Foreign relations of Germany

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The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is a Central European country and member of the European Union, G4, G8, the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It maintains a network of 229 diplomatic missions abroad and holds relations with more than 190 countries. As one of the world's leading industrialized countries it is recognized as a major power in European and global affairs.

History

Main article: History of German foreign policy

Primary institutions and actors

Federal Cabinet

The three cabinet-level ministries responsible for guiding Germany's foreign policy are the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development and the Federal Foreign Office. In practice, most German federal departments play some role in shaping foreign policy in the sense that there are few policy areas left that remain outside of international jurisdiction. The bylaws of the Federal Cabinet (as delineated in Germany's Basic Law), however, assign the Federal Foreign Office a coordinating function. Accordingly, other ministries may only invite foreign guests or participate in treaty negotiations with the approval of the Federal Foreign Office.

Bundestag

With respect to foreign policy, the Bundestag acts in a supervisory capacity. Each of its committees – most notably the foreign relations committee – oversees the country's foreign policy. The consent of the Bundestag (and insofar as Länder are impacted, the Bundesrat) is required to ratify foreign treaties.

NGOs

There is a raft of NGOs in Germany that engage foreign policy issues. These NGOs include think-tanks (German Council on Foreign Relations), single-issue lobbying organizations (Amnesty International), as well as other organizations that promote stronger bilateral ties between Germany and other countries (Atlantic Bridge). While the budgets and methods of NGOs are distinct, the overarching goal to persuade decision-makers to the wisdom of their own views is a shared one.

Disputes

Former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder with former U.S. President George W. Bush at the White House in 2001

In 2001, the discovery that the terrorist cell which carried out the attacks against the United States on 11 September 2001, was based in Hamburg, sent shock waves through the country[clarification needed].

The government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder backed the following U.S. military actions, sending Bundeswehr troops to Afghanistan to lead a joint NATO program to provide security in the country after the ousting of the Taliban.

Nearly all of the public was strongly against America's 2003 invasion of Iraq, and any deployment of troops.[1] This position was shared by the SPD/Green government, which led to some friction with the United States.

In August 2006, the German government disclosed a botched plot to bomb two German trains. The attack was to occur in July 2006 and involved a 21-year-old Lebanese man, identified only as Youssef Mohammed E. H. Prosecutors said Youssef and another man left suitcases stuffed with crude propane-gas bombs on the trains.

As of February 2007, Germany had about 3,000 NATO-led International Security Assistance Force force in Afghanistan as part of the War on Terrorism, the third largest contingent after the United States (14,000) and the United Kingdom (5,200).[2] German forces are mostly in the more secure north of the country.

However, Germany, along with some other larger European countries (with the exception of the UK and the Netherlands), have been criticised by the UK and Canada for not sharing the burden of the more intensive combat operations in southern Afghanistan.[3][4]

Global initiatives

Humanitarian aid

Germany is the largest net contributor to the United Nations and has several development agencies working in Africa and the Middle East. The development policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is an independent area of German foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[5] It is the world's third biggest aid donor after the United States and France.[6] Germany spent 0.37 per cent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on development, which is below the government's target of increasing aid to 0.51 per cent of GDP by 2010. The international target of 0.7% of GNP would have not been reached either.

Ecological involvement

Main articles: Kyoto protocol and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

International organizations

Germany is a member of the Council of Europe, European Union, European Space Agency, G4, G8, International Monetary Fund, NATO, OECD, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, UN, World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization.

European Union

Main article: Foreign relations of the European Union
The flag of Europe

European integration has gone a long way since the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the Elysée Treaty. Peaceful collaborations with its neighbors remain one of Germany's biggest political objectives, and Germany has been on the forefront of most achievements made in European integration:

Most of the social issues facing European countries in general: immigration, aging populations, straining social-welfare and pension systems – are all important in Germany. Germany seeks to maintain peace through the "deepening" of integration among current members of the European Union member states

Germany has been the largest net contributor to EU budgets for decades (in absolute terms – given Germany's comparatively large population – not per capita) and seeks to limit the growth of these net payments in the enlarged union.

