1912 United States presidential election

United States presidential election, 1912

November 5, 1912
All 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Nominee Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt Party Democratic Progressive Home state New Jersey New York Running mate Thomas R. Marshall Hiram Johnson Electoral vote 435 88 States carried 40 6 Popular vote 6,296,284 4,122,721 Percentage 41.8% 27.4%   Nominee William H. Taft Eugene V. Debs Party Republican Socialist Home state Ohio Indiana Running mate Nicholas M. Butler (replacing James S. Sherman) Emil Seidel Electoral vote 8 0 States carried 2 0 Popular vote 3,486,242 901,551 Percentage 23.2% 6.0%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Taft/Butler, Blue denotes those won by Wilson/Marshall, Green denotes those won by Roosevelt/Johnson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election William Howard Taft Republican Elected President Woodrow Wilson Democratic

The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. The election was a rare 3-way gay orgy contest between Philip, Pedro, and Mr. Morrissey. Incumbent President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of its conservative wing. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party"). It nominated Roosevelt and ran candidates for other offices in major states. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was finally nominated on the 46th ballot of a contentious convention, thanks to the support of William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate who still had a large and loyal following in 1912. Eugene V. Debs, running for a fourth time, was the nominee of the Socialist Party of America.

Wilson won the election, gaining a large majority in the Electoral College and winning 42% of the popular vote, while Roosevelt won 27%, Taft 23% and Debs 6%. Wilson became the only elected president from the Democratic Party between 1892 and 1932, and the second of only two Democrats to be elected president between 1860 and 1932. This was the last election in which a candidate who was not a Republican or Democrat came second in either the popular vote or the Electoral College, and the first election in which all 48 states of the contiguous United States participated.

Background

Progressive President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a second full term. Roosevelt's first term as president (1901–1905) was incomplete, as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley; it was only his second term (1905–1909) that encompassed four full years. He had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft had gone on to defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the general election.

During Taft's administration, a rift grew between Roosevelt and Taft as they became the leaders of the Republican Party's two wings: the progressives, led by Roosevelt, and the conservatives, led by Taft. The progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children, promoted ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions. The progressives were also in favor of the popular election of federal and state judges and opposed to having judges appointed by the president or state governors. The conservatives were in support of high tariffs on imported goods to encourage consumers to buy American-made products (as did most progressives), favored business leaders over labor unions, and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges.

By 1910 the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep, and this, in turn, caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against one another, despite their personal friendship. Taft's popularity among progressives collapsed when he supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909, abandoned Roosevelt's anti-trust policy and fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910.

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

Main article: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1912

Main article: 1912 Republican National Convention

Republican candidates:

• William Howard Taft, President of the United States from Ohio
• Theodore Roosevelt, former President from New York
• Robert M. La Follette, Senator from Wisconsin

Candidates gallery

• 
  President William Howard Taft of Ohio
• 
  Former President Theodore Roosevelt of New York
• 
  Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin

A Punch cartoon, by Leonard Raven-Hill depicting the perceived aggression between Taft and Roosevelt.

For the first time, significant numbers of delegates to the national conventions were elected in presidential preference primaries. Primary elections were advocated by the progressive faction of the Republican Party, which wanted to break the control of political parties by bosses. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries. Robert M. La Follette won two of the first four primaries (North Dakota and Wisconsin). Beginning with his runaway victory in Illinois on April 9, however, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries (in order, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Oregon, Maryland, California, Ohio, New Jersey, and South Dakota), losing only Massachusetts to Taft. As a sign of his great popularity, Roosevelt even carried Taft's home state of Ohio.

