Supreme Court of the Philippines
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) |
| Supreme Court of the Philippines | |
|---|---|
| Kataás-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas Corte Suprema | |
 Seal of the Supreme Court of the Philippines | |
 | |
| 14°34′46″N 120°59′3″E / 14.57944°N 120.98417°E | |
| Established | June 11, 1901 |
| Location | Manila Baguio (summer) |
| Coordinates | 14°34′46″N 120°59′3″E / 14.57944°N 120.98417°E |
| Composition method | Presidential appointment from the list of preferred nominees made by the Judicial and Bar Council |
| Authorised by | Constitution of the Philippines |
| Judge term length | At most thirty years (retirement at the age 70) |
| Number of positions | 15 |
| Website | sc.judiciary.gov.ph |
| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines | |
| Currently | Maria Lourdes Sereno |
| Since | August 24, 2012 |
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|---|
 Philippines portal |
The Supreme Court of the Philippines (Template:Lang-fil; colloquially referred to by the Template:Lang-es), is the highest court in the Philippines. It is presided over by a Chief Justice and is composed of fifteen (15) Justices, including the Chief Justice. Pursuant to the Constitution, the Supreme Court has "administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof".[1]
The Supreme Court Complex, which was formerly the part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus,[2] occupies the corner of Padre Faura Street and Taft Avenue in Manila, with the main building directly fronting the Philippine General Hospital. Until 1945, the Court met in Cavite.
Constitutional role
Composition
A person must meet the following requirements in order to be appointed to the Supreme Court: (1) natural-born citizenship; (2) at least 40 years old; and (3) must have been for fifteen years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.[3] An additional constitutional requirement, though less precise in nature, is that a judge "must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence."[4] Upon a vacancy in the Court, whether for the position of Chief Justice or Associate Justice, the President fills the vacancy by appointing a person from a list of at least 3 nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council.[5]
Beginning with the 1935 Constitution, Supreme Court Justices are obliged to retire upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70.[6] Some Justices had opted to retire before reaching the age of 70, such as Florentino Feliciano, who retired at 67 to accept appointment to the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization and Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez who retired at 68 due to health reasons.[7] The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides that: "Section 11, Article VIII. The Members of the Supreme Court xxx shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office."[1] Since, 1901, it was only incumbent Associate Justice Alicia Austria-Martinez who resigned for health reasons. Thus, on September, 2008, Austria-Martinez, citing health reasons, filed a letter to the Court through Reynato Puno, tendering her resignation effective April 30, 2009, or 15 months before her compulsory retirement on December 19, 2010. In the October 1 Judicial and Bar Council's en banc deliberations, Reynato Puno ruled: “The court merely noted it. We don’t have to approve it... it is her right.”[8] During the JBC hearing, a JBC member said "Austria-Martinez had wanted to retire earlier because of health reasons. We were told she had health problems even when she was in the CA.”[9] Retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Artemio Panganiban stated: "I am saddened that Justice Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez has opted to retire early from the Supreme Court due to 'health reasons.' She is not bedridden. Neither is she physically or mentally incapacitated, but she has chosen to retire on April 30, 2009 because she felt she could no longer cope with the heavy caseload."[10] This was followed in 2016 however, by Justice Martin Villarama, who resigned in January of 2016, due to health reasons.
Adjudication
The powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution. These functions may be generally divided into two – judicial functions and administrative functions. The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. Pursuant to these functions, the Court is empowered to order a change of venue of trial in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice and to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary.[11] The Court is further authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law, for legal assistance to the underprivileged, and the procedural rules to be observed in all courts.[12]
The more prominent role of the Court is located in the exercise of its judicial functions. Section 1 of Article VIII contains definition of judicial power that had not been found in previous constitutions. The judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.” [13] This judicial power is exercised through the judiciary’s primary role of adjudication, which includes the “duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government.” [13]
The definition reaffirms the power of the Supreme Court to engage in judicial review, a power that had traditionally belonged to the Court even before this provision was enacted. Still, this new provision effectively dissuades from the easy resort to the political question doctrine as a means of declining to review a law or state action, as was often done by the Court during the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos.[14] As a result, the existence of “grave abuse of discretion” on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government is sufficient basis to nullify state action.
Cases
The Court is authorized to sit either en banc or in divisions of 3, 5 or 7 members. Since the 1970s, the Court has constituted itself in 3 divisions with 5 members each. A majority of the cases are heard and decided by the divisions, rather than the court en banc. However, the Constitution requires that the Court hear en banc “[a]ll cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive agreement, as well as “those involving the constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees, proclamations, orders, instructions, ordinances, and other regulations”.[5] The Court en banc also decides cases originally heard by a division when a majority vote cannot be reached within the division. The Court also has the discretion to hear a case en banc even if no constitutional issue is involved, as it typically does if the decision would reverse precedent or presents novel or important questions.
Appellate review
Far and away the most common mode by which a case reaches the Supreme Court is through an appeal from a decision rendered by a lower court. Appealed cases generally originate from lawsuits or criminal indictments filed and tried before the trial courts. These decisions of the trial courts may then be elevated on appeal to the Court of Appeals, or more rarely, directly to the Supreme Court if only “questions of law” are involved. Apart from decisions of the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court may also directly review on appeal decisions rendered by the Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals. Decisions rendered by administrative agencies are not directly appealable to the Supreme Court, they must be first challenged before the Court of Appeals. However, decisions of the Commission on Elections may be elevated directly for review to the Supreme Court, although the procedure is not, strictly speaking, in the nature of an appeal.