NATO

Under the doctrine introduced by the 2003 Defense Policy Guidelines, Germany continues to give priority to the transatlantic partnership with the United States through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. However, Germany is giving increasing attention to coordinating its policies with the European Union through the Common Foreign and Security Policy.

UN

Main article: Germany and the United Nations

The German Federal Government began an initiative to obtain a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, as part of the Reform of the United Nations. This would require approval of a two-thirds majority of the member states and approval of all five Security Council veto powers.

This aspiration could be successful due to Germany's good relations with the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. Germany is a stable and democratic republic and a G7 country which are also favourable attributes. The United Kingdom and France support German ascension to the supreme body.[7] The U.S. is sending mixed signals.

Africa

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Egypt December 1957[8] See Egypt–Germany relations

Egypt has an embassy in Berlin, as well as consulates in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Cairo.

 Libya 1955[9] See Germany–Libya relations

Germany is represented in Libya with an embassy in Tripoli, while Libya has an embassy in Berlin. The relationship between these countries was tense in the late 1980s following a bombing incident, but has improved since with increasingly close co-operation especially on economic matters.[10][11]

 Namibia 1989[12] See Germany–Namibia relations

Peter Katjavivi, a founder of the University of Namibia and longtime South West Africa People's Organization member, has been the Namibian ambassador in Berlin since 2006.[13]

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina May 1871 See Argentina–Germany relations
 Barbados March 1967[citation needed] See Barbados–Germany relations
 Belize

Germany is represented in Belize through its embassy in Guatemala.[16]

 Bolivia July 1921[17]
  • Diplomatic relations between the two states were broken during the First World War.
  • Relations were restored after the war under the agreement concluded on 20 July 1921.[17][18]
  • Around 375,000 Bolivians are of German descent and some presidents were of German descent.
  • See also: Ethnic Germans in Bolivia
 Brazil 1870[19]
 Canada 1949[22] See Canada–Germany relations

Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in Bonn, but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in Berlin. Canada also operates consulates in Munich, Düsseldorf and Hamburg. The provinces of Ontario and Alberta have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. Quebec runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an “antenne culturelle” office in Berlin. In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.

 Colombia 1882
  • Colombia has an embassy in Berlin, a consulate-general in Frankfurt and three honorary consulates in Bremen, Hamburg and Stuttgart.
  • Germany has an embassy in Bogotá and three honorary consulates in Cali, Cartagena and Medellin.
 Mexico January 1879[citation needed] See Germany–Mexico relations
 Paraguay 1860-08-01
 United States See Germany–United States relations

Since 2006, the current chancellor Angela Merkel has sought warmer relations with the United States and to rebuild political ties on common values and beliefs.

  • Germany has an embassy in Washington, and consulates-general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York and San Francisco.[28]
  • United States has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig and Munich.[29]
  • See also: German American
 Uruguay See Germany–Uruguay relations

Germany has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Berlin, a general consulate in Hamburg and 6 honorary consulate (in Bremen, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Potsdam and Stuttgart). Germany is the Uruguay's principal trading partner in the European Union.[30]

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan 24 January 1916[31] See Afghanistan–Germany relations
  • German was one of the first nations to recognise Afghan sovereignty, following the Soviet Union in 1991.[32]
  • Germany maintains an embassy in Kabul,[33] and Afghanistan an embassy in Berlin and a consulate in Bonn.[34]
  • Afghanistan and Germany established close ties in 1935, as Afghanistan sought to break from their historical patterns of British and Russian alignment. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[35]
 Azerbaijan
 Bangladesh 1972
Main articles: Bangladesh–Germany relations and Foreign relations of Bangladesh § Federal Republic of Germany

After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 East Germany was the third country in the world, and the first country in Europe, to officially recognise Bangladesh in 1972.[38] Bangladesh also warmly greeted German reunification. As an economic power as well as an important member of the European Union (EU), Germany is a reliable partner of Bangladesh in development cooperation.After establishment of diplomatic relations, the bilateral relations between the two countries began to grow steadily. Bangladesh is a priority partner country of German Development Cooperation (GTZ). In trade with Germany, Bangladesh has for years recorded a large surplus. Germany is the second largest export market of Bangladesh after the US. The cultural relationship of both the countries is very strong. The cultural cooperation between them is mainly channeled through the Goethe Institute that work on developing the cultural ties between both the countries by sponsoring local and German cultural activities.Both Germany and Bangladesh share common views on various international issues and work together in the UN and in other international forum. They have maintained and developed close and friendly relations in a wide range of field. The two countries are harmonized together by their commitment to various sectors mutually agreed upon, which is expected to be strengthened further in future.