The Republican Convention was held in Chicago from June 18 to 22. Taft, however, had begun to gather delegates earlier, and the delegates chosen in the primaries were a minority. Taft had the support of the bulk of the party organizations in the Southern states. These states had voted solidly Democratic in every presidential election since 1880, and Roosevelt objected that they were given one-quarter of the delegates when they would contribute nothing to a Republican victory (as it turned out, delegates from the former Confederate states supported Taft by a 5 to 1 margin). When the convention gathered, Roosevelt challenged the credentials of nearly half of the delegates. By that time, however, it was too late. The delegates chose Elihu Root — once Roosevelt's top ally — to serve as chairman of the convention. Afterwards, the delegates seated Taft delegations in Alabama, Arizona, and California on tight votes of 597-472, 564-497, and 542-529, respectively. After losing California, where Roosevelt had won the primary, the progressive delegates gave up hope. They voted "present" on most succeeding roll calls. Not since the 1872 election had there been a major schism in the Republican party. Now, with the Democrats holding about 45% of the national vote, any schism would be fatal. Roosevelt's only hope at the convention was to form a "stop-Taft" alliance with La Follette, but Roosevelt had alienated La Follette, and the alliance could not form.

Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard, and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate, Roosevelt struck back hard. On the evening of June 22, 1912, Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the convention. Roosevelt maintained that President Taft had allowed fraudulent seating of delegates to capture the presidential nomination from progressive forces within the Party. Thus, with the support of convention chairman Elihu Root, Taft's supporters outvoted Roosevelt's men, and the convention renominated incumbents William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman, making Sherman the first sitting vice-president to be nominated for re-election since John C. Calhoun in 1828.

Vice Presidential Ballot
James S. Sherman	596
William Borah	21
Charles Edward Merriam	20
Herbert S. Hadley	14
Albert J. Beveridge	2

Progressive Party

Main article: 1912 Progressive National Convention

Progressive candidate:

• Theodore Roosevelt, former President from New York

Candidates gallery

• 
  Former President Theodore Roosevelt of New York

Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a "bull moose." Henceforth known as the "Bull Moose Party," the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people.

The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and its executive secretary George Walbridge Perkins, an employee of banker J. P. Morgan and International Harvester. Perkins blocked an anti-trust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. The delegates to the convention sang the hymn "Onward, Christian Soldiers" as their anthem. In a famous acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to "battle for the Lord." However, many of the nation's newspapers, which tended to be pro-Republican, harshly depicted Roosevelt as an egotist who was only running for president to spoil Taft's chances and feed his vanity. Many of these newspapers' political cartoons portrayed Roosevelt in this fashion; the anti-Roosevelt cartoon below was drawn by Edward Windsor Kemble for the January 1912 edition of Harper's Weekly.

Progressive convention, 1912

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1912 Democratic National Convention

Democratic candidates:

• Woodrow Wilson, Governor of New Jersey
• Champ Clark, Speaker of the House from Missouri
• Judson Harmon, Governor of Ohio
• Oscar Underwood, House Majority Leader from Alabama
• Eugene Foss, Governor of Massachusetts
• Thomas R. Marshall, Governor of Indiana
• Simeon E. Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut

Candidates gallery

• 
  Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey
• 
  Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri
• 
  Governor Judson Harmon of Ohio
• 
  House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood of Alabama
• 
  Governor Eugene Foss of Massachusetts
• 
  Governor Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana
• 
  Governor Simeon E. Baldwin of Connecticut

The Democratic Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from June 25 to July 2. It proved to be one of the more memorable presidential conventions of the twentieth century. Initially, the frontrunner appeared to be Champ Clark of Missouri, the Speaker of the House, and Clark did receive the largest number of delegate votes early in the balloting. However, he was unable to get the two-thirds majority required to win the nomination. His chances were hurt when Tammany Hall, the powerful and corrupt Democratic political machine in New York City, threw its support behind Clark. Instead of helping him, this led William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate and still the leader of the party's liberals, to turn against Clark as the candidate of "Wall Street". Bryan instead threw his support to New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, who had consistently finished second to Clark on each ballot, and who was regarded as a moderate reformer. Wilson had nearly given up hope that he could be nominated, and he was on the verge of having a concession speech read for him at the convention that would free his delegates to vote for someone else. Bryan's defection from Clark to Wilson led many other delegates to do the same, and Wilson gradually gained strength while Clark's support dwindled. Wilson finally received the nomination on the 46th ballot.

Thomas R. Marshall, the Governor of Indiana, who had swung his state's delegate votes to Wilson in later ballots, was named as Wilson's running mate.

