vast majority of Alaskans who had the opportunity to vote to amend our Constitution defining marriage as between one man and one woman. I wish on a federal level that that's where we would go because I don't support gay marriage."[183]

When a U.S. district court invalidated the California referendum that ended same-sex marriages there in 2008, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich said it showed "an outrageous disrespect for our Constitution and for the majority of people of the United States who believe marriage is the union of husband and wife".[184] By the end of 2012, Gingrich was prepared to accept civil—but not religious—same-sex marriages and encouraged the Republican Party to accept the fact of same-sex marriage was certain to become legal in more and more states.[185]

In an interview on The O'Reilly Factor in August 2010, when Glenn Beck was asked if he "believe(s) that gay marriage is a threat to [this] country in any way", he stated, "No I don't. ... I believe that Thomas Jefferson said: 'If it neither breaks my leg nor picks my pocket what difference is it to me?'"[186][187]

On his radio show in August 2010, commentator Rush Limbaugh said: "Marriage? There's a definition of it, for it. It means something. Marriage is a union of a man and woman. It's always been that. If you want to get married and you're a man, marry a woman. Nobody's stopping you. This is about tearing apart an institution."[188]

Public opinion

Main article: Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

A CNN poll on February 19, 2015 found that 63% of Americans believe gays and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry, up from 49% in August 2010.[189] In the wake of the Obergefell decision, CNN polling found that 59% of Americans felt the decision was correct.[190]

A Washington Post/ABC News poll from February–March 2014 found a record high of 59% of Americans approve of same-sex marriage, with only 34% opposed and 7% with no opinion.[191] In May 2013, a Gallup poll showed that 53% of Americans would vote for a law legalizing same-sex marriage in all 50 states. Three previous readings over the course of a year consistently showed support at 50% or above. Gallup noted: "Just three years ago, support for gay marriage was 44%. The current 53% level of support is essentially double the 27% in Gallup's initial measurement on gay marriage, in 1996."[192] Some commentators, however, have noted instances where polling data has understated voter opposition to referendums banning same-sex marriage.[193] One 2010 study concluded that "polls on gay marriage ballot initiatives generally under-estimate the opposition to gay marriage by about seven percentage points".[194]

As of 2013, public support for same-sex marriage in the United States has solidified above 50%.[195][196][197] Public support for same-sex marriage has grown at an increasing pace since the 1990s.[10] In 1996, just 25% of Americans supported legalization of same-sex marriage. Polls have shown that support is identical among whites and Hispanics, while support for same-sex marriage trails among blacks.[198] Polling trends in 2010 and 2011 showed support for same-sex marriage gaining a majority, although the difference is within the error limit of the analysis.[199] On May 20, 2011, Gallup reported majority support for same-sex marriage for the first time in the country.[200] In June 2011, two prominent polling organizations released an analysis of the changing trend in public opinion about same-sex marriage in the United States, concluding that "public support for the freedom to marry has increased, at an accelerating rate, with most polls showing that a majority of Americans now support full marriage rights for all Americans."[201]

Effects of same-sex marriage

Economic impact on same-sex couples

Until the Supreme Court's June 2013 ruling in United States v. Windsor required the federal government to treat legally married same-sex couples on an equal basis with heterosexual married couples, same-sex married couples faced severe disadvantages. The federal government did not recognize those marriages for any purpose. According to a 1997 General Accounting Office study, at least 1,049 U.S. federal laws and regulations include references to marital status.[202] A 2004 study by the Congressional Budget Office found 1,138 statutory provisions "in which marital status is a factor in determining or receiving 'benefits, rights, and privileges.'"[203] Many of these laws govern property rights, benefits, and taxation. Same-sex couples whose marriages are not recognized by the federal government are ineligible for spousal and survivor Social Security benefits and are ineligible for the benefits due the spouse of a federal government employee.[203] One study found that the difference in Social Security income for same-sex couples compared to opposite-sex married couples was per year.[204]

Compared to similarly situated opposite-sex married couples, same-sex couples faced the following financial and legal disadvantages:

  • Legal costs associated with obtaining domestic partner documents to gain legal abilities granted automatically by legal marriage, including power of attorney, health care decision-making, and inheritance[204]
  • A person can inherit an unlimited amount from a deceased spouse without incurring an estate tax, but is subject to taxes if inheriting from a same-sex partner[203]
  • Same-sex couples were not eligible to file jointly as a married couple and thus could not take the advantages of lower tax rates when the individual income of the partners differs significantly[203][i]
  • Employer-provided health insurance coverage for a same-sex partner incurred federal income tax[203]
  • Higher health costs associated with lack of insurance and preventative care: 20% of same-sex couples had a member who was uninsured compared to 10% of married opposite-sex couples[204]
  • Inability to protect jointly owned home from loss due to costs of potential medical catastrophe[204]
  • Inability of a U.S. citizen to sponsor a same-sex spouse for citizenship[204]

Some 7,400 companies were offering spousal benefits to same-sex couples as of 2008. In states that recognized same-sex marriages, same-sex couples could continue to receive those same benefits only if they married.[206] Only 18% of private employers offered domestic partner health care benefits.[204]

Same-sex couples face the same financial constraints of legal marriage as opposite-sex married couples, including the marriage penalty in taxation.[203] While social service providers usually do not count one partner's assets toward the income means test for welfare and disability assistance for the other partner, a legally married couple's joint assets are normally used in calculating whether a married individual qualifies for assistance.[203]

Economic impact on the federal government

The 2004 Congressional Budget Office study, working from an assumption "that about 0.6 percent of adults would enter into same-sex marriages if they had the opportunity" (an assumption in which they admitted "significant uncertainty") estimated that legalizing same-sex marriage throughout the United States "would improve the budget's bottom line to a small extent: by less than $1 billion in each of the next 10 years". This result reflects an increase in net government revenues (increased income taxes due to marriage penalties more than offsetting decreased tax revenues arising from postponed estate taxes). Marriage recognition would increase the government expenses for Social Security and Federal Employee Health Benefits but that increase would be more than made up for by decreased expenses for Medicaid, Medicare, and Supplemental Security Income.[203]

Mental health

Based in part on research that has been conducted on the adverse effects of stigmatization of gays and lesbians, numerous prominent social science organizations have issued position statements supporting same-sex marriage and opposing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; these organizations include the American Psychoanalytic Association and the American Psychological Association.[136]

Several psychological studies[207][208][209] have shown that an increase in exposure to negative conversations and media messages about same-sex marriage creates a harmful environment for the LGBT population that may affect their health and well-being.