 Brunei 1 May 1984 See Brunei–Germany relations

Brunei has an embassy in Berlin, and Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[39]

 China See China–Germany relations

Germany has good relationships with the People's Republic of China, even though Angela Merkel and large parts of Germany's political class have recently criticised the People's Republic for holding back reforms in the field of democracy and human rights. In recent years trade between them has reached high volumes, both in import and exports.

 Georgia See Foreign relations of Georgia#Europe
 India
Main articles: Germany–India relations and Foreign relations of India § Germany

During the Cold War India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the reunification of Germany, relations have further improved. The German ambassador to India, Bernd Mutzelburg, once said that India and Germany, are not just 'natural partners', but important countries in a globalised world. Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited India recently, as did the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visit Germany. Both countries have been working towards gaining permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council. As both countries are strong liberal democracies, they have similar objectives. UN reforms, fighting terrorism and climate change, and promotion of science, education, technology, and human rights, are some areas of shared interests, and collaboration between these two countries. Culturally too, Indian and German writers and philosophers, have influenced each other.[40] Recently, Germany has invested in developing education and skills amongst rural Indians. Germany was one of the first countries to agree with the Indo-US Nuclear deal.

 Indonesia 1952
Main article: Germany–Indonesia relations
  • Indonesia and Germany have traditionally enjoyed good, intensive and wide-ranging relations.
  • Germany and Indonesia, as the largest members of the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), respectively, take similar positions on many issues relating to the development of the two regional organizations.[51]
  • Indonesia has an Embassy in Berlin
  • Germany has an Embassy in Jakarta
 Iraq See Germany–Iraq relations
  • Iraq has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • There are currently some 84,000–150,000 Iraqis living in Germany.
 Israel See Germany–Israel relations

Germany-Israel relations refers to the special relationship between Israel and Germany based on shared beliefs, Western values and a combination of historical perspectives.[52] Among the most important factors in their relations is Nazi Germany's role in the genocide of European Jews during the Holocaust.[53] Following German history during the Holocaust, one of Postwar Germany's aims were to establish and maintain relations of Wiedergutmachung with the State of Israel. Starting with the Reparations Agreement in 1952, support for the national security of the State of Israel is central to German foreign policy. Germany has been actively involved in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty in 1979, the Oslo Accords (1993) which led to the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994 and the continuing Israeli–Palestinian peace process which make Germany arguably (next to the United States) Israel's closest ally.

 Japan See Germany–Japan relations

Regular meetings between the two countries have led to several cooperations. In 2004 German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi agreed upon cooperations in the assistance for reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan,[54][55] the promotion of economic exchange activities,[56] youth and sports exchanges[57] as well as exchanges and cooperation in science, technology and academic fields.[58] After China, Japan is Germany's principal trading partner in Asia in 2006:[59]

 Kazakhstan See Germany–Kazakhstan relations
  • Diplomatic relations were established 11 February 1992.[60]
  • Kazakhstan and Germany have established partnerships in the energy, technology and raw materials sectors.
  • Germany has an embassy in Astana.[61]
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Berlin.[62]
  • Germany has a national pavilion at the Astana Expo 2017.
 Malaysia See Germany–Malaysia relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Berlin.
 Pakistan See Germany–Pakistan relations

Pakistan and Germany enjoy extremely close, warm and historical relations.[63][64] Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest trading partner and biggest trading partner in the EU. Germany has been a reliable partner in trade, development, military, scientific and cultural co-operation.the collaboration between Germany and Pakistan dates back to the creation of Pakistan. Germany has an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate-general in Karachi and an honorary consulate in Lahore, whereas Pakistan has an embassy in Berlin and a Consulate-General in Frankfurt. Germany is home to 53,668 Pakistani immigrants.