(1-24)	Presidential Ballot
	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th	21st	22nd	23rd	24th
Woodrow Wilson	324	339.75	345	349.5	351	354	352.5	351.5	352.5	350.5	354.5	354	356	361	362.5	362.5	362.5	361	358	388.5	395.5	396.5	399	402.5
Champ Clark	440.5	446.5	441	443	443	445	449.5	448.5	452	556	554	547.5	554.5	553	552	551	545	535	532	512	508	500.5	497.5	496
Judson Harmon	148	141	140.5	136.5	141.5	135	129.5	130	127	31	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	0	0	0
Oscar Underwood	117.5	111.25	114.5	112	119.5	121	123.5	123	122.5	117.5	118.5	123	115.5	111	110.5	112.5	112.5	125	130	121.5	118.5	115	114.5	115.5
Eugene Foss	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	5	43	45	43
Thomas R. Marshall	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30
Simeon E. Baldwin	22	14	14	14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
William J. Bryan	1	2	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	7	1	1	1	1	1
John W. Kern	0	0	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	2	2	4.5	3.5	1	1	1	1	0	0
Ollie M. James	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0
William Sulzer	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
William J. Gaynor	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0
J. Hamilton Lewis	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Blank	2	0.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.5	0	0	0	0	3.5	3.5	0	0	0	0	0	0

(25-46)	Presidential Ballot
	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th	31st	32nd	33rd	34th	35th	36th	37th	38th	39th	40th	41st	42nd	43rd	44th	45th	46th	Unanimous
Woodrow Wilson	405	407.5	406.5	437.5	436	460	475.5	477.5	477.5	479.5	494.5	496.5	496.5	498.5	501.5	501.5	499.5	494	602	629	633	990	1,088
Champ Clark	469	463.5	469	468.5	468.5	455	446.5	446.5	447.5	447.5	433.5	434.5	432.5	425	422	423	424	430	329	306	306	84
Judson Harmon	29	29	29	29	29	19	17	14	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	28	27	27	28	27	25	12
Oscar Underwood	108	112.5	112	112.5	112	121.5	116.5	119.5	103.5	101.5	101.5	98.5	100.5	106	106	106	106	104	98.5	99	97	0
Eugene Foss	43	43	38	38	38	30	30	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	27	27	27	0
Thomas R. Marshall	30	30	30	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Simeon E. Baldwin	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
William J. Bryan	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.5	1	0	0	0
John W. Kern	0	0	0	1	4	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0
Ollie M. James	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
William Sulzer	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
William J. Gaynor	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
J. Hamilton Lewis	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Blank	0	1.5	2.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.5	0	0	2

Vice Presidential Ballot
	1st	2nd	Unanimous
Thomas R. Marshall	389	644.5	1,088
John Burke	304.67	386.33
George E. Chamberlain	157	12.5
Elmore W. Hurst	78	0
James H. Preston	58	0
Martin J. Wade	26	0
William F. McCombs	18	0
John E. Osborne	8	0
William Sulzer	3	0
Blank	46.33	44.67

Socialist Party nomination

Main article: 1912 Socialist National Convention

Socialist candidates:

• Eugene V. Debs, Former State Representative of Indiana

Candidates Gallery

• 
  Former State Representative Eugene V. Debs of Indiana

Eugene V. Debs' 6% was an all-time high for the Socialist Party

The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and usually was rooted in ethnic communities, especially German and Finnish. It also had some support in old Populist rural and mining areas in the West, especially Oklahoma. By 1912, the party claimed more than a thousand locally elected officials in 33 states and 160 cities, especially the Midwest. Eugene V. Debs had run for president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, primarily to encourage the local effort, and he did so again in 1912.