Review on appeal is not as a matter of right, but "of sound judicial discretion and will be granted only when there are special and important reasons therefor".[15] In the exercise of appellate review, the Supreme Court may reverse the decision of lower courts upon a finding of an "error of law". The Court generally declines to engage in review the findings of fact made by the lower courts, although there are notable exceptions to this rule. The Court also refuses to entertain cases originally filed before it that should have been filed first with the trial courts.
Original jurisdiction
The other mode by which a case reaches the Supreme Court is through an original petition filed directly with the Supreme Court, in cases where the Constitution establishes “original jurisdiction” with the Supreme Court. Under Section 5(1), Article VIII of the Constitution, these are “cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and corpus”. Resort to certiorari, prohibition and mandamus may be availed of only if "there is no appeal, or any plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law".[16]
However,‡ notwithstanding this grant of original jurisdiction, the Court has, through the years, assigned to lower courts such as the Court of Appeals the power to hear petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and habeas corpus. As a result, the Court has considerable discretion to refuse to hear these petitions filed directly before it on the ground that such should have been filed instead with the Court of Appeals or the appropriate lower court. Nonetheless, cases that have attracted wide public interest, or where a speedy resolution is of the essence, have been accepted for decision by the Supreme Court without hesitation.
In cases involving the original jurisdiction of the Court, there must be a finding of "grave abuse of discretion" on the part of the respondents to the suit to justify favorable action on the petition. The standard of "grave abuse of discretion", a markedly higher standard than "error of law", has been defined as "a capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment amounting to lack of jurisdiction"[17]
History
Pre-Hispanic and Hispanic periods
In the years prior to the official establishment of the Supreme Court, institutions exercising judicial power were already in existence. Before the Spaniards came, judicial authority “in its primitive form” was in the hands of barangay chiefs. During the early years of the Spanish government, these powers were vested upon Miguel López de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the Philippines. He administered civil and criminal justice under the Royal Order of August 14, 1569.
The present Supreme Court was preceded by the Real Audiencia, a collegial body established on May 5, 1583 and composed, of a president, four oidores (justices), and a fiscal, among others. The Chief Judge of the Real Audiencia was the Governor-General of the Philippines. It was the highest tribunal in the Philippines, below only the Council of the Indies of Spain. However, this body also exercised administrative functions, not just judicial functions.
The Audiencia’s functions and structure underwent substantial modifications in 1815 when its president was replaced by a chief justice and the number of justices was increased. It then came to be known as the Audiencia Territorial de Manila with two branches, civil and criminal, later renamed sala de lo civil and sala de lo criminal. The Audiencia was converted to a purely judicial body by a Royal Decree issued on July 4, 1861, but its decisions were appealable to the Supreme Court of Spain sitting in Madrid.
On February 26, 1886, a territorial Audiencia was organized in Cebu, followed by an Audiencia for criminal cases in Vigan. However, the pre-eminence of the Supreme Court as the sole interpreter of the law was unknown during the Spanish regime.[18]
American period
From 1898 to 1901 there was no Supreme Court as the new American Governor-General of the Philippines abolished the colonial Real Audiencia of Manila as the Philippines was under US military law under military rule.
The Supreme Court of the Philippines was officially established on June 11, 1901 through the passage of Act No. 136, otherwise known as the Judiciary Law of the Second Philippine Commission. By virtue of that law, judicial power in the Philippine Islands was vested in the Supreme Court, Courts of First Instance and Justice of the Peace courts. Other courts were subsequently established.
The judicial structure introduced by Act No. 136 was reaffirmed by the US Congress with the passage of the Philippine Bill of 1902. The Administrative Code of 1917 ordained the Supreme Court as the highest tribunal of the Philippines with nine members: a chief justice and eight associate justices. Its decisions could be further appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C.[18]
Commonwealth and independence
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From 1901 to 1935, although a Filipino was always appointed chief justice, the majority of the members of the Supreme Court were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved only with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel were among the first appointees to replace the American justices. With the ratification of the 1935 Constitution in a plebiscite held on May 14, 1935, the membership in the Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.
Article V of the Treaty of Manila (1946) abolished the U.S. Supreme Court's appellate authority over the Supreme Court of the Philippines, but provided that Philippine appeals pending before the U.S. Supreme Court would be allowed to run to completion.[18]
Under the 1973 Constitution, the membership of the Supreme Court was increased to 15. The justices sat en banc or in divisions. The 1973 Constitution also vested in the Supreme Court administrative supervision over all lower courts which heretofore was under the Department of Justice.
After the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, President Corazon C. Aquino, using her emergency powers, promulgated a transitory charter known as the “Freedom Constitution” which did not affect the composition and powers of the Supreme Court. The Freedom Charter was replaced by the 1987 Constitution which is the fundamental charter in force in the Philippines at present. Section 1 Article VIII of the Constitution vests the judicial power “in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.”