 Philippines See Germany–Philippines relations

The relation between Germany and the Philippines remain strong and positive. On 1955 an agreement was signed which led to a dynamic cooperation between the two countries. Germany has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Berlin.

 Singapore See Germany–Singapore relations
  • Singapore has an embassy in Berlin and Germany has an embassy in Singapore.
 North Korea 2001-03-01[65] See Foreign relations of North Korea
 South Korea 1883-11-26[66]/As West Germany 1955-12-01 [67] See Germany–South Korea relations

Europe

France

Main article: France–Germany relations

Being the historic core of Europe and the "twin engine for European integration", the cooperation with France is one of the most central elements of German foreign policy. The Elysée Treaty from 1963 set the foundation for a collaboration that – next to the European project – also repeatedly called for a "Core Union" with maximum integration.[71]

Balkan states

See also: Cold War II
The European Union and the Eurozone

The German government was a strong supporter of the enlargement of NATO.

Germany was one of the first nations to recognize Croatia and Slovenia as independent nations, rejecting the concept of Yugoslavia as the only legitimate political order in the Balkans (unlike other European powers, who first proposed a pro-Belgrade policy). This is why Serb authorities sometimes referred to "new German imperialism" as one of the main reasons for Yugoslavia's collapse. German troops participate in the multinational efforts to bring "peace and stability" to the Balkans.

Central Europe

Weimar triangle (France, Germany and Poland); Germany continues to be active economically in the states of Central Europe, and to actively support the development of democratic institutions. In the 2000s, Germany has been arguably the centerpiece of the European Union (though the importance of France cannot be overlooked in this connection).

Table of foreign relations

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania See Albania-Germany relations
 Armenia See Armenia–Germany relations

Armenian-German relations have always been stable and solid; they continue to work together and advance through the years in cooperation. Their leaders have discussed bilateral relations and noted that they have considerably improved over the last few years.[72]

  • Armenia has an embassy in Berlin and honorary consulate in Karlsruhe.
  • Germany has an embassy in Yerevan.
 Austria See Austria–Germany relations

Relations between them are close because as countries have strong historical and cultural ties.

 Belarus 1999
 Belgium See Foreign relations of Belgium
 Bulgaria See Bulgaria–Germany relations

The Bulgarian government views Germany as its key strategic partner in the EU.

 Croatia 1992-01-15 See Croatia–Germany relations
 Cyprus 1960 See Cyprus–Germany relations
 Czech Republic See Czech Republic–Germany relations

Today, they share 815 km of common borders. The Czech Republic has an embassy in Berlin, three general consulates (in Bonn, Dresden and Munich), and 6 honorary consulates (in Dortmund, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Nuremberg, Rostock and Stuttgart). Germany has an embassy in Prague.

 Denmark See Denmark–Germany relations

Denmark has an embassy in Berlin and three General consulates in Flensburg, Hamburg and Munich. They border each other.

 Finland See Finland–Germany relations
 France See France–Germany relations

In recent times, France and Germany are among the most enthusiastic proponents of the further integration of the EU. They are sometimes described as the "twin engine" or "core countries" pushing for moves.

The two countries were arch enemies for centuries and fought against each other in World War I and World War II.

 Greece 1834 (Prussia)
 Hungary 1973-12-21 See Germany–Hungary relations
 Iceland
 Ireland 1922 See Germany–Ireland relations
 Italy See Germany–Italy relations
 Kosovo See Germany–Kosovo relations
  • Germany recognized Kosovo on 20 February 2008.[88]
  • Germany has an embassy in Pristina since 27 February 2008.[89]
  • Kosovo will open an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany is the second-largest donor to Kosovo, behind the United States.[90]
 Latvia 1920 and again 1991-08-28
 Lithuania
 Malta 1965
 Moldova 1992-04-30 See Germany–Moldova relations
 Netherlands
  • Relations were established following the unification of Germany in 1871.
  • During the First World War, the German army refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. At war's end in 1918, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands, where he lived till his death in 1941.
  • The German army occupied the Netherlands during the Second World War and kept the country under occupation in 1940–1945.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Poland See Germany–Poland relations

During the Cold War, communist Poland had good relations with East Germany, but had strained relations with West Germany. After the fall of communism, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a mostly positive but occasionally strained relationship due to some political issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Germany has been a proponent of Poland's participation in NATO and the European Union. The Polish-German border is 467 km long.[100]

 Romania 1872
 Russia See Germany–Russia relations

Germany tries to keep Russia engaged with the rest of the Western world. The future aim is to promote a stable market-economy liberal democracy in Russia, which is part of the Western world.