The conservatives, led by Victor L. Berger of Milwaukee, promoted progressive causes of efficiency and an end to corruption, nicknamed "gas and water socialism." Their opponents were the radicals who wanted to overthrow capitalism, tried to infiltrate labor unions, and sought to cooperate with the Industrial Workers of the World ("the Wobblies"). With few exceptions, the party had weak or nonexistent links to local labor unions. Immigration was an issue—the radicals saw immigrants as fodder for the war with capitalism, while conservatives complained that they lowered wage rates and absorbed too many city resources. Many of these issues had been debated at the First National Congress of the Socialist Party in 1910, and they were debated again at the national convention in Indianapolis in 1912. At the latter, the radicals won an early test by seating Bill Haywood on the Executive Committee, sending encouragement to western "Wobblies", and passed a resolution seeming to favor industrial unionism. The conservatives counterattacked by amending the party constitution to expel any socialists who favored industrial sabotage or syndicalism (that is, the IWW), and who refused to participate in American elections. They adopted a conservative platform calling for cooperative organization of prisons, a national bureau of health, abolition of the Senate and the presidential veto. Debs did not attend; he saw his mission as keeping the disparate units together in the hope that someday a common goal would be found.

General election

Campaign

The 1912 presidential campaign was bitterly contested. Vice-President James S. Sherman died in office on October 30, 1912, less than a week before the election, leaving Taft without a running mate. With the Republican Party divided, Wilson captured the presidency handily on November 5.

Republican campaign postcard charging a Democratic administration would remove pensioners from the rolls

While Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912, a saloonkeeper named John Flammang Schrank shot him, but the bullet lodged in his chest only after penetrating both his steel eyeglass case and passing through a 50-page single-folded copy of the speech he was carrying in his jacket.

The election of 1912 is considered the high tide of progressive politics. A match-up between Roosevelt and Wilson alone may also have produced a Wilson victory, as many conservatives may have preferred Wilson, who still would have won much of the Democratic and progressive base.

The Socialists had little money; Debs' campaign cost only $66,000, mostly for 3.5 million leaflets and travel to rallies organized by local groups. His biggest event was a speech to 15,000 supporters in New York City. The crowd sang "La Marseillaise" and "The Internationale" as Emil Seidel, the vice- presidential candidate, boasted, "Only a year ago workingmen were throwing decayed vegetables and rotten eggs at us but now all is changed... Eggs are too high. There is a great giant growing up in this country that will someday take over the affairs of this nation. He is a little giant now but he is growing fast. The name of this little giant is socialism." Debs said that only the socialists represented labor. He condemned "Injunction Bill Taft" and ridiculed Roosevelt as "a charlatan, mountebank, and fraud, and his Progressive promises and pledges as the mouthings of a low and utterly unprincipled self seeker and demagogue." Debs insisted that the Democrats, Progressives, and Republicans alike were financed by the trusts. Party newspapers spread the word—there were five English-language and eight foreign-language dailies along with 262 English and 36 foreign-language weeklies. The labor union movement, however, largely rejected Debs and supported Wilson.

Roosevelt conducted a vigorous national campaign for the Progressive Party, denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been "stolen". He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of "The New Nationalism" and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy and chastising bad corporations. Wilson supported a policy called "The New Freedom". This policy was based mostly on individualism instead of a strong government. Taft, campaigned quietly, and spoke of the need for judges to be more powerful than elected officials. The departure of the more progressive Republicans left the conservative Republicans even more firmly in control of their party until 1916, when many progressives returned. Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical, but this had little effect.

Results

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Wilson (Democratic), shades of green are for "Other(s)" (Non-Democratic/Non-Republican), and shades of red are for Taft (Republican).

The impact of the third-party vote is indicated by the fact that while Taft carried 2 states, Roosevelt 6, and Wilson 40 by the electoral vote, there were few states carried by a majority of the popular vote. Taft carried no state with a popular majority, Roosevelt carried 1 (South Dakota, where there was no Republican ticket), and Wilson carried 11 (all the states of the former Confederacy). More than 2/3 of Wilson's total vote was cast in the 37 states that he did not carry by majority vote.

Wilson's vote, 6,296,919, was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any one of his campaigns, and over 100,000 less than Bryan received in 1908, when Bryan won only 162 electoral votes. Wilson fell behind the Bryan strength in most of the country, and notably so in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska, Kansas, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Arkansas. In only 2 sections was Wilson's vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote: New England and the Pacific. Wilson led the poll in 1,969 counties, but he had a majority vote in only 1,237 counties. It was less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns. Taft had a majority in only 35, and "Other(s)" in only 305. These small figures clearly reveal the result of the division of the normal Republican vote, as does the fact that in the greatest number of counties (1,396) no party had a majority. Taft had a lead over the field in only 232 counties. In addition to 7 Southern states in which he carried no county, he also carried none in Maine, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Washington, and of course none in South Dakota and California, where there was no Taft ticket.