Writ of Amparo
The Supreme Court approved the Writ of Amparo on September 25, 2007.[19] The writ of amparo (Spanish for protection) strips the military of the defense of simple denial. Under the writ, families of victims have the right to access information on their cases—a constitutional right called the "habeas data" common in several Latin American countries. The rule is enforced retroactively. Chief Justice Puno stated that "If you have this right, it would be very, very difficult for State agents, State authorities to be able to escape from their culpability."[20][21]
The Resolution and the Rule on the Writ of Amparo gave legal birth to Puno's brainchild.[22][23][24] No filing or legal fees is required for Amparo which takes effect on October 24. Puno also stated that the court will soon issue rules on the writ of Habeas Data and the implementing guidelines for Habeas Corpus. The petition for the writ of amparo may be filed "on any day and at any time" with the Regional Trial Court, or with the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. The interim reliefs under amparo are: temporary protection order (TPO), inspection order (IO), production order (PO), and witness protection order (WPO, RA 6981).[25]
The Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) has criticized the Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data for being insufficient, saying further action must be taken, including enacting laws for protection against torture, enforced disappearance, and laws to provide legal remedies to victims. AHRC said the writ failed to protect non-witnesses, even if they too face threats.[26]
Habeas Data
On August 30, 2007, Puno vowed to institute the writ of habeas data as a new legal remedy to the extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances. Puno explained that the writ of amparo denies to authorities defense of simple denial, and habeas data can find out what information is held by the officer, rectify or even the destroy erroneous data gathered.[27]
On January 22, 2008, the Supreme Court En Banc approved the rules for the writ of Habeas Data ("to protect a person’s right to privacy and allow a person to control any information concerning them"), effective on February 2, the Philippines’ Constitution Day.[28]
Language
Since the courts' creation, English had been used in court proceedings. But for the first time in Philippine judicial history, or on August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan will use Filipino, to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal and Metro Manila.[29]
Judicial corruption
On January 25, 2005, and on December 10, 2006, Philippines Social Weather Stations released the results of its two surveys on corruption in the judiciary; it published that: a) like 1995, 1/4 of lawyers said many/very many judges are corrupt. But (49%) stated that a judges received bribes, just 8% of lawyers admitted they reported the bribery, because they could not prove it. [Tables 8-9]; judges, however, said, just 7% call many/very many judges as corrupt[Tables 10-11];b) "Judges see some corruption; proportions who said - many/very many corrupt judges or justices: 17% in reference to RTC judges, 14% to MTC judges, 12% to Court of Appeals justices, 4% i to Shari'a Court judges, 4% to Sandiganbayan justices and 2% in reference to Supreme Court justices [Table 15].[30][31]
The September 14, 2008, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) survey, ranked the Philippines 6th (6.10) among corrupt Asian judicial systems. PERC stated that "despite India and the Philippines being democracies, expatriates did not look favourably on their judicial systems because of corruption." PERC reported Hong Kong and Singapore have the best judicial systems in Asia, with Indonesia and Vietnam the worst: Hong Kong's judicial system scored 1.45 on the scale (zero representing the best performance and 10 the worst); Singapore with a grade of 1.92, followed by Japan (3.50), South Korea (4.62), Taiwan (4.93), the Philippines (6.10), Malaysia (6.47), India (6.50), Thailand (7.00), China (7.25), Vietnam's (8.10) and Indonesia (8.26).[32]<[33]
In 2014, Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (global survey ranking countries in terms of perceived corruption), the Philippines ranked 85th out of 175 countries surveyed, an improvement from placing 94th in 2013. It scored 38 on a scale of 1 to 100 in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).[34]
The Philippines jumped nine places in the recently published World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2015, making it one of the most improved countries in terms of global rankings. It ranked 51st out of 102 countries on the ROLI, a significant jump from last year when the country ranked 60th out of 99 countries. This makes the Philippines the most improved among ASEAN member nations. "Results showed that the country ranked high in terms of constraints on government powers (39th); absence of corruption (47th), and open government (50th)."
"The Philippines, however, fell to the bottom half of the global rankings in terms of regulatory enforcement (52nd); order and security (58th); criminal justice (66th); fundamental rights (67th), and civil justice (75th)." [35]
“Bantay Korte Suprema”
"Watch the Supreme Court" coalition was launched at the Training Center, Ground Floor, Supreme Court Centennial Bldg on November 17, 2008, "to ensure the fair and honest selection of the 7 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court on 2009." Members of “Bantay Korte Suprema” include retired Philippine presidents, retired Supreme Court justices, legislators, legal practitioners, the academe, the business community and the media. former Senate President Jovito Salonga, UP Law Dean Marvic Leonen, Senate Majority Leader and Judicial and Bar Council member Kiko Pangilinan, the Philippine Bar Association, Artemio Panganiban, and Rodolfo Urbiztondo, of the 48,000-strong Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP), and the chambers of commerce, witnessed the landmark event. BKS will neither select nor endorse a candidate, “but if it receive information that makes a candidate incompetent, it will divulge this to the public and inform the JBC." At the BKS launching, the memorandum of understanding (MOU) on the public monitoring of the selection of justices to the SC was signed.