One study surveyed more than 1,500 lesbian, gay and bisexual adults across the nation and found that respondents from the 25 states that have outlawed same-sex marriage had the highest reports of "minority stress"—the chronic social stress that results from minority-group stigmatization—as well as general psychological distress. According to the study, the negative campaigning that comes with a ban is directly responsible for the increased stress. Past research has shown that minority stress is linked to health risks such as risky sexual behavior and substance abuse.[210]

Two other studies examined personal reports from LGBT adults and their families living in Memphis, Tennessee, immediately after a successful 2006 ballot campaign banned same-sex marriage. Most respondents reported feeling alienated from their communities. The studies also found that families experienced a kind of secondary minority stress, says Jennifer Arm, a counseling graduate student at the University of Memphis.[211]

At the Perry v. Schwarzenegger trial, expert witness Ilan Meyer testified that the mental health outcomes for gays and lesbians would improve if laws such as Proposition 8 did not exist because "when people are exposed to more stress...they are more likely to get sick..." and that particular situation is consistent with laws that say to gay people "you are not welcome here, your relationships are not valued." Such laws have "significant power", he said.[212]

Physical health

In 2009, a pair of economists at Emory University tied the passage of state bans on same-sex marriage in the US to an increase in the rates of HIV infection.[213][214] The study linked the passage of same-sex marriage ban in a state to an increase in the annual HIV rate within that state of roughly 4 cases per 100,000 population.

A study by the Columbia Mailman School of Public Health found that gay men in Massachusetts visited health clinics significantly less often following the legalization of same-sex marriage in that state.[215]

Case law

See also: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States § Lawsuits seeking to overturn statutory bans

United States case law regarding same-sex marriage:

1970s

  • Anonymous v. Anonymous, 67 Misc.2d 982 (N.Y. 1971). The law makes no provision for a "marriage" between persons of the same sex.
  • Baker v. Nelson, 191 N.W.2d 185 (Minn. 1971). Upholds a Minnesota law defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman. (Overruled by Obergefell v. Hodges in 2015; see below)
  • Jones v. Hallahan, 501 S.W.2d 588 (Ky. 1973). Upholds the denial of a marriage license to two women in Kentucky based on dictionary definitions of marriage, despite the fact that state statutes do not specify the gender of marriage partners.[216]
  • Frances B. v. Mark B., 78 Misc.2d 112 (1974). Marriage is and always has been a contract between a man and a woman.
  • Singer v. Hara, 522 P.2d 1187 (Wash. Ct. App. 1974). A ban on same-sex marriage is a constitutional form of "gender discrimination"; the historical definition of marriage is between one man and one woman, and same-sex couples are inherently ineligible to marry.

1980s

  • Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111. A same-sex marriage does not make one a "spouse" under the Immigration and Nationality Act.
  • De Santo v. Barnsley, 476 A.2d 952 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984). Same-sex couples can not divorce because they cannot form a common law marriage.[217]

1990s

  • In re Estate of Cooper, 564 N.Y.S.2d 684 (Fam. Ct. 1990). The state has a compelling interest in fostering the traditional institution of marriage and prohibiting same-sex marriage.
  • Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993). A statute limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples violates the Hawaii constitution's equal-protection clause unless the state can show that the statute is both justified by compelling state interests and also narrowly tailored. This ruling prompted the adoption of Hawaii's constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to restrict marriage to different-sex couples and the federal Defense of Marriage Act.
  • Dean v. District of Columbia, 653 A.2d 307 (D.C. 1995). DC does not authorise same-sex marriage; denial of a marriage license does not violate the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.
  • Storrs v. Holcomb, 645 N.Y.S.2d 286 (App. Div. 1996). New York does not recognize or authorize same-sex marriage. Overturned in part by Martinez v. County of Monroe in 2008.
  • In re Estate of Hall, 707 N.E.2d 201, 206 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998). Illinois does not recognize a same-sex marriage. The petitioner's claim to be in a same-sex marriage was not in a marriage recognized by law.
  • Baker v. Vermont, 170 Vt. 194; 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999). The Common Benefits Clause of the state constitution requires that same-sex couples be granted the same legal rights as married persons, though it need not be called marriage.