The split in the Republican vote made it possible for Wilson to carry a number of states that had been reliably Republican for decades. For the first time since 1852, a majority of the New England states were carried by a Democrat. In fact, Wilson was the first Democratic presidential candidate ever to carry the state of Massachusetts (whereas Rhode Island and Maine had not been carried by a Democrat since 1852). On the West coast, Oregon had not been carried by a Democrat since 1868.

The split in the Republican vote resulted in the weakest Republican effort in history. Winning only 8 electoral votes, Taft suffered a worse defeat than any other president defeated for re-election. Nicholas Murray Butler was selected to receive the electoral votes from Utah and Vermont that would have gone to Sherman, the deceased vice-president.

The 772 counties not carried by Wilson or by Taft were distributed in 38 states, most of them in Pennsylvania (48), Illinois (33), Michigan (68), Minnesota (75), Iowa (49), South Dakota (54), Nebraska (32), Kansas (51), Washington (38), and California (44), and almost without exception were carried by Roosevelt. Debs carried 4 counties.

The largest non-Democratic, non-Republican vote of the Fourth Party System was polled in the election of 1912. It amounted to roughly 5,250,000 votes and represented 1/3 of the votes cast. Approximately 4/5 of it (4,125,000) was cast for Theodore Roosevelt, but the Socialist vote was larger than it ever had been or ever would be in American history except for 1920. Eugene Debs, the nominee of the Socialist Party, polled nearly 1,000,000 votes, more than doubling his vote of 1908.

1912 marked the first (and last) election since 1860 in which 4 candidates each cleared 5.0%. 1912 was also the only election in which a third-party candidate received more popular votes and electoral votes than one of the major-party candidates.

Neither Presidents Roosevelt or Taft won their home states of New York and Ohio, respectively.

Arizona and New Mexico cast presidential votes for the first time after being admitted to the Union the same year.

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Woodrow Wilson	Democratic	New Jersey	6,296,284	41.84%	435	Thomas R. Marshall	Indiana	435
Theodore Roosevelt	Progressive	New York	4,122,721	27.40%	88	Hiram W. Johnson	California	88
William Howard Taft	Republican	Ohio	3,486,242	23.17%	8	Nicholas Murray Butler	New York	8
Eugene V. Debs	Socialist	Indiana	901,551	5.99%	0	Emil Seidel	Wisconsin	0
Eugene W. Chafin	Prohibition	Illinois	208,156	1.38%	0	Aaron S. Watkins	Ohio	0
Arthur E. Reimer	Socialist Labor	Massachusetts	29,324	0.19%	0	August Gillhaus	New York	0
Other			4,556	0.03%	—	Other		—
Total			15,048,834	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1912 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 28, 2005.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote Wilson   41.84% Roosevelt   27.40% Taft   23.17% Debs   5.99% Others   1.60%

