List of prime ministers of Nepal
![]() |
---|
![]() |
The position of a Prime Minister of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री, romanized: Nepālko Pradhānmantrī) in modern form was called by different names at different times of Nepalese history. During the reign of the Shah kings, the Mulkajis (Chief Kajis) or Chautariyas served as prime ministers in a council of 4 Chautariyas, 4 Kajis, and sundry officers. These Bharadars (officers) were drawn from high caste and politically influential families such as the Pande, Basnyat, and Thapa families. The nobility of Gorkha was mainly based from Chetri families and they had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.[1] All prime ministers of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of Ranga Nath Poudyal, being a Khas Brahmin.[2] Of the 23 men who have been elected since Nepal attained democracy from the Ranas in 1951, 15 have been Khas Brahmin, 3 Thakuri, 2 Newar Shresthas, 2 Chhetri, and 1 Sanyasi/Dasnami.[3] The executive power allocation was fluctuating between Kajis and Chautariyas.
In 1804, a single authoritative position of Mukhtiyar was created by Rana Bahadur Shah which carried the executive powers of nation.[4] Mukhtiyar held the position of head of the executive until the adoption of the title of Prime Minister in November 1843 by Mathabar Singh Thapa who became Mukhtiyar as well as Prime Minister and the Chief of the Nepalese Army.[5][6] During the Rana dynasty, the position of prime minister was hereditary and the officeholder held additional titles — Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Nepal and Grand Master of the Royal Orders of Nepal.
After the revolution of 1951, non-aristocratic citizens like Matrika Prasad Koirala held the position of prime minister still under the authority of the King of Nepal. The first general election was held in 1959 and Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala became the first elected prime minister of Nepal. However, he was deposed and imprisoned in the 1960 coup d'état by King Mahendra who went on to establish an oligarchic authoritative regime, the Panchayat system, and Nepal did not have a democratic government until 1990. After the Jana Andolan movement in 1990, the country became a constitutional monarchy. However, this was interrupted with the 2005 coup d'état by King Gyanendra. After the Loktantrik Andolan movement in 2006, the monarchy was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the 1st Constituent Assembly and the country was declared a federal parliamentary republic. The current constitution was adopted on 20 September 2015, and the first prime minister under this new constitution was KP Sharma Oli.
Heads of government of the Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)
Before 1800s
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Title | King (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Vamsharaj Pande (1739–1785) |
c. 1776 | c. 1779 | Dewan[note 1] | Pratap Singh Shah![]() (1751–1777) |
2 | ![]() |
Swarup Singh Karki (1751–1785) |
c. 1776 | c. 1777 | Dewan[note 2] | |
3 | ![]() |
Sarbajit Rana Magar (1750–1778) |
c. 1777 | c. 1778 | Kaji/Mulkaji[note 3] | Rana Bahadur Shah![]() (1775–1806) |
(1) | ![]() |
Vamsharaj Pande (1739–1785) |
c. 1782 | c. 1785 | Dewan/Mantri–Nayak[note 4] | |
4 | ![]() |
Abhiman Singh Basnyat (1744–1800) |
c. 1785 | c. 1794 | Mulkaji[note 5] | |
— | ![]() |
Bahadur Shah of Nepal (1757–1797) |
c. 1785 | c. 1794 | Mul–Chautariya[note 6] | |
5 | ![]() |
Kirtiman Singh Basnyat (1760–1801) |
c. 1794 | c. 1801 | Mulkaji[note 7] | |
Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah![]() (1799–1816) | ||||||
6 | ![]() |
Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat (1759–1840) |
c. 1801 | c. 1803 | Mulkaji[note 8] |
Mul-Kajis and Muktiyars during the Shah expansion era and before the Rana era
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | King (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | ||||
1 | ![]() |
Damodar Pande (1752–1804) |
February 1803 | March 1804 | Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah![]() (1799–1816) |
— | ![]() |
Rana Bahadur Shah (1775–1806) |
1804[note 9] | 25 April 1806 | |
2 | ![]() |
Bhimsen Thapa (1775–1839) |
1806 | July 1837 | |
Rajendra Bikram Shah![]() (1816–1847) | |||||
3 | ![]() |
Rana Jang Pande (1789–1843) 1st time |
1837 | 1837 | |
4 | ![]() |
Ranga Nath Poudyal (1773–1846) 1st time |
October 1837 | August 1838 | |
5 | ![]() |