 Serbia 1951 See Germany–Serbia relations
 Slovakia 1993
 Slovenia 1992

See Germany–Slovenia relations

  • Germany has an embassy in Ljubljana
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Berlin, and a general consulate in Munich
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Sweden
  • Relations have been strong with cultural and economic cooperation.
  • Germany has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Sweden also has 12 honorary consulates in Germany.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
  Switzerland See Germany–Switzerland relations
 Turkey See Germany–Turkey relations

Good Turkish/Ottoman-German relations from the 19th century onwards. They were allies in First World War. Germany promoted Turkish immigration after 1945 when it suffered an acute labor shortage. They were called Gastarbeiter (German for guest workers). Most Turks in Germany trace their ancestry to Central and Eastern Anatolia. Today, Turks are Germany's largest ethnic minority and form most of Germany's Muslim minority. Berlin is home to about 250,000 Turks,[105] making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.

 Ukraine See Germany–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom See Germany–United Kingdom relations
  • The United Kingdom has an embassy in Berlin and Consulate Generals in Düsseldorf and Munich. The United Kingdom also has Honorary Consulates in Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Kiel, Nürnberg and Stuttgart.[106][107][108]
  • Germany has an embassy in London and a Consulate General in Edinburgh. German also has Honorary Consulates in Aberdeen, Barrow on Humber, Belfast, Coventry, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Glasgow, Guernsey, Jersey, Kirkwall, Leeds, Lerwick, Liverpool, Middlesbrough, Newcastle upon Tyne, Plymouth and Southampton.[109][110][111]
  • Both countries are members of the EU and NATO.
 Vatican City See Germany–Holy See relations

See also

References

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  70. ^ "MOU Signing Ceremony". english1.president.go.kr. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  71. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  72. ^ Armenian, German leaders discuss bilateral relations Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine from Mediamax news agency, Yerevan, archived on US Embassy site
  73. ^ "Belarusian embassy in Berlin(in German and Russian only)". Belarus-botschaft.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  74. ^ "Belarusian Branch office of the embassy in Bonn". Belembassy.org. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  75. ^ "embassy in Minsk (in German and Russian only)" (in Russian). Minsk.diplo.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  76. ^ "Bulgarian embassy in Berlin (in German and Bulgarian only)". Botschaft-bulgarien.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  77. ^ "Croatian embassy in Berlin (in croat and German only)". De.mfa.hr. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  78. ^ "German embassy in Zageb (in Croat and German only)" (in German). Zagreb.diplo.de. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  79. ^ Cyprus embassy in Berlin
  80. ^ "German embassy Nicosia". Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  81. ^ "Greek embassy in Berlin (in German)". Griechische-botschaft.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  82. ^ "Hungarian embassy in Berlin (in German and Hungarian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  83. ^ "Hungarian general consulate in Munich (in German and Hungarian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  84. ^ "Germany embassy in Reykjavík (in German only)" (in German). Reykjavik.diplo.de. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  85. ^ "Iceland embassy in Berlin". Iceland.org. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ "German embassy in Dublin". Dublin.diplo.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  87. ^ "Irish embassy in Berlin". Embassyofireland.de. 13 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  88. ^ "Germany recognises Kosovo". German Federal Government. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  89. ^ "Deutsche Botschaft Pristina" (in German). Pristina.diplo.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
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  92. ^ "German embassy in Riga (in German and Latvian only)" (in Latvian). Riga.diplo.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  93. ^ "Latvian embassy in Berlin (in German and Latvian only)". Mfa.gov.lv. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
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  95. ^ deutschebotschaft-wilna.lt. "German embassy in Vilnius (in German and Lithuanian only)". Deutschebotschaft-wilna.lt. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  96. ^ "Lithuanian embassy in Berlin (in German and Lithuanian only)". De.mfa.lt. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  97. ^ "German embassy in Valletta (in German only)" (in German). Valletta.diplo.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  98. ^ "Maltese embassy in Berlin" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2014.
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  100. ^ Template:Pl icon Informacje o Polsce – informacje ogólne Archived 25 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Page gives Polish PWN Encyklopedia as reference.
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  103. ^ "Germany embassy in Bratislava (in German and Slovakian only)" (in Slovak). Pressburg.diplo.de. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
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  105. ^ Spooner, Andrew (13 May 2007). "Berlin: Shish And Sauerkraut To Go". The Independent. London. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  106. ^ "Worldwide organisations". Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  107. ^ Other locations
  108. ^ "British Embassy Berlin". Retrieved 30 September 2014.
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Further reading