Electoral vote Wilson   81.92% Roosevelt   16.57% Taft   1.51%

• 
  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Results by state

States won by Wilson/Marshall

States won by Roosevelt/Johnson

States won by Taft/Butler

		Woodrow Wilson Democratic			Theodore Roosevelt Progressive			William H. Taft Republican			Eugene V. Debs Socialist			Eugene Chafin Prohibition			Arthur Reimer Socialist Labor			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	12	82,438	69.89	12	22,680	19.23	-	9,807	8.31	-	3,029	2.57	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	59,758	50.66	117,959	AL
Arizona	3	10,324	43.52	3	6,949	29.29	-	3,021	12.74	-	3,163	13.33	-	265	1.12	-	-	-	-	3,375	14.23	23,722	AZ
Arkansas	9	68,814	55.01	9	21,644	17.30	-	25,585	20.45	-	8,153	6.52	-	908	0.73	-	-	-	-	43,229	34.55	125,104	AR
California	13	283,436	41.81	2	283,610	41.83	11	3,914	0.58	-	79,201	11.68	-	23,366	3.45	-	-	-	-	-174	-0.03	677,944	CA
Colorado	6	114,232	42.80	6	72,306	27.09	-	58,386	21.88	-	16,418	6.15	-	5,063	1.90	-	475	0.18	-	41,926	15.71	266,880	CO
Connecticut	7	74,561	39.16	7	34,129	17.92	-	68,324	35.88	-	10,056	5.28	-	2,068	1.09	-	1,260	0.66	-	6,237	3.28	190,404	CT
Delaware	3	22,631	46.48	3	8,886	18.25	-	15,998	32.85	-	556	1.14	-	623	1.28	-	-	-	-	6,633	13.62	48,694	DE
Florida	6	35,343	69.52	6	4,555	8.96	-	4,279	8.42	-	4,806	9.45	-	1,854	3.65	-	-	-	-	30,537	60.07	50,837	FL
Georgia	14	93,087	76.63	14	21,985	18.10	-	5,191	4.27	-	1,058	0.87	-	149	0.12	-	-	-	-	71,102	58.53	121,470	GA
Idaho	4	33,921	32.08	4	25,527	24.14	-	32,810	31.02	-	11,960	11.31	-	1,536	1.45	-	-	-	-	1,111	1.05	105,754	ID
Illinois	29	405,048	35.34	29	386,478	33.72	-	253,593	22.13	-	81,278	7.09	-	15,710	1.37	-	4,066	0.35	-	18,570	1.62	1,146,173	IL
Indiana	15	281,890	43.07	15	162,007	24.75	-	151,267	23.11	-	36,931	5.64	-	19,249	2.94	-	3,130	0.48	-	119,883	18.32	654,474	IN
Iowa	13	185,325	37.64	13	161,819	32.87	-	119,805	24.33	-	16,967	3.45	-	8,440	1.71	-	-	-	-	23,506	4.77	492,356	IA
Kansas	10	143,663	39.30	10	120,210	32.88	-	74,845	20.47	-	26,779	7.33	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	23,453	6.42	365,560	KS
Kentucky	13	219,484	48.48	13	101,766	22.48	-	115,510	25.52	-	11,646	2.57	-	3,253	0.72	-	1,055	0.23	-	103,974	22.97	452,714	KY
Louisiana	10	60,871	76.81	10	9,283	11.71	-	3,833	4.84	-	5,261	6.64	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	51,588	65.10	79,248	LA
Maine	6	51,113	39.43	6	48,495	37.41	-	26,545	20.48	-	2,541	1.96	-	946	0.73	-	-	-	-	2,618	2.02	129,640	ME
Maryland	8	112,674	48.57	8	57,789	24.91	-	54,956	23.69	-	3,996	1.72	-	2,244	0.97	-	322	0.14	-	54,885	23.66	231,981	MD
Massachusetts	18	173,408	35.53	18	142,228	29.14	-	155,948	31.95	-	12,616	2.58	-	2,754	0.56	-	1,102	0.23	-	17,460	3.58	488,057	MA
Michigan	15	150,751	27.36	-	214,584	38.95	15	152,244	27.63	-	23,211	4.21	-	8,934	1.62	-	1,252	0.23	-	-62,340	-11.31	550,976	MI
Minnesota	12	106,426	31.84	-	125,856	37.66	12	64,334	19.25	-	27,505	8.23	-	7,886	2.36	-	2,212	0.66	-	-19,430	-5.81	334,219	MN
Mississippi	10	57,324	88.90	10	3,549	5.50	-	1,560	2.42	-	2,050	3.18	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	53,775	83.39	64,483	MS
Missouri	18	330,746	47.35	18	124,375	17.80	-	207,821	29.75	-	28,466	4.07	-	5,380	0.77	-	1,778	0.25	-	122,925	17.60	698,566	MO