Meanwhile, the Supreme Court Appointments Watch (SCAW) coalition of law groups and civil society to monitor the appointment of persons to judicial positions was also re-launched. The SCAW consortium, composed of the Alternative Law Groups, Libertas, Philippine Association of law Schools and the Transparency and Accountability Network, together with the online news magazine Newsbreak, reactivated itself for the JBC selection process of candidates.[36][37][38][39]
Current Justices
Supreme Court Justices of the Philippines
| # | Justice | Born | Term | End of Tenure | Replacing | Chief Justices | Chief Executive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cayetano Arellano | March 2, 1847 | June 11, 1901 | April 12, 1920 | Newly created seat | First Chief Justice | William Howard Taft |
| 2 | Florentino Torres | October 16, 1844 | June 17, 1901 | April 20, 1920 | Newly created seat | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 3 | Victorino Mapa | February 25, 1855 | June 17, 1901 | October 31, 1913 | Newly created seat | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 4 | James Francis Smith | January 28, 1859 | June 17, 1901 | February 17, 1903 | Newly created seat | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 5 | Joseph F. Cooper | March 30, 1854 | June 17, 1901 | October 17, 1904 | Newly created seat | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 6 | Charles A. Willard | May 21, 1857 | June 17, 1901 | April 24, 1904 | Newly created seat | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 7 | Fletcher Ladd | December 21, 1862 | June 17, 1901 | July 13, 1903 | Newly created seat | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 8 | John T. McDonough | July 12, 1843 | February 18, 1903 | May 1, 1904 | James Francis Smith | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 9 | Elias Finley Johnson | June 24, 1861 | October 3, 1903 | April 1, 1933 | Fletcher Ladd | Cayetano Arellano | William Howard Taft |
| 10 | Adam Clarke Carson | January 14, 1869 | November 16, 1904 | November 30, 1920 | Charles A. Willard | Cayetano Arellano | Luke Edward Wright |
| 11 | James F. Tracy | March 30, 1854 | July 1, 1905 | July 2, 1909 | John T. Mcdonough | Cayetano Arellano | Luke Edward Wright |
| 12 | Sherman Moreland | October 16, 1868 | February 1, 1909 | April 23, 1917 | Cayetano Arellano | James Francis Smith | |
| 13 | Charles Burke Elliott | January 6, 1861 | June 3, 1909 | February 13, 1910 | Cayetano Arellano | James Francis Smith | |
| 14 | Grant T. Trent | February 28, 1910 | April 23, 1917 | Cayetano Arellano | William Cameron Forbes | ||
| 15 | Manuel Araullo | January 1, 1853 | December 16, 1913 | October 31, 1921 | Victorino Mapa | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison |
| 16 | Thomas A. Street | March 14, 1872 | June 13, 1917 | June 1, 1935 | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison | |
| 17 | George A. Malcolm | November 5, 1881 | July 9, 1917 | February 1, 1936 | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison | |
| 18 | Ramón Avanceña | April 13, 1872 | October 31, 1917 | March 31, 1925 | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison | |
| 19 | Frederich Charles Fisher | November 17, 1917 | November 16, 1918 | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison | ||
| 20 | Percy M. Moir | November 25, 1918 | November 20, 1920 | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison | ||
| 21 | Ignacio Villamor | February 1, 1863 | May 19, 1920 | May 23, 1933 | Cayetano Arellano | Francis Burton Harrison | |
| 22 | James A. Ostrand | January 20, 1871 | September 27, 1921 | June 30, 1933 | Victorino Mapa | Charles Yeater | |
| 23 | Charles A. Johns | June 25, 1857 | October 7, 1921 | January 11, 1932 | Victorino Mapa | Charles Yeater | |
| 24 | Norberto Romualdez | June 6, 1875 | November 1, 1921 | April 1, 1932 | Manuel Araullo | Manuel Araullo | Leonard Wood |
| 25 | Antonio Villareal | January 17, 1880 | June 16, 1925 | June 5, 1940 | Ramón Avanceña | Leonard Wood | |
| 26 | John A. Hull | August 7, 1874 | June 1, 1932 | February 1, 1936 | Ramón Avanceña | Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. | |
| 27 | James C. Vickers | August 5, 1877 | June 1, 1932 | February 1, 1936 | Ramón Avanceña | Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. | |
| 28 | José Abad Santos | February 19, 1886 | June 18, 1932 | December 23, 1941 | Norberto Romualdez | Ramón Avanceña | Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. |
| 29 | Carlos A. Imperial | November 4, 1880 | June 22, 1932 | May 20, 1941 | Ramón Avanceña | Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. | |
| 30 | George C. Butte | May 9, 1877 | July 1, 1932 | February 1, 1936 | Ramón Avanceña | Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. | |
| 31 | Anacleto Diaz | November 20, 1878 | November 20, 1933 | December 19, 1941 | Ramón Avanceña | Frank Murphy | |
| 32 | Leonard S. Goddard | January 29, 1871 | January 9, 1934 | January 29, 1936 | Ramón Avanceña | Frank Murphy | |
| 33 | Claro M. Recto | February 8, 1890 | July 3, 1935 | November 1, 1936 | Ramón Avanceña | Frank Murphy | |
| 34 | José P. Laurel | March 9, 1891 | February 29, 1936 | February 5, 1942 | Ramón Avanceña | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 35 | Pedro Concepcion | October 31, 1936 | January 1, 1940 | Ramón Avanceña | Manuel L. Quezon | ||