2000s

  • Frandsen v. County of Brevard, 828 So. 2d 757 (Fla. 2001). The Florida constitution will not be construed to recognize same-sex marriage; sex classifications not subject to strict scrutiny under the Florida constitution.
  • Burns v. Burns, 560 S.E.2d 47 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002). Marriage is the union of one man and one woman.
  • In re Estate of Gardiner, 42 P.3d 120 (Kan. 2002). A post-operative transgender woman, registered as male at birth certificate, may not marry a cisgender man, because the former is still male in the eyes of the law, and Kansas only recognizes the marriage of a man and a woman.
  • Rosengarten v. Downes, 806 A.2d 1066 (Conn. Ct. App. 2002). Connecticut will not dissolve a Vermont civil union.
  • Standhardt v. Superior Court ex rel. County of Maricopa, 77 P.3d 451 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2003) The constitution of Arizona does not provide the right to same-sex marriage.
  • Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health, 798 N.E.2d 941 (Mass. 2003). The denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples violated provisions of the state constitution guaranteeing individual liberty and equality, and it was not rationally related to a legitimate state interest.
  • Morrison v. Sadler, 821 N.E.2d 15 (Ind. Super. Ct. 2005). Indiana's Defense of Marriage Act is valid.
  • Langan v. St. Vincent's Hospital, 802 N.Y.S.2d 476 (App. Div. 2005). For the purposes of New York's wrongful death statute the survivor partner from a Vermont civil union lacks standing as a "spouse".
  • Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning, 455 F.3d 859 (8th Cir. 2006). Nebraska's Initiative Measure 416 does not violate Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, was not a bill of attainder, and does not violate the First Amendment.[218]
  • Lewis v. Harris, 908 A.2d 196 (N.J. 2006). Prohibiting same-sex marriage does not violate the New Jersey constitution, but the state must extend all the rights and responsibilities of marriage to same-sex couples. The legislature has 180 days to amend the marriage laws or create a "parallel structure".
  • Andersen v. King County, 138 P.3d 963 (Wash. 2006). Washington's Defense of Marriage Act does not violate the state constitution.
  • Hernandez v. Robles, 855 N.E.2d 1 (N.Y. 2006). The New York State Constitution does not require that marriage rights be extended to same-sex couples.[219]
  • Conaway v. Deane, 932 A.2d 571 (Md. 2007). Upholds a Maryland law defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman.
  • Martinez v. County of Monroe, 850 N.Y.S.2d 740 (App. Div. 2008). Because New York recognizes the marriages of opposite-sex couples from other jurisdictions, it must do the same for same-sex couples.[220]
  • In re Marriage Cases, 183 P.3d 384 (Cal. 2008). Limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples is invalid under the equal protection clause of the California Constitution. Full marriage rights, not merely domestic partnership, must be offered to same-sex couples.[221]
  • Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health 957 A.2d 407 (Conn. 2008). The availability of civil unions but not marriage to same-sex partners is a violation of the equality and liberty provisions of the Connecticut Constitution.
  • Strauss v. Horton, 207 P.3d 48 (Cal. 2009). Proposition 8 was validly adopted, and marriages contracted before its adoption remain valid.[222]
  • Varnum v. Brien, 763 N.W.2d 862 (Iowa 2009). Barring same-sex couples from marriage violates the equal protection provisions of the Iowa Constitution. Equal protection requires full marriage, rather than civil unions or some other substitute, for same-sex couples.

2010s

Challenges to DOMA Section 3
California Proposition 8
  • Hollingsworth v. Perry (2009–2013). California's Proposition 8, a voter-endorsed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, is found unconstitutional in U.S. district court in Perry v. Schwarzenegger. The proposition's backers appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which upholds the district court's finding of unconstitutionality in Perry v. Brown. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the proposition's backers lacked standing to appeal and left the district court ruling intact.[224]
Same-sex marriage rights
  • Christiansen v. Christiansen. On June 6, 2011, the Supreme Court of Wyoming grants a divorce to two women who married in Canada, but says its decision does not apply "in any context other than divorce".[225]
  • Port v. Cowan (2010–2012). Maryland must recognize valid out-of-state same-sex marriages under doctrine of comity.[226]
  • Garden State Equality v. Dow (2011–2013), New Jersey's civil unions violate due process guarantees; denying same-sex marriage ruled unconstitutional in state superior court. The N.J. Supreme Court refuses to stay the ruling and the state defendants drop their appeal.
  • Griego v. Oliver, 316 P.3d 865 (N.M. 2013). the New Mexico Supreme Court rules that the state constitution requires marriage rights to be extended to same-sex couples.
  • Kitchen v. Herbert (Utah). U.S. district court, 961 F. Supp. 2d 1181 (2013), rules the state's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upholds that ruling upheld on June 25, 2014. All parties support review by the U.S. Supreme Court, and that court denied review on October 6.[227]
  • Whitewood v. Wolf (Pennsylvania). On May 20, 2014, Judge John E. Jones III rules that Pennsylvania's same-sex marriage ban is unconstitutional.[228]
  • Geiger v. Kitzhaber and Rummell v. Kitzhaber (Oregon). On May 19, 2014, District Judge Michael J. McShane declares Oregon's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional.[229]
  • Bostic v. Schaefer (Virginia). The Fourth Circuit on July 28, 2014, in a 2–1 decision, affirms a district court ruling that Virginia's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional.[230] The Supreme Court denied review on October 6.[227]
  • Baskin v. Bogan (Indiana) and Wolf v. Walker (Wisconsin). The Seventh Circuit consolidated these cases and on September 4, 2014, upheld two district court rulings that had found Indiana's and Wisconsin's bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional.[231] The U.S. Supreme Court denied review on October 6.[227]
  • Bishop v. Smith (Oklahoma). On July 18, 2014, the Tenth Circuit upholds the district court ruling that Oklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[232] The Supreme Court denied review on October 6.[227]
  • Barrier v. Vasterling (Missouri). State Circuit Judge J. Dale Youngs rules on October 3, 2014, that Missouri's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions violates the plaintiff same-sex couples' right to equal protection under both the state and federal constitutions.[233]
  • Caspar v. Snyder (Michigan). On January 15, 2015, U.S. District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith ruled that the state must recognize the validity of "window marriages" established on March 21 and 22, 2014, before the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed a district court ruling in DeBoer v. Snyder that found Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, despite the fact that DeBoer was later reversed.[234] The state chose not to appeal.[235]
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2013-2015) U.S. Supreme Court case finding state bans on same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment. (Overturned Baker v. Nelson)