Montana	4	27,941	35.00	4	22,456	28.13	-	18,512	23.19	-	10,885	13.64	-	32	0.04	-	-	-	-	5,485	6.87	79,826	MT
Nebraska	8	109,008	43.69	8	72,681	29.13	-	54,226	21.74	-	10,185	4.08	-	3,383	1.36	-	-	-	-	36,327	14.56	249,483	NE
Nevada	3	7,986	39.70	3	5,620	27.94	-	3,196	15.89	-	3,313	16.47	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2,366	11.76	20,115	NV
New Hampshire	4	34,724	39.48	4	17,794	20.23	-	32,927	37.43	-	1,981	2.25	-	535	0.61	-	-	-	-	1,797	2.04	87,961	NH
New Jersey	14	178,289	41.20	14	145,410	33.60	-	88,835	20.53	-	15,948	3.69	-	2,936	0.68	-	1,321	0.31	-	32,879	7.60	432,739	NJ
New Mexico	3	20,437	41.39	3	8,347	16.90	-	17,733	35.91	-	2,859	5.79	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2,704	5.48	49,376	NM
New York	45	655,573	41.27	45	390,093	24.56	-	455,487	28.68	-	63,434	3.99	-	19,455	1.22	-	4,273	0.27	-	200,086	12.60	1,588,315	NY
North Carolina	12	144,407	59.24	12	69,135	28.36	-	29,129	11.95	-	987	0.40	-	118	0.05	-	-	-	-	75,272	30.88	243,776	NC
North Dakota	5	29,555	34.14	5	25,726	29.71	-	23,090	26.67	-	6,966	8.05	-	1,243	1.44	-	-	-	-	3,829	4.42	86,580	ND
Ohio	24	424,834	40.96	24	229,807	22.16	-	278,168	26.82	-	90,144	8.69	-	11,511	1.11	-	2,630	0.25	-	146,666	14.14	1,037,094	OH
Oklahoma	10	119,156	46.95	10	-	-	-	90,786	35.77	-	41,674	16.42	-	2,185	0.86	-	-	-	-	28,370	11.18	253,801	OK
Oregon	5	47,064	34.34	5	37,600	27.44	-	34,673	25.30	-	13,343	9.74	-	4,360	3.18	-	-	-	-	9,464	6.91	137,040	OR
Pennsylvania	38	395,637	32.49	-	444,894	36.53	38	273,360	22.45	-	83,614	6.87	-	19,525	1.60	-	706	0.06	-	-49,257	-4.04	1,217,736	PA
Rhode Island	5	30,412	39.04	5	16,878	21.67	-	27,703	35.56	-	2,049	2.63	-	616	0.79	-	236	0.30	-	2,709	3.48	77,894	RI
South Carolina	9	48,357	95.94	9	1,293	2.57	-	536	1.06	-	164	0.33	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	47,064	93.37	50,405	SC
South Dakota	5	48,942	42.07	-	58,811	50.56	5	-	-	-	4,662	4.01	-	3,910	3.36	-	-	-	-	-9,869	-8.48	116,325	SD
Tennessee	12	133,021	52.80	12	54,041	21.45	-	60,475	24.00	-	3,564	1.41	-	832	0.33	-	-	-	-	72,546	28.80	251,933	TN
Texas	20	221,589	72.62	20	28,853	9.46	-	26,755	8.77	-	25,743	8.44	-	1,738	0.57	-	442	0.14	-	192,736	63.17	305,120	TX
Utah	4	36,579	32.55	-	24,174	21.51	-	42,100	37.46	4	9,023	8.03	-	-	-	-	510	0.45	-	-5,521	-4.91	112,386	UT
Vermont	4	15,354	24.43	-	22,132	35.22	-	23,332	37.13	4	928	1.48	-	1,095	1.74	-	-	-	-	-1,200	-1.91	62,841	VT
Virginia	12	90,332	65.95	12	21,776	15.90	-	23,288	17.00	-	820	0.60	-	709	0.52	-	50	0.04	-	67,044	48.95	136,975	VA
Washington	7	86,840	26.90	-	113,698	35.22	7	70,445	21.82	-	40,134	12.43	-	9,810	3.04	-	1,872	0.58	-	-26,858	-8.32	322,799	WA
West Virginia	8	113,197	42.11	8	79,112	29.43	-	56,754	21.11	-	15,248	5.67	-	4,517	1.68	-	-	-	-	34,085	12.68	268,828	WV
Wisconsin	13	164,230	41.06	13	62,448	15.61	-	130,596	32.65	-	33,476	8.37	-	8,584	2.15	-	632	0.16	-	33,634	8.41	399,975	WI
Wyoming	3	15,310	36.20	3	9,232	21.83	-	14,560	34.42	-	2,760	6.53	-	434	1.03	-	-	-	-	750	1.77	42,296	WY
TOTALS:	531	6,296,284	41.84	435	4,122,721	27.40	88	3,486,242	23.17	8	901,551	5.99	-	208,156	1.38	-	29,324	0.19	-	2,173,563	14.44	15,048,834	US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 5% (153 electoral votes):