| 36 | Manuel V. Moran | October 27, 1893 | December 12, 1938 | July 9, 1945 | Ramón Avanceña | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 37 | Roman Ozaeta | February 28, 1891 | June 24, 1941 | October 16, 1950 | Ramón Avanceña | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 38 | Ricardo Parás | February 17, 1891 | December 28, 1941 | April 1, 1951 | José Abad Santos | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 39 | José Yulo | September 24, 1894 | February 5, 1942 | May 7, 1942 | José Abad Santos | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 40 | Jorge C. Bocobo | October 19, 1886 | February 5, 1942 | January 31, 1944 | José Abad Santos | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 41 | Jose Generoso | May 11, 1942 | July 15, 1948 | José Yulo | Manuel L. Quezon | ||
| 42 | Jose Lopez Vito | May 12, 1872 | May 11, 1942 | January 31, 1944 | José Yulo | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 43 | Antonio Horrilleno | February 13, 1878 | July 1, 1943 | August 17, 1945 | José Yulo | Manuel L. Quezon | |
| 44 | Delfin Jaranilla | December 24, 1883 | June 6, 1945 | June 6, 1946 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 45 | Felicisimo R. Feria | August 6, 1883 | June 6, 1945 | August 6, 1953 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 46 | Mariano H. De Joya | September 8, 1887 | June 6, 1945 | June 25, 1945 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 47 | Guillermo Pablo | June 25, 1886 | June 6, 1945 | June 4, 1955 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 48 | Gregorio Perfecto | November 28, 1891 | June 6, 1945 | August 17, 1949 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 49 | Emilio Y. Hilado | November 1, 1891 | June 6, 1945 | May 31, 1948 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 50 | Jose A. Espiritu | April 10, 1886 | June 6, 1945 | August 15, 1945 | José Yulo | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 51 | Manuel C. Briones | January 1, 1894 | September 15, 1945 | May 24, 1949 | Manuel V. Moran | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 52 | César Bengzon | May 29, 1896 | September 15, 1945 | April 28, 1961 | Manuel V. Moran | José P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña | |
| 53 | Sabino B. Padilla | August 21, 1894 | June 25, 1946 | August 21, 1964 | Manuel V. Moran | Manuel Roxas | |
| 54 | Pedro Tuazon | September 15, 1884 | June 25, 1946 | January 4, 1954 | Manuel V. Moran | Manuel Roxas | |
| 55 | Jose Hontiveros | March 19, 1889 | June 25, 1946 | October 16, 1947 | Manuel V. Moran | Manuel Roxas | |
| 56 | Alejandro A. Reyes | June 4, 1899 | August 6, 1948 | June 3, 1959 | Jose Generoso | Manuel V. Moran | Elpidio Quirino |
| 57 | Marcelino R. Montemayor | July 27, 1890 | August 21, 1948 | July 27, 1960 | Manuel V. Moran | Elpidio Quirino | |
| 58 | Luis P. Torres | April 8, 1880 | August 20, 1949 | April 1, 1950 | Manuel V. Moran | Elpidio Quirino | |
| 59 | Felix Angelo Bautista | May 20, 1896 | October 20, 1950 | May 20, 1956 | Manuel V. Moran | Elpidio Quirino | |
| 60 | Fernando Jugo | May 14, 1891 | October 20, 1950 | June 3, 1956 | Manuel V. Moran | Elpidio Quirino | |
| 61 | Alejo Labrador | July 17, 1894 | April 22, 1952 | July 17, 1964 | Ricardo Parás | Elpidio Quirino | |
| 62 | Roberto Concepcion | June 7, 1903 | February 9, 1954 | June 17, 1966 | Ricardo Parás | Ramon Magsaysay | |
| 63 | Ramon Diokno | March 28, 1886 | February 10, 1954 | April 21, 1954 | Ricardo Parás | Ramon Magsaysay | |
| 64 | Jose B. L. Reyes | August 19, 1902 | June 30, 1954 | August 19, 1972 | Ricardo Parás | Ramon Magsaysay | |
| 65 | Pastor M. Endencia | July 26, 1890 | December 20, 1955 | July 26, 1960 | Ricardo Parás | Ramon Magsaysay | |
| 66 | Alfonso Felix | September 17, 1888 | July 24, 1956 | September 17, 1958 | Ricardo Parás | Ramon Magsaysay | |
| 67 | Jesus G. Barrera | December 18, 1896 | June 5, 1959 | December 18, 1966 | Ricardo Parás | Carlos P. García | |
| 68 | Jose Gutierrez David | January 29, 1891 | August 28, 1959 | January 29, 1961 | Ricardo Parás | Carlos P. García | |
| 69 | Arsenio Dizon | October 5, 1901 | July 26, 1960 | October 5, 1971 | Ricardo Parás | Carlos P. García | |
| 70 | Jose Ma. Paredes | August 15, 1895 | August 18, 1960 | August 15, 1965 | Ricardo Parás | Carlos P. García | |
| 71 | Dionisio De Leon | April 8, 1892 | April 28, 1961 | April 8, 1962 | César Bengzon | Carlos P. García | |
| 72 | Felipe Natividad | September 20, 1891 | April 8, 1962 | September 20, 1962 | César Bengzon | Diosdado Macapagal | |
| 73 | Roberto Regala | June 7, 1897 | May 23, 1962 | December 22, 1975 | César Bengzon | Diosdado Macapagal | |
| 74 | Querube Makalintal | December 22, 1910 | May 23, 1962 | October 21, 1973 | César Bengzon | Diosdado Macapagal | |
| 75 | Calixto Zaldivar | September 13, 1904 | September 12, 1964 | September 13, 1974 | César Bengzon | Diosdado Macapagal | |
| 76 | Jose P. Bengzon | May 5, 1898 | September 12, 1964 | May 5, 1968 | César Bengzon | Diosdado Macapagal | |