German diplomacy

  • Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents, 1963–1991 (1993), the standard scholarly history
  • Brandenburg, Erich. From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870-1914 (1927) online.
  • Buse, Dieter K., and Juergen C. Doerr, eds. Modern Germany: an encyclopedia of history, people and culture, 1871-1990 (2 vol. Garland, 1998.
  • Cole, Alistair. Franco-German Relations (2000)
  • Feldman, Lily Gardner. Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation: From Enmity to Amity (Rowman & Littlefield; 2012) 393 pages; on German relations with France, Israel, Poland, and Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic. excerpt and text search
  • Geiss, Imanuel. German foreign policy, 1871-1914 (1976)
  • Haftendorn, Helga. German Foreign Policy Since 1945 (2006), 441pp
  • Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy (1991)
  • Heuser, Beatrice. NATO, Britain, France & the FRG: Nuclear Strategies & Forces for Europe, 1949-2000 (1997) 256pp
  • Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy." English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): 570-606. in JSTOR
  • Junker, Detlef, ed. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War (2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 excerpt and text search vol 1; excerpt and text search vol 2
  • Kimmich, Christoph. German Foreign Policy 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (2nd ed. Scholarly Resources, 1991) 264 pp.
  • Leitz, Christian. Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933-1941: The Road to Global War (2004)
  • Maulucci Jr., Thomas W. Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich (2012) excerpt and text search
  • Papayoanou, Paul A. "Interdependence, institutions, and the balance of power: Britain, Germany, and World War I." International Security 20.4 (1996): 42-76.
  • Schwarz, Hans-Peter. Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction (2 vol 1995) excerpt and text search vol 2; also full text vol 1; and full text vol 2
  • Schmitt, Bernadotte E. "Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1902-1914." American Historical Review 29.3 (1924): 449-473. in JSTOR
  • Sontag, Raymond James. Germany and England: Background of Conflict, 1848-1898 (1938)
  • Spang, Christian W. and Rolf-Harald Wippich, eds. Japanese-German Relations, 1895-1945: War, Diplomacy and Public Opinion (2006)
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L. The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany (2 vol, 1970–80).
  • Wright, Jonathan. Germany and the Origins of the Second World War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) 223pp. online review
  • Young, William. German Diplomatic Relations 1871-1945: The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy (2006); how the foreign ministry shaped policy

World/European diplomatic context

  • Albrecht-Carrié, René. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction that gives context to Germany's roles
  • Kaiser, David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930-1939 (Princeton UP, 2015).
  • Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (1989) excerpt and text search; very wide ranging, with much on economic power
  • Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline
  • Langer, William. European Alliances and Alignments 1870-1890 (2nd ed. 1950); advanced coverage of Bismarckian system
  • Langer, William L. The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902 (2 vol, 1935)
  • Macmillan, Margaret. The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (2013) cover 1890s to 1914; see esp. ch 3-5, 8,
  • Mowat, R. B. A History of European Diplomacy 1815-1914 (1922), basic introduction
  • Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (1996)
  • Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-1933 (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Steiner, Zara. The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933-1939 (2011) excerpt and text search
  • Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 (1957) excerpt and text search, advanced coverage of all major powers

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International relations of Germany.
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