1. California, 0.03%
2. Idaho, 1.05%
3. Illinois, 1.62%
4. Wyoming, 1.77%
5. Vermont, 1.91%
6. Maine, 2.02%
7. New Hampshire, 2.04%
8. Connecticut, 3.28%
9. Rhode Island, 3.48%
10. Massachusetts, 3.58%
11. Pennsylvania, 4.04%
12. North Dakota, 4.42%
13. Iowa, 4.77%
14. Utah, 4.91%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (73 electoral votes):

1. New Mexico, 5.48%
2. Minnesota, 5.81%
3. Kansas, 6.42%
4. Montana, 6.87%
5. Oregon, 6.91%
6. New Jersey, 7.60%
7. Washington, 8.32%
8. Wisconsin, 8.41%
9. South Dakota, 8.48%

Geography of Results

Cartographic Gallery

• 
  Map of presidential election results by county.
• 
  Map of Democratic presidential election results by county.
• 
  Map of "other" presidential election results by county.
• 
  Map of Republican presidential election results by county.
• 
  Cartogram of presidential election results by county.
• 
  Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county.
• 
  Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county.
• 
  Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county.

Statistics

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

1. Greenville County, South Carolina 100.00%
2. Marlboro County, South Carolina 100.00%
3. Hampton County, South Carolina 100.00%
4. Jasper County, South Carolina 100.00%
5. Reagan County, Texas 100.00%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)

1. Scott County, Tennessee 82.80%
2. Campbell County, South Dakota 80.42%
3. Clearwater County, Minnesota 77.35%
4. Avery County, North Carolina 72.84%
5. Cook County, Minnesota 72.70%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

1. Zapata County, Texas 80.89%
2. Valencia County, New Mexico 77.25%
3. Kane County, Utah 75.40%
4. Clinton County, Kentucky 64.79%
5. Huerfano County, Colorado 63.36%

Consequences

Inauguration platform being constructed in front of the Capitol Building ten days before Wilson's March 4, 1913 inauguration.

Failing to make itself a believable third party, the Bull Moose Party ended up losing strength. Its candidates did poorly in 1914. It vanished in 1916 with most members following Roosevelt back into the Republican party. However, the Taft conservatives controlled the party and its platform from 1912 to 1928, and thus some Progressives like Harold L. Ickes joined the steadily more liberal Democratic party.

The election of 1912 was the topic of counterfactual speculation by John Lukacs, "The Election of Theodore Roosevelt, 1912", in What If? 2, edited by Robert Cowley.

See also

• Progressive Era
• History of the United States (1865–1918)

References

• Chace, James (2004). 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs—The Election That Changed the Country. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0394-1.
• Cooper, John Milton, Jr. (1983). The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-94751-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kipnis, Ira (1952). The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Link, Arthur C. (1956). Wilson: Volume 1, The Road to the White House.
• Morgan, H. Wayne (1962). Eugene V. Debs: Socialist for President. Syracuse University Press.
• Mowry, George E. (1946). Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. Madison: Wisconsin University Press.
• Wilensky, Norman N. (1965). Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

Primary sources

• Wilson, Woodrow (1956). John Wells Davidson (ed.). A Crossroads of Freedom, the 1912 Campaign Speeches.

External links

• Presidential Election of 1912: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• Sound recording of TR speech
• Woodrow Wilson Suspends Campaign After TR Assassination Attempt Shapell Manuscript Foundation
• OurCampaigns.com overview of Republican Presidential Primaries of 1912
• 1912 popular vote by counties
• 1912 State-by-state Popular vote
• The Election of 1912
• How close was the 1912 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Booknotes interview with James Chace on 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs—The Election That Changed the Country, August 29, 2004.