Chautariya Puskhar Shah (1784–1846) |
October 1838 | 1839 | |
(3) | ![]() |
Rana Jang Pande (1789–1843) 2nd time |
April 1839 | 1840 | |
(4) | ![]() |
Ranga Nath Poudyal (1773–1846) 2nd time |
1840 | 1840 | |
6 | ![]() |
Fateh Jung Shah (1805–1846) 1st time |
November 1840 | January 1843 | |
7 | ![]() |
Mathabar Singh Thapa (1798–1845) |
November 1843 | 17 May 1845 | |
(6) | ![]() |
Fateh Jung Shah (1805–1846) 2nd time |
September 1845 | 14 September 1846 |
Prime ministers during the Rana era (1846–1951)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | King (Reign) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||
8 | ![]() |
Jung Bahadur Rana (1816–1877) 1st time |
15 September 1846 | 1 August 1856 | 3608 | Surendra Bikram Shah![]() (1847–1881) |
9 | ![]() |
Bam Bahadur Kunwar (1818–1857) |
1 August 1856 | 25 May 1857 | 297 | |
— | ![]() |
Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana (1823–1863) Acting Prime Minister |
25 May 1857 | 28 June 1857 | 34 | |
(8) | ![]() |
Jung Bahadur Rana (1816–1877) 2nd time |
28 June 1857 | 25 February 1877 | 7182 | |
10 | ![]() |
Ranodip Singh Kunwar (1825–1885) |
27 February 1877 | 22 November 1885 (Assassinated) |
3192 | |
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1881–1911) | ||||||
11 | ![]() |
Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1852–1901) |
22 November 1885 | 5 March 1901 | 5581 | |
12 | ![]() |
Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1862–1914) |
5 March 1901 | 27 June 1901 | 114 | |
13 | ![]() |
Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1863–1929) |
27 June 1901 | 26 November 1929 | 10379 | |
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1911–1955) | ||||||
14 | ![]() |
Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1865–1932) |
26 November 1929 | 1 September 1932 | 1010 | |
15 | ![]() |
Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1875–1952) |
1 September 1932 | 29 November 1945 | 4837 | |
16 | ![]() |
Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1882–1961) |
29 November 1945 | 30 April 1948 | 883 | |
17 | ![]() |
Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (1885–1967) |
30 April 1948 | 12 November 1951 | 1291 |
Prime ministers during the Transition era (1951–1960)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Election(s) | Political party | Cabinet | King (Reign) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||||||
18 | ![]() |
Matrika Prasad Koirala (1912–1997) 1st time |
16 November 1951 | 14 August 1952 | 272 | — | Nepali Congress | M.P. Koirala I | Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1911–1955) | |
— | ![]() |
Direct rule by King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah (1906–1955) |
14 August 1952 | 15 June 1953 | 305 | — | ||||
(18) | ![]() |
Matrika Prasad Koirala (1912–1997) 2nd time |
15 June 1953 | 11 April 1955 | 668 | — | Rastriya Praja Party | M.P. Koirala II | ||
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1955–1972) | ||||||||||
— | ![]() |
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1928–2015) Acting |
11 April 1955 | 14 April 1955 | 3 | – | ||||
— | ![]() |
Direct rule by King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah (1920–1972) |
14 April 1955 | 27 January 1956 | 288 | — | ||||
19 | ![]() |
Tanka Prasad Acharya (1912–1992) |
27 January 1956 | 26 July 1957 | 546 | — | Nepal Praja Parishad | Tanka Acharya | ||
20 | ![]() |
Kunwar Inderjit Singh (1906–1982) |
26 July 1957 | 15 May 1958 | 293 | United Democratic Party | K.I. Singh | |||
21 | ![]() |
Subarna Shamsher Rana (1910–1977) |
15 May 1958 | 27 May 1959 | 377 | Nepali Congress | – | |||
22 | ![]() |
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (1914–1982) MP for Morang–Biratnagar West |
27 May 1959 | 15 December 1960 (Deposed) |
568 | 1959 | B.P. Koirala |
Prime ministers during the partyless Panchayat era (1960–1990)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | King (Reign) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||
— | ![]() |
Direct rule by King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah (1920–1972) |
15 December 1960 | 2 April 1963 | 838 | Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1955–1972) |
23 | ![]() |
Tulsi Giri (1926–2018) 1st time |
2 April 1963 | 23 December 1963 | 265 | |
24 | ![]() |
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1928–2015) 1st time |
23 December 1963 | 26 February 1964 | 65 | |
(23) | ![]() |
Tulsi Giri (1926–2018) 2nd time |