See also

Legislation
Miscellaneous

Notes

  1. ^ The rulings striking down same-sex marriage bans are from U.S. district courts in the following states: Utah,[14] Oklahoma,[15] Virginia,[16] Texas,[17] Michigan,[18] Idaho,[19] Oregon,[20] Pennsylvania,[21] South Dakota,[22] Wisconsin,[23] Indiana,[24] Kentucky,[25] Colorado,[26] Florida,[27] North Carolina,[28] Alaska,[29] Arizona,[30] Wyoming,[31] Kansas,[32] Missouri,[33] West Virginia,[34] South Carolina,[35] Montana,[36] Arkansas,[37] Mississippi,[38] South Dakota,[39] and Alabama.[40]
  2. ^ The cases (and states) are: Wright v. Arkansas (Arkansas),[41] In re Marriage of J.B. and H.B. and In the Matter of the Marriage of A.L.F.L. and K.L.L. (Texas),[42] Brinkman v. Long (Colorado),[43] Pareto v. Ruvin and Huntsman v. Heavilin (Florida),[44] In Re Costanza and Brewer (Louisiana),[45] and State v. Florida (Missouri).
  3. ^ Barrier v. Vasterling, Missouri Circuit Court, 16th Judicial Circuit[46]
  4. ^ Robicheaux v. Caldwell (Louisiana), Conde v. Rius (Puerto Rico)[47]
  5. ^ Borman v. Pyles-Borman (Tennessee)
  6. ^ The cases reversed (and affected states) are: Bourke v. Beshear and Love v. Beshear (Kentucky), DeBoer v. Snyder (Michigan), Obergefell v. Himes and Henry v. Himes (Ohio), and Tanco v. Haslam (Tennessee).
  7. ^ Among many examples: (1) the U.S. District Court ruling in Bourke v. Beshear, which required Kentucky to recognize same-sex marriages from Canada and several U.S. states, was decided on equal protection grounds alone. The plaintiffs had claimed that Kentucky's ban violated the full faith and credit clause, but the court found it unnecessary to address that argument.[62] and (2) the plaintiffs in Robicheaux v. Caldwell, who sought Louisiana's recognition of their out-of-state marriages, argued only on the basis of equal protection and due process. One of the Louisiana statutes they challenged made clear the state's assertion of its right to deny recognition to the legal act of another state: "A purported marriage between persons of the same sex violates a strong public policy of the state of Louisiana". (emphasis added)[63]
  8. ^ Other cases that sought review by the U.S. Supreme Court were Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management, Gill v. Office of Personnel Management, Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services, and Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management.
  9. ^ In early 2013 the IRS recognized the community property and income of same-sex partners in community property states.[205]