| 77 | Conrado V. Sanchez | February 19, 1900 | May 29, 1966 | February 19, 1970 | César Bengzon | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 78 | Fred Ruiz Castro | September 2, 1914 | May 29, 1966 | January 5, 1976 | César Bengzon | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 79 | Eugenio Angeles | November 2, 1868 | June 30, 1967 | November 2, 1968 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 80 | Enrique Fernando | July 25, 1915 | June 30, 1967 | July 1, 1979 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 81 | Francisco Capistrano | October 6, 1899 | September 16, 1968 | October 6, 1969 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 82 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | April 18, 1918 | December 17, 1968 | April 1, 1986 | Eugenio Angeles | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 83 | Antonio P. Barredo | October 1, 1912 | December 17, 1968 | October 4, 1982 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 84 | Julio Villamor | April 12, 1902 | January 24, 1970 | April 12, 1972 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 85 | Felix Makasiar | November 20, 1915 | August 2, 1970 | July 25, 1985 | Conrado V. Sanchez | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 86 | Felix Q. Antonio | May 18, 1911 | June 1972 | May 18, 1980 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 87 | Salvador Esguerra | June 19, 1906 | June 1972 | June 19, 1976 | Roberto Concepcion | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 88 | Estanislao A. Fernandez | March 28, 1910 | October 19, 1973 | March 28, 1975 | Querube Makalintal | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 89 | Cecilia Muñoz-Palma | November 22, 1913 | October 29, 1973 | November 22, 1978 | Newly created seat | Querube Makalintal | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 90 | Ramon Aquino | August 31, 1917 | October 29, 1973 | November 19, 1985 | Newly created seat | Querube Makalintal | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 91 | Hermogenes Concepcion, Jr. | April 7, 1920 | April 18, 1975 | April 16, 1986 | Calixto Zaldivar | Querube Makalintal | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 92 | Ruperto G. Martin | March 27, 1913 | April 18, 1975 | January 10, 1978 | Estanislao A. Fernandez | Querube Makalintal | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 93 | Guillermo S. Santos | January 23, 1915 | May 27, 1977 | January 23, 1980 | Fred Ruiz Castro | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 94 | Ramon C. Fernandez | February 16, 1916 | May 27, 1977 | May 11, 1982 | Fred Ruiz Castro | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 95 | Juvenal K. Guerrero | November 4, 1916 | May 11, 1977 | November 4, 1984 | Fred Ruiz Castro | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 96 | Vicente Abad Santos | July 12, 1916 | January 17, 1979 | July 12, 1986 | Fred Ruiz Castro | Fred Ruiz Castro | Ferdinand Marcos |
| 97 | Pacifico P. De Castro | July 16, 1915 | January 17, 1979 | May 31, 1984 | Fred Ruiz Castro | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 98 | Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera | May 11, 1922 | January 17, 1979 | May 11, 1992 | Cecilia Muñoz-Palma | Fred Ruiz Castro | Ferdinand Marcos (1979) Corazon Aquino (1986) |
| 99 | Vicente G. Ericta | February 3, 1915 | November 20, 1981 | May 11, 1982 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 100 | Efren I. Plana | June 28, 1928 | November 20, 1981 | April 16, 1986 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 101 | Venicio T. Escolin | February 13, 1921 | November 20, 1981 | April 15, 1986 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 102 | Conrado M. Vasquez | September 13, 1913 | May 14, 1982 | September 30, 1983 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 103 | Lorenzo Relova | January 20, 1916 | May 14, 1982 | January 19, 1986 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 104 | Hugo Gutierrez, Jr. | January 29, 1927 | May 14, 1982 | March 31, 1993 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 105 | Buenaventura S. De La Fuente | July 14, 1922 | February 28, 1984 | March 6, 1986 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 106 | Serafin R. Cuevas | June 25, 1928 | June 1, 1984 | April 16, 1986 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 107 | Nestor B. Alampay | February 17, 1920 | January 24, 1985 | March 17, 1986 | Enrique Fernando | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 108 | Lino M. Patajo | September 23, 1916 | July 31, 1985 | April 16, 1986 | Felix Makasiar | Ferdinand Marcos | |
| 109 | Jose Feria | January 11, 1917 | April 7, 1986 | January 10, 1987 | Felix Makasiar | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino |
| 110 | Pedro Yap | July 1, 1918 | April 8, 1986 | April 18, 1988 | Leo D. Medialdea | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino |
| 111 | Marcelo Fernan | October 24, 1927 | April 9, 1986 | June 30, 1988 | Florenz D. Regalado | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino |
| 112 | Andres Narvasa | November 30, 1928 | April 10, 1986 | December 7, 1991 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 113 | Isagani A. Cruz | October 11, 1924 | April 16, 1986 | October 11, 1994 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 114 | Edgardo L. Paras | July 4, 1922 | April 16, 1986 | July 4, 1992 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 115 | Florentino P. Feliciano | March 14, 1928 | August 8, 1986 | December 13, 1995 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 116 | Teodoro R. Padilla | August 24, 1927 | January 12, 1987 | August 22, 1997 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 117 | Abdulwahid A. Bidin | April 7, 1925 | January 12, 1987 | May 7, 1995 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 118 | Emilio A. Gancayco | August 20, 1921 | January 12, 1987 | August 20, 1991 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 119 | Abraham F. Sarmiento | October 8, 1921 | January 25, 1987 | October 8, 1991 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 120 | Irene R. Cortes | October 20, 1921 | February 1, 1987 | October 20, 1990 | Jose Feria | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino |
| 121 | Carolina Griño-Aquino | October 22, 1923 | February 2, 1988 | October 22, 1993 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 122 | Leo D. Medialdea | August 17, 1927 | May 2, 1988 | November 7, 1992 | Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Corazon Aquino | |
| 123 | Florenz D. Regalado | October 13, 1928 | July 29, 1988 | October 13, 1998 | Marcelo Fernan | Corazon Aquino | |
| 124 | Hilario G. Davide, Jr. | December 20, 1935 | January 24, 1991 | November 29, 1998 | Irene R. Cortes | Marcelo Fernan | Corazon Aquino |
| 125 | Flerida Ruth Romero | August 1, 1929 | October 21, 1991 | August 1, 1999 | Abraham Sarmiento | Marcelo Fernan | Corazon Aquino |
| 126 | Rodolfo A. Nocon | March 15, 1924 | December 2, 1991 | March 15, 1994 | Marcelo Fernan | Corazon Aquino | |
| 127 | Josue N. Bellosillo | November 13, 1933 | March 3, 1992 | November 13, 2003 | Andres Narvasa | Corazon Aquino | |
| 128 | Jose A.R. Melo | May 30, 1932 | August 10, 1992 | May 30, 2002 | Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos |
| 129 | Jose C. Campos, Jr. | April 9, 1923 | September 3, 1992 | April 9, 1993 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 130 | Camilo D. Quiason | July 18, 1925 | February 1, 1993 | July 18, 1995 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 131 | Reynato Puno | May 17, 1940 | June 28, 1993 | December 7, 2006 | Hugo Gutierrez | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos |
| 132 | Jose C. Vitug | July 15, 1934 | June 28, 1993 | July 15, 2004 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 133 | Santiago M. Kapunan | August 12, 1932 | January 5, 1994 | August 12, 2002 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 134 | Vicente V. Mendoza | April 5, 1933 | June 7, 1994 | April 5, 2003 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 135 | Ricardo J. Francisco | February 13, 1928 | January 5, 1995 | February 13, 1998 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 136 | Regino C. Hermosisima Jr. | February 2, 1929 | January 10, 1995 | October 18, 1997 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 137 | Artemio Panganiban | December 7, 1936 | October 5, 1995 | December 19, 2005 | Camilo Quiason | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos |
| 138 | Justo P. Torres, Jr. | November 1, 1927 | March 11, 1996 | November 1, 1997 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 139 | Antonio M. Martinez | February 2, 1929 | November 10, 1997 | February 2, 1999 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 140 | Leonardo A. Quisumbing | November 6, 1939 | January 15, 1998 | November 6, 2009 | Justo P. Torres Jr. | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos |
| 141 | Fidel P. Purisima | October 28, 1930 | January 20, 1998 | October 28, 2000 | Andres Narvasa | Fidel Ramos | |
| 142 | Bernardo P. Pardo | February 11, 1932 | September 30, 1998 | February 11, 2002 | Andres Narvasa | Joseph Estrada | |
| 143 | Arturo B. Buena | March 25, 1932 | January 5, 1999 | March 25, 2002 | Renato C. Corona | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Joseph Estrada |
| 144 | Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reyes | September 25, 1931 | January 5, 1999 | September 25, 2001 | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Joseph Estrada | |
| 145 | Consuelo Ynares-Santiago | October 5, 1939 | April 6, 1999 | October 5, 2009 | Antonio Martinez | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Joseph Estrada |
| 146 | Sabino R. De Leon Jr. | June 9, 1932 | October 12, 1999 | June 9, 2002 | Flerida Ruth Pineda-Romero | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Joseph Estrada |
| 147 | Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez | February 28, 1938 | December 22, 2000 | February 28, 2008 | Fidel P. Purisima | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Joseph Estrada |
| 148 | Antonio T. Carpio | October 26, 1949 | October 26, 2001 | October 26, 2019 | Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reyes | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 149 | Alicia Austria-Martinez | December 19, 1940 | April 9, 2002 | April 30, 2009 | Bernardo P. Pardo | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 150 | Renato C. Corona | October 15, 1948 | April 9, 2002 | May 17, 2010 | Arturo B. Buena | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 151 | Conchita Carpio-Morales | June 19, 1941 | August 26, 2002 | June 19, 2011 | Jose A.R. Melo, JR. | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 152 | Romeo J. Callejo, Sr. | April 28, 1937 | August 26, 2002 | April 28, 2007 | Sabino R. De Leon Jr. | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 153 | Adolfo S. Azcuna | February 16, 1939 | October 17, 2002 | February 16, 2009 | Santiago M. Kapunan | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 154 | Dante O. Tiñga | May 11, 1939 | July 4, 2003 | May 11, 2009 | Vicente V. Mendoza | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 155 | Minita V. Chico-Nazario | December 5, 1939 | February 10, 2004 | December 5, 2009 | Josue N. Bellosillo | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 156 | Cancio C. Garcia | October 30, 1937 | October 7, 2004 | October 30, 2007 | Jose C. Vitug | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 157 | Presbitero J. Velasco, Jr. | August 8, 1948 | March 31, 2006 | August 8, 2018 | Artemio V. Panganiban | Artemio V. Panganiban | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 158 | Antonio Eduardo B. Nachura | June 13, 1941 | February 7, 2007 | June 13, 2011 | Reynato Puno | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 159 | Ruben T. Reyes | January 3, 1939 | August 2, 2007 | January 3, 2009 | Romeo J. Callejo, Sr. | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 160 | Teresita De Castro | October 8, 1948 | December 3, 2007 | October 8, 2018 | Cancio Garcia | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 161 | Arturo D. Brion | December 29, 1946 | March 17, 2008 | December 29, 2016 | Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 162 | Diosdado M. Peralta | March 27, 1952 | January 14, 2009 | March 27, 2022 | Ruben Reyes | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 163 | Lucas P. Bersamin | October 18, 1949 | April 3, 2009 | October 18, 2019 | Adolfo Azcuna | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 164 | Mariano C. del Castillo | July 29, 1949 | July 29, 2009 | July 29, 2019 | Ma. Alicia Austria-Martinez | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 165 | Roberto A. Abad | May 22, 1944 | August 7, 2009 | May 22, 2014 | Dante O. Tiñga | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 166 | Martin Villarama, Jr. | April 14, 1946 | November 6, 2009 | January 16, 2016 | Consuelo Ynares-Santiago | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 167 | Jose P. Perez | December 14, 1946 | December 26, 2009 | December 14, 2016 | Leonardo A. Quisumbing | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 168 | Jose C. Mendoza | August 13, 1947 | January 4, 2010 | August 13, 2017 | Minita Chico-Nazario | Reynato Puno | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |
| 169 | Maria Lourdes Sereno | July 2, 1960 | August 13, 2010 | August 25, 2012 | Renato C. Corona | Renato C. Corona | Benigno Aquino III |
| 170 | Bienvenido L. Reyes | July 6, 1947 | August 20, 2011 | July 6, 2017 | Antonio Eduardo Nachura | Renato C. Corona | Benigno Aquino III |
| 171 | Estela Perlas-Bernabe | May 14, 1952 | September 16, 2011 | May 14, 2022 | Conchita Carpio-Morales | Renato C. Corona | Benigno Aquino III |
| 172 | Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen | December 29, 1962 | November 21, 2012 | December 29, 2032 | Maria Lourdes Sereno | Maria Lourdes Sereno | Benigno Aquino III |
| 173 | Francis H. Jardeleza | September 26, 1949 | August 19, 2014 | September 26, 2019 | Roberto Abad | Maria Lourdes Sereno | Benigno Aquino III |
| 174 | Alfredo Benjamin Caguioa | September 30, 1959 | January 22, 2016 | September 30, 2029 | Martin Villarama, Jr. | Maria Lourdes Sereno | Benigno Aquino III |
Philippine court system
See also
- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
- Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
- Political history of the Philippines
- Constitution of the Philippines
- Judicial Executive Legislative Advisory and Consultative Council (JELAC)
- Articles of Impeachment against Chief Justice Renato Corona
Books
- Deinla, Imelda (April 2014). "Public Support and Judicial Empowerment of the Philippine Supreme Court". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 36 (1): 128–158.
References
- ^ See Section 6, Article VIII, Constitution
- ^ http://www.up.edu.ph/beginnings-university-of-the-philippines-manila/
- ^ See Section 7(1), Article VIII, Constitution
- ^ See Section 7(3), Article VIII, Constitution
- ^ a b See Section 9, Article VIII, Constitution
- ^ Changed to 65 during 1973-1978, but since restored to 70.
- ^ See
- ^ manilastandardtoday.com, Justice Austria-Martinez wants early retirement
- ^ abs-cbnnews.com, Exclusive: SC Justice Alicia Martinez to retire early
- ^ opinion.inquirer.net, With Due Respect - A libertarian decision; a decent jurist
- ^ See 5(4) & (5), Article VIII, Constitution
- ^ See
- ^ a b See 1, Article VIII, Constitution
- ^ See J. Bernas, The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary (1996 ed.), at 831
- ^ See Section 6, Rule 45, 1997 Rules on Civil Procedure
- ^ See Sections 1, 2, & 3, Rule 65, 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure
- ^ See, e.g., Toh v. CA, G.R. No. 140274, November 15, 2000.
- ^ a b c http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/idedp/IAL/IAL000500_003.pdf
- ^ Inquirer.net, SC approves use of writ of amparo
- ^ Inquiret.net, Military can’t shrug off killings--Chief Justice
- ^ ABS-CBN Interactive, SC ready with writ of amparo by Sept - Puno
- ^ Supremecourt.gov.ph, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO
- ^ S.C. Resolution, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO
- ^ Supremecourt.gov.ph, SC Approves Rule on Writ of Amparo
- ^ GMA NEWS.TV, SC approves rule on writ of amparo vs extralegal killings
- ^ GMA NEWS.TV, Writ of amparo not enough – Hong Kong rights group
- ^ Inquirer.net, Habeas data: SC’s new remedy vs killings, disappearances
- ^ newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews, Supreme Court okays rules of ‘habeas data’
- ^ Inquirer.net, 3 Bulacan courts to use Filipino in judicial proceedings
- ^ www.sws.org.ph, New Diagnostic Study Sets Guideposts for Systematic Development of the Judiciary
- ^ www.sws.org.ph, New SWS Study of the Judiciary and the Legal Profession Sees Some Improvements, But Also Recurring Problems
- ^ afp.google.com/article, Hong Kong has best judicial system in Asia: business survey
- ^ www.abs-cbnnews.com, Hong Kong has best judicial system in Asia: business survey
- ^ PH improves rank in global corruption index
- ^ Inquirer.net PH is most improved in rule of law index
- ^ newsinfo.inquirer.net, SC watchdog launched
- ^ supremecourt.gov.ph, LAUNCHING OF BANTAY KORTE SUPREMA
- ^ gmanews.tv/story, Group launches ‘Bantay Korte Suprema’ to guard selection of new SC justices
- ^ balita.ph, Bantay Korte Suprema launched
External links
- Philippines: Gov.Ph: About the Philippines – Justice category
- The Supreme Court of the Philippines – Official website
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