References

  1. ^ "U.S. 21st country to allow same-sex marriage nationwide". CNN. June 26, 2015.
  2. ^ Liptak, Adam. "Same-Sex Marriage Is a Right, Supreme Court Rules, 5-4". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  3. ^ "Obergefell et al. v. Hodges, Director, Ohio, Department of Health, et al" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  4. ^ a b Gumbel, Andrew. "The Great Undoing?". The Advocate. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  5. ^ Janet Hook. "Support for Gay Marriage Hits All-Time High — WSJ/NBC News Poll". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  6. ^ "Poll: 60 percent of likely voters back gay marriage". Politico. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  7. ^ "CNN poll: 63 percent of Americans say same-sex couples have a right to marry". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  8. ^ Same-Sex Marriage Support Solidifies Above 50% in U.S. http://www.gallup.com/poll/162398/sex-marriage-support-solidifies-above.aspx
  9. ^ "Same Sex Marriage Laws – History". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  10. ^ a b LAX, JEFFREY R. (August 2009). "Gay Rights in the States: Public Opinion and Policy Responsiveness" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 103 (3): 67–86. doi:10.1017/S0003055409990050. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  11. ^ Silver, Nate (May 9, 2012). "Support for Gay Marriage Outweighs Opposition in Polls". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  12. ^ Belluck, Oam (May 17, 2004). "With Festive Mood, Gay Weddings Begin in Massachusetts". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  13. ^ a b "Obama Affirms Support for Same-Sex Marriage". ABC News. May 9, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  14. ^ Watkins, Tom (December 20, 2013). "In Utah, judge's ruling ignites same-sex marriage frenzy". CNN. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  15. ^ Brandes, Heide (January 14, 2014). "U.S. judge rules Oklahoma gay marriage ban unconstitutional". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
  16. ^ Simpson, Ian (February 14, 2014). "Federal judge strikes down Virginia's ban on gay marriage". Reuters. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Calkins, Laurel (February 27, 2014). "Texas Gay-Marriage Ban Held Illegal as Judge Delays Order". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  18. ^ "Deboer v. Snyder: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law" (PDF). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Southern Division. March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  19. ^ Staff reports (May 13, 2014). "Federal court strikes down Idaho gay marriage ban". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  20. ^ Mears, Bill; Shoichet, Catherine (May 19, 2014). "Federal judge strikes down Oregon's same-sex marriage ban". CNN. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  21. ^ Williams, Pete (May 20, 2014). "Judge Strikes Down Pennsylvania Same-Sex Marriage Ban". NBC News. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
  22. ^ Snow, Justin (January 12, 2015). "Federal judge overturns South Dakota same-sex marriage ban". Metro Weekly. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  23. ^ "Judge strikes down Wisconsin same-sex marriage ban". USA Today. Associated Press. June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  24. ^ Javier Panzar (June 25, 2014). "Judge strikes down Indiana's ban on gay marriage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  25. ^ Wolfson, Andrew (July 1, 2014). "Gays have right to marry in Kentucky, judge rules". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  26. ^ "Judge Strikes Down Gay Marriage Ban, Stays Ruling". ABC News. Associated Press. July 23, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  27. ^ Rothaus, Steve (August 21, 2014). "Federal judge: Florida gay-marriage ban unconstitutional". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  28. ^ Snow, Justin (October 10, 2014). "Federal judge strikes down North Carolina same-sex marriage ban". Metro Weekly. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  29. ^ Boots, Michelle Theriault (October 12, 2014). "Federal judge rules Alaska's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  30. ^ Liptak, Adam (October 17, 2014). "Alaska and Arizona Are Latest to Clear Way for Gay Marriage". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  31. ^ "Order". Scribd.com. U.S. District Court for Wyoming. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  32. ^ Geidner, Chris (November 4, 2014). "Federal Judge Strikes Down Kansas Same-Sex Marriage Ban On Election Day". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  33. ^ Geidner, Chris (November 7, 2014). "Missouri's Same-Sex Marriage Ban Is Unconstitutional, Federal Judge Rules". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  34. ^ Johnson, Curtis (November 7, 2014). "Fed judge declares W.Va. marriage ban unconstitutional". Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  35. ^ Johnson, Chris (November 12, 2014). "Judge strikes down South Carolina ban on same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  36. ^ a b Johnson, Chris (November 19, 2014). "Judge strikes down Montana ban on same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  37. ^ Geidner, Chris (November 25, 2014). "Arkansas Same-Sex Marriage Ban Is Unconstitutional, Federal Judge Rules". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  38. ^ Geidner, Chris (November 25, 2014). "Mississippi's Same-Sex Marriage Ban Is Unconstitutional, Federal Judge Rules". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  39. ^ "South Dakota: Ban on Gay Marriage Is Struck Down". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  40. ^ Mendoza, Jessica (January 24, 2015). "Judge strikes down Alabama gay marriage ban: Three things to know". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  41. ^ DeMillo, Andrew. "Arkansas Judge Strikes Down Gay Marriage Ban". Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  42. ^ Kuffner, Charles. "State court rules gay marriage ban is unconstitutional". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  43. ^ Steffen, Jordan (July 9, 2014). "Adams judge tosses Colorado gay marriage ban but stays ruling". The Denver Post.
  44. ^ Associated Press (July 17, 2014). "Ruling allows same-sex marriages for Florida Keys". USA Today.
  45. ^ Geidner, Chris (September 22, 2014). "Louisiana Judge Rules Same-Sex Marriage Ban Unconstitutional, Clashing With Federal Court". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  46. ^ Johnson, Chris (October 3, 2014). "Judge orders Missouri to recognize same-sex marriages". Washington Blade. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  47. ^ Associated Press (September 3, 2014). "Federal judge upholds La. gay-marriage ban". USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  48. ^ Thomaston, Scottie (November 6, 2014). "Sixth Circuit upholds same-sex marriage bans". Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  49. ^ Williams, Pete (June 26, 2015). "Landmark: Supreme Court Rules Same-Sex Marriage Legal Nationwide". NBC News. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  50. ^ "Petition Granted". Scribd.com. Supreme Court of Alabama. p. 27. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  51. ^ DeMillo, Andrew (June 9, 2015). "Judge: Arkansas Must Recognize in-State Same-Sex Marriages". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  52. ^ Glenn Adams and David Crary, "Maine voters reject gay-marriage law", November 4, 2009
  53. ^ Houston, Sonya (March 17, 2013). "Tribe marries same-sex couple but state won't recognize it". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  54. ^ "For first time, voters back gay marriage in statewide votes". NBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  55. ^ "Washington State Senate approves same-sex marriage". MSNBC. February 1, 2012.
  56. ^ "KBIC Council Shake-Up; Casino Plan Rejected". The Keweenaw Report. December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  57. ^ "Supreme Court gay marriage decision: Full text of Obergefell ruling". Politico. June 26, 2015.
  58. ^ "2004 updated report of the GAO" (PDF). GAO. January 23, 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  59. ^ a b Loretta Lynch (July 9, 2015). "Attorney General Lynch Announces Federal Marriage Benefits Available to Same-Sex Couples Nationwide". Department of Justice.
  60. ^ Wermiel, Stephen (March 23, 2012). "SCOTUS for law students: The Defense of Marriage Act and the Constitution". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  61. ^ Wolff, Tobias Barrington (July 21, 2011). "DOMA Repeal and the Truth About Full Faith & Credit". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  62. ^ "Memorandum Opinion, Bouke v. Beshear". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. February 12, 2014.
  63. ^ "Order and Reasons, Robicheaux v. Caldwell". U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. September 3, 2014.
  64. ^ 1 U.S.C. § 7.
  65. ^ Goodnough, Abby; Schwartz, John (July 8, 2010). "Judge Topples U.S. Rejection of Gay Unions". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  66. ^ "The Defense of Marriage Act". Freedom to Marry. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  67. ^ Lavoie, Denise (May 31, 2012). "DOMA Ruled Unconstitutional By Federal Appeals Court". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  68. ^ Malewitz, Jim (October 18, 2012). "Defense of Marriage Act Discriminates Against Gays, Federal Court Rules". Pewstates.org. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  69. ^ Tiven, Rachel. "Edie Wins! Another Ruling Against DOMA, What It Means". Immigration Equality (organization). Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  70. ^ "Live Analysis of the Supreme Court Decisions on Gay Marriage". New York Times. June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  71. ^ Michon, Kathleen. "Federal Marriage Benefits Available to Same-Sex Couples". Nolo.com a.k.a. Nolo Law for all. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  72. ^ Laurence, Beth. "Military Benefits for Same-Sex Spouses Post-DOMA". Nolo.com a.k.a. Nolo Law for all. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  73. ^ Wadsworth, Margaret. "Veterans Benefits for Same-Sex Spouses Post-DOMA". Nolo.com a.k.a. Nolo Law for all. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  74. ^ "John Kerry Announces Visa Changes for Same-Sex Couples". U.S. Embassy Kuala Lumpur. August 2, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  75. ^ Perez, Evan (February 10, 2014). "U.S. expands legal benefits, services for same-sex marriages". CNN. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  76. ^ Chappell, Bill (June 20, 2014). "Married Same-Sex Couples To Receive More Federal Benefits". NPR. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  77. ^ Glenza, Jessica (June 20, 2014). "Federal agencies roll out benefits for married same-sex couples". The Guardian. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  78. ^ Capehart, Jonathan (May 9, 2014). "Fix the Social Security discrepancy DOMA left behind". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  79. ^ Forman, Shira (February 27, 2015). "DOL Issues Final Rule Amending FMLA Definition of "Spouse" to Include Same-Sex Marriages". Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  80. ^ Trotier, Geoffrey S. (February 24, 2015). "FMLA "Spouse" Definition Now Includes Same-Sex Spouses and Common-Law Spouses". The National Law Review. von Briesen & Roper, s.c. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  81. ^ Johnson, Chris (September 19, 2014). "DOJ pressured to recognize same-sex marriages in 3 states". Washington Blade. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  82. ^ "Senate blocks same-sex marriage ban". CNN. June 7, 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2006.
  83. ^ "Alabama House approves call to put same-sex marriage ban in U.S. Constitution". Montgomery Advertiser. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  84. ^ "Same-sex marriage: American Samoa may be the only territory in the US where the historic Supreme Court ruling does not apply". The Independent. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  85. ^ http://www.samoanews.com/content/en/ag-reviews-supreme-court’s-same-sex-marriage-ruling
  86. ^ Williams, Pete (January 6, 2016). "Alabama Chief Justice Orders Halt to Gay Marriage". NBC News. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  87. ^ "Alabama's top judge faces ethics charges over gay-marriage order". Reuters. May 7, 2016.
  88. ^ Ballotpedia, Local government responses to Obergefell v. Hodges, updated 02 Oct 2015
  89. ^ a b Four additional Alabama counties stopped issuing licenses after Jan 06, 2016, but there was no news from another twelve.
  90. ^ a b c http://ballotpedia.org/Local_government_responses_to_Obergefell_v._Hodges
  91. ^ http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/10/alabama_judges_use_segregation.html#incart_river_home
  92. ^ Kim Davis isn't the only Kentucky clerk protesting same-sex marriage
  93. ^ A Kentucky clerk changes his policy, will now issue marriage licenses to different-Sex couples
  94. ^ "Governor Beshear Releases Statement On Clerks Refusing To Issue". lex18.com. July 1, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  95. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/04/us/kim-davis-same-sex-marriage.html?_r=0
  96. ^ http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2015/09/02/kentucky-clerk-kim-davis-contempt-gay-marriage/71573666/
  97. ^ [1]
  98. ^ "Same-Sex Couples Can Now Adopt Children In All 50 States". The Huffington Post. March 31, 2016.
  99. ^ "Judge Invalidates Mississippi's Same-Sex Adoption Ban, the Last of Its Kind in America". Slate. March 31, 2016.
  100. ^ Julian Brave Noisecat (July 2, 2015). "Fight For Marriage Equality Not Over On Navajo Nation". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  101. ^ U.S. Census estimate, 2014: "State Totals: Vintage 2014". Annual Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 26, 2014. The Census Bureau population estimate for 2014 was 318,857,056 for the states and the District of Columbia.
  102. ^ "Federal judge rules Alaska's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional". Alaska Dispatch. October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  103. ^ "Connoly v. Jeanes, order and opinion". United States District Court for the District of Arizona. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  104. ^ "Prop. 8 officially out — SF weddings begin". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  105. ^ Gutierrez, Melody (July 7, 2014). "California removes 'husband' 'wife' from marriage statutes". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  106. ^ Geidner, Chris (April 14, 2015). "Marriage Equality Comes To Guam". BuzzFeed. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  107. ^ Miculka, Cameron (June 5, 2015). "Court strikes down Guam's same-sex marriage ban". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  108. ^ "Guam passes marriage equality and employment nondiscrimination acts". Metro Weekly. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  109. ^ "Judge rules Idaho gay marriage ban unconstitutional". Idaho Statesman. May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  110. ^ Geidner, Chris (October 7, 2014). "Idaho And Nevada Marriage Bans Are Unconstitutional, Federal Appeals Court Rules". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  111. ^ Johnson, Chris (September 15, 2014). "7th Circuit stays decision on Indiana same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  112. ^ Miller, Kyle (September 4, 2007). "A window of opportunity". Iowa State Daily. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  113. ^ Geidner, Chris (October 7, 2014). "Idaho And Nevada Marriage Bans Are Unconstitutional, Federal Appeals Court Rules". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  114. ^ Gordon, Michael (October 10, 2014). "Gay marriage is now legal in North Carolina". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  115. ^ "Opinion of the Court in Nos. 14–5003 & 14–5006, Bishop, et al v. Smith, et al" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  116. ^ "HB 2478". The Oregonian. Oregon Legislature Bill Tracker. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  117. ^ United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (November 12, 2014). "Order". Equality Case Files. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  118. ^ Mimica, Mila (February 14, 2014). "Federal Judge Rules Va. Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional". NBC News. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  119. ^ Carpenter, Dale (July 28, 2014). "Fourth Circuit strikes down Virginia ban on same-sex marriage". The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  120. ^ "West Virginia begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  121. ^ "West Virginia gay-marriage ban "officially" dead". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. November 7, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  122. ^ Johnson, Chris (September 4, 2014). "7th Circuit rules against marriage bans in Wisconsin, Indiana". Washington Blade. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  123. ^ Bob Moen (October 21, 2014). "Wyoming Becomes Latest to Legalize Gay Marriage". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  124. ^ Mathabane, Gail (January 25, 2004). "Gays face same battle interracial couples fought". USA Today. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  125. ^ "Commentary: Latinos should see gay marriage a civil right - CNN.com". CNN. November 7, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  126. ^ Direct Examination of Nancy Cott, p. 208. Perry v. Schwarzenegger, No. 09-2292 (N.D. Cal. January 11, 2010). Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  127. ^ Human Rights Campaign website. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  128. ^ "The APA reaffirms support for same-sex marriage". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  129. ^ "Position Statement on Support of Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Civil Marriage" (PDF). Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  130. ^ "Statement on Marriage and the Family". American Anthropological Association. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  131. ^ "Position Statement on Adoption and Co-parenting of Children by Same-sex Couples" (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  132. ^ "AMA Policy Regarding Sexual Orientation". Ama-assn.org. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  133. ^ "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics.aappublications.org. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  134. ^ "Overview of Same Sex Marriage in the U.S.: The Struggle for Civil Rights and Equality". Socialworkers.org. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  135. ^ "Support for Marriage Equality" (PDF). American Academy of Nursing. July 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  136. ^ a b "Brief of the American Psychological Association, the Massachusetts Psychological Association, The National Association of Social Workers and its Massachusetts Chapter, the American Medical Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiffs-Appellees and in Support of Affirmance – Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Civil Action Nos. 1:09-cv-11156-JLT, 1:09-cv-10309-JLT (Honorable Joseph L. Tauro)" (PDF). Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  137. ^ "The Democratic Party Platform". Democrats.org. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  138. ^ Switzer, Cody. Inside the Human Rights Campaign's Social-Media Success Philanthropy. April 9, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  139. ^ Lipp, Murray. The power of online activism and social media in the fight for LGBT equality Pink News. January 29, 2013. Accessed, April 14, 2013.
  140. ^ Royal, Denis. Facebook Page 'Gay Marriage USA' Pushes for Equality South Florida Gay News. April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  141. ^ Ferenstein, Gregory How The Internet Is Erasing The Religious Right's Political Power Tech Crunch. March 21, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  142. ^ HRC Logo Memes Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  143. ^ Kleinman, Alexis How The Red Equal Sign Took Over Facebook, According To Facebook's Own Data Huffington Post. March 30, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  144. ^ "Homosexuality". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. stanford.edu. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  145. ^ "On Same-Sex Marriage, June 2003". Southern Baptist Convention. August 19, 2013.
  146. ^ "The Divine Institution of Marriage – LDS Newsroom". Beta-newsroom.lds.org. August 13, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  147. ^ "(FLWY)". USCCB. November 12, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  148. ^ "Obama celebrates gay dads on Father's Day – Florida Baptist Witness". Gofbw.com. July 2, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  149. ^ "Why Marriage Matters" (PDF). Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  150. ^ "Banned in Boston". The Weekly Standard. May 15, 2006. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  151. ^ George, Robert P.; et al. "What is Marriage". Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  152. ^ Le Fevre, Tyler A. "Gender and the Institutional Nature of Marriage". Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  153. ^ "Beyond Gay Marriage". The Weekly Standard. August 4, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  154. ^ Anti-gay marriage group loses Maine appeal to prevent release of its donor list. David Sharp, Associated Press, January 31, 2012.
  155. ^ "Campaign Finance After Two Years of Citizens United, Josh Douglas of the University of Kentucky College of Law, January 21, 2012". Jurist.org. January 21, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  156. ^ Stephanie Strom (May 12, 2011). "I.R.S. Moves to Tax Gifts to Groups Active in Politics". The New York Times.
  157. ^ Gay marriage foes to fight expected Washington state law. Nicole Neroulias, Reuters, February 2, 2012.
  158. ^ "Report: Obama Changed His View on Gay Marriage". Fox News. April 7, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  159. ^ Linkins, Jason (January 13, 2009). "Obama Once Supported Same-Sex Marriage 'Unequivocally'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  160. ^ "Obama and Miss California aligned on same-sex marriage?". The Christian Science Monitor. May 12, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  161. ^ Shear, Michael D. (August 5, 2010). "President Obama's beliefs meet his policy". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  162. ^ Paterson, Penny (January 13, 2009). "Gay Supporters Petition Obama to Repeal DOMA". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  163. ^ Eleveld, Kerry (April 3, 2009). "White House Responds to Iowa". The Advocate. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  164. ^ "Civil Rights". The White House. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  165. ^ Bacon, Jr., Perry (December 23, 2010). "Obama says his views on same-sex marriage are evolving". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  166. ^ Mason, Jeff (May 9, 2012). "Same-sex couples should be able to marry: Obama". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  167. ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (October 27, 2014). "The Obama Brief". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  168. ^ "Bill Clinton endorses gay marriage in New York". USA Today. May 5, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  169. ^ Raushenbush, Paul (March 19, 2012). "President Jimmy Carter Authors New Bible Book, Answers Hard Biblical Questions". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  170. ^ Stenovec, Timothy (September 13, 2011). "Dick Cheney On Gay Marriage: "I Certainly Don't Have Any Problem With It". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  171. ^ "Al Gore: "Gay men and women should have the same rights". Current TV. January 17, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  172. ^ Mondale, Walter (May 16, 2013). "Mondale and Dukakis Back Marriage Equality". ThinkProgress. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  173. ^ Wing, Nick. Laura Bush: Gay Marriage Should Be Legal, Abortion Should Remain Legal (VIDEO). The Huffington Post. May 13, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  174. ^ Wing, Nick. Hillary Clinton Announces Support For Gay Marriage. The Huffington Post. March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  175. ^ "George H.W. Bush is Witness at Same-Sex Marriage in Maine". The Washington Post. September 25, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  176. ^ Johnson, Chris. "George W. Bush sought to officiate same-sex wedding: report." Washington Blade. May 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  177. ^ Wilson, Chris. The same-sex marriage Senate endorsement tracker. Yahoo! News. Updated June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  178. ^ Miller, Sunlen (April 2, 2013). "Majority of Senate Supports Same Sex Marriage". ABC News. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  179. ^ Stein, Sam. Rob Portman's Gay Marriage Conversion Explained By His Son. The Huffington Post. March 25, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  180. ^ Kaczynski, Andrew (April 2, 2013). "Republican Sen. Mark Kirk Endorses Marriage Equality". Buzzfeed. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  181. ^ Burgess, Everett (June 19, 2013). "Lisa Murkowski Endorses Same Sex Marriage". Politico. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  182. ^ Moretto, Mario (June 25, 2014). "Susan Collins becomes fourth GOP senator to publicly support same-sex marriage". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  183. ^ Scott Conroy, "Palin Breaks With McCain On Gay Marriage Ban", CBS News, October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  184. ^ "California's Same-Sex Marriage Ban Overturned in Court Ruling". PBS Newshour. August 4, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  185. ^ Stein, Sam; Ward, Jon (December 20, 2012). "Newt Gingrich On Mitt Romney: 'I Would Have Probably Done Better' Against Obama". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  186. ^ Elizabeth Tenety, "Glenn Beck, Gay Marriage Advocate?", The Washington Post, August 12, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  187. ^ Talkers Magazine, Archived 2011-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  188. ^ Limbaugh, Rush (August 5, 2010). "One Leftist Judge Slaps Down Seven Million Voters in California". Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  189. ^ "Poll: Obama's approval ratings stagnant despite economy". CNN. February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  190. ^ "CNN/ORC Poll: Supreme Court gay marriage Obamacare Iran - CNNPolitics.com". CNN. June 30, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  191. ^ "Support for same-sex marriage hits new high; half say Constitution guarantees right". The Washington Post. March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  192. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Support Solidifies Above 50% in U.S." Gallup. May 13, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
  193. ^ Goodman, Josh (October 27, 2009). "In Maine, Will the Polls on Gay Marriage Be Wrong Again?". Governing.com. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  194. ^ Egan, Patrick (June 15, 2010). "Findings from a Decade of Polling on Ballot Measures Regarding the Legal Status of Same-Sex Couples" (PDF). Department of Politics, New York University. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  195. ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (May 13, 2013). "Same-Sex Marriage Support Solidifies Above 50% in U.S." Gallup.
  196. ^ Lydia, Saad (July 29, 2013). "In U.S., 52% Back Law to Legalize Gay Marriage in 50 States". Gallup.
  197. ^ "Section 1: Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions and Inevitability". In Gay Marriage Debate, Both Supporters and Opponents See Legal Recognition as "Inevitable". Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. June 6, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  198. ^ "Growing Support for Gay Marriage: Changed Minds and Changing Demographics" (PDF). people-press.com. March 20, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  199. ^ Nate Silver. "Gay Marriage Opponents Now in Minority". The New York Times April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  200. ^ "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  201. ^ The Rapid Increase in Support for Marriage Changes Political Equation: Emerging Majority Supports the Freedom to Marry. Joel Benenson, Benenson Strategy Group, and Jan van Lohuizen, Voter Consumer Research. July 27, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  202. ^ Dang, Alain, and M. Somjen Frazer. "Black Same-Sex Couple Households in the 2000 U.S. Census: Implications in the Debate Over Same-Sex Marriage." Western Journal of Black Studies 29.1 (Spring2005 2005): 521–530. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. September 30, 2009
  203. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Potential Budgetary Impact of Recognizing Same-Sex Marriages". Congressional Budget Office. June 21, 2004. Retrieved March 8, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  204. ^ a b c d e f Badgett, M.V. Lee (2003). Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03401-1.
  205. ^ "IRS Provides Answers to Community Property Filers". United States Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  206. ^ Barkacs, L. L. (2008). "Same sex marriage, civil unions, and employee benefits: Unequal protection under the law – when will society catch up with the business community?", Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 11(2), 33–44.
  207. ^ Price, M. "Upfront—Research uncovers the stress created by same-sex marriage bans" in Monitor on Psychology, Volume 40, No. 1, page 10, January 2009. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  208. ^ Potoczniak, Daniel J.; Aldea, Mirela A.; DeBlaere, Cirleen "Ego identity, social anxiety, social support, and self-concealment in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals." Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 54(4), October 2007, 447–457.
  209. ^ Balsam, Kimberly F.; Mohr, Jonathan J. "Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults." Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 54(3), July 2007, 306–319.
  210. ^ Rostosky, Sharon Scales; Riggle, Ellen D. B.; Gray, Barry E.; Hatton, Roxanna L. "Minority stress experiences in committed same-sex couple relationships." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol 38(4), August 2007, 392–400.
  211. ^ Szymanski, Dawn M.; Carr, Erika R. "The roles of gender role conflict and internalized heterosexism in gay and bisexual men's psychological distress: Testing two mediation models." Psychology of Men & Masculinity, Vol 9(1), January 2008, 40–54.
  212. ^ "Perry v. Schwarzenegger Transcript of Proceedings: pp.670–990 (Meyer testimony begins on p.806)" (PDF). U.S. District Court of Northern California. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  213. ^ "Emory researchers: Gay marriage bans increase HIV infections". Webcitation.org. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  214. ^ Elaine Justice. "Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory.edu. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  215. ^ "Gay marriage 'improves health'". BBC News. December 16, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  216. ^ Cantor, Donald J.; et al. (2006). Same-Sex Marriage: The Legal and Psychological Evolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 117–8. ISBN 9780819568120. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  217. ^ De Santo v. Barnsley, May 11, 1984, retrieved January 19, 2013
  218. ^ "Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning, 455 F.3d 859 (8th Cir. 2006) opinion" (PDF). Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  219. ^ Opinion of the Court, Hernandez v Robles, accessed September 24, 2014
  220. ^ Louis, Tim. "Gay Marriage: Technicality delays county's appeal". City Newspaper. Rochester, N.Y. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  221. ^ 'In re Marriage Cases, 183 P.3d 384 (Cal. 2008).
  222. ^ Strauss v. Horton, 207 P.3d 48 (Cal. 2009).
  223. ^ Kaplan, Elaine (June 28, 2013). "Memorandum for Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Guidance on the Extension of Benefits to Married Gay and Lesbian Federal Employees, Annuitants, and Their Families – (OPM Benefits memo)". Scribd.com. United States Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  224. ^ Dolan, Maura (June 28, 2013). "Prop 8: Gay marriages can resume in California, court rules". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  225. ^ Barron, Joan (June 7, 2011). "Wyoming Supreme Court reverses same-sex divorce ruling". Caspar Star Tribune. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  226. ^ "Port v. Cowan, No. 69, September Term, 2011. (May 18, 2012)". Findlaw. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  227. ^ a b c d Howe, Amy (October 6, 2014). "Today's orders: Same-sex marriage petitions denied". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  228. ^ Denniston, Lyle (May 20, 2014). "Pennsylvania: Same-sex marriage ban struck down". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  229. ^ Marshall, Cathy (May 20, 2014). "Gay couples immediately occurring after ruling". Kgw.com. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  230. ^ Carpenter, Dale (July 28, 2014). "Fourth Circuit strikes down Virginia ban on same-sex marriage". The Volokh Conspiracy.
  231. ^ Johnson, Chris (September 4, 2014). "7th Circuit rules against marriage bans in Wisconsin, Indiana". Washington Blade. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  232. ^ "US Appeals Court Tosses Oklahoma Gay Marriage Ban". July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  233. ^ Johnson, Chris (October 3, 2014). "Judge orders Missouri to recognize same-sex marriages". Washington Blade. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  234. ^ "Caspar v. Snyder - Freedom to Marry in Michigan". ACLU. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  235. ^ Brand-Williams, Oralandar (February 4, 2015). "No appeal on marriages 'an early Valentine's Day gift'". Detroit News. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States&oldid=719068129"