26 February 1964 | 26 January 1965 | 335 | |
(24) | ![]() |
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1928–2015) 2nd time |
26 January 1965 | 7 April 1969 | 1532 | |
25 | ![]() |
Kirti Nidhi Bista (1927–2017) 1st time |
7 April 1969 | 13 April 1970 | 371 | |
– | ![]() |
Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari (1923–1994) Acting Prime Minister |
13 April 1970 | 14 April 1971 | 366 | |
(25) | ![]() |
Kirti Nidhi Bista (1927–2017) 2nd time |
14 April 1971 | 16 July 1973 | 794 | |
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1972–2001) | ||||||
26 | ![]() |
Nagendra Prasad Rijal (1927–1994) 1st time |
16 July 1973 | 1 December 1975 | 898 | |
(23) | ![]() |
Tulsi Giri (1926–2018) 3rd time |
1 December 1975 | 12 September 1977 | 651 | |
(25) | ![]() |
Kirti Nidhi Bista (1927–2017) 3rd time |
12 September 1977 | 30 May 1979 | 625 | |
(24) | ![]() |
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1928–2015) 3rd time |
30 May 1979 | 12 July 1983 | 1504 | |
27 | ![]() |
Lokendra Bahadur Chand (born 1940) 1st time |
12 July 1983 | 21 March 1986 | 983 | |
(26) | ![]() |
Nagendra Prasad Rijal (1927–1994) 2nd time |
21 March 1986 | 15 June 1986 | 86 | |
28 | ![]() |
Marich Man Singh Shrestha (1942–2013) |
15 June 1986 | 6 April 1990 | 1391 | |
(27) | ![]() |
Lokendra Bahadur Chand (born 1940) 2nd time |
6 April 1990 | 19 April 1990 | 13 |
Prime ministers during the Constitutional monarchy (1990–2008)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Election(s) | Political party | King (Reign) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | |||||||
29 | ![]() |
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1924–2011) 1st time |
19 April 1990 | 26 May 1991 | 402 | — | Nepali Congress | Birendra Bir Bikram Shah![]() (1972–2001) | |
30 | ![]() |
Girija Prasad Koirala (1924–2010) MP for Morang 1 1st time |
26 May 1991 | 30 November 1994 | 1284 | 1991 | |||
31 | ![]() |
Man Mohan Adhikari (1920–1999) MP for Kathmandu 3 |
30 November 1994 | 12 September 1995 | 286 | 1994 | Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) | ||
32 | ![]() |
Sher Bahadur Deuba (born 1946) MP for Dadeldhura 1 1st time |
12 September 1995 | 12 March 1997 | 547 | Nepali Congress | |||
(27) | ![]() |
Lokendra Bahadur Chand (born 1940) MP for Baitadi 2 3rd time |
12 March 1997 | 7 October 1997 | 209 | Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Chand) | |||
(24) | ![]() |
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1928–2015) MP for Dhankuta 2 4th time |
7 October 1997 | 15 April 1998 | 190 | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | |||
(30) | ![]() |
Girija Prasad Koirala (1924–2010) MP for Morang 1 2nd time |
15 April 1998 | 31 May 1999 | 411 | Nepali Congress | |||
(29) | ![]() |
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1924–2011) MP for Parsa 1 2nd time |
31 May 1999 | 22 March 2000 | 296 | 1999 | |||
(30) | ![]() |
Girija Prasad Koirala (1924–2010) MP for Sunsari 5 3rd time |
22 March 2000 | 26 July 2001 | 491 | ||||
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah File:Gyanendra Shah.jpg (2001–2008) | |||||||||
(32) | ![]() |
Sher Bahadur Deuba (born 1946) MP for Dadeldhura 1 2nd time |
26 July 2001 | 4 October 2002 | 435 | ||||
— | File:Gyanendra Shah.jpg | Direct rule by King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah (born 1947) |
4 October 2002 | 11 October 2002 | 7 | — | |||
(27) | ![]() |
Lokendra Bahadur Chand (born 1940) 4th time |
11 October 2002 | 5 June 2003 | 237 | — | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | ||
(24) | ![]() |
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1928–2015) 5th time |
5 June 2003 | 3 June 2004 | 364 | ||||
(32) | ![]() |
Sher Bahadur Deuba (born 1946) 3rd time |
3 June 2004 | 1 February 2005 (Deposed) |
243 | Nepali Congress (Democratic) | |||
— | File:Gyanendra Shah.jpg | Direct rule by King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah (born 1947) |
1 February 2005 | 25 April 2006 | 448 | — | |||
(30) | ![]() |
Girija Prasad Koirala (1924–2010) 4th time |
25 April 2006 | 28 May 2008 | 764 | — | Nepali Congress |
Prime ministers of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Election(s) | Political party | Cabinet | President (Term) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||||||
(30) | ![]() |
Girija Prasad Koirala (1924–2010) 5th time |
28 May 2008[21][22][23] | 18 August 2008[22][23] | 82 | — | Nepali Congress | — | Girija Prasad Koirala![]() (2007–2008) (Acting Head of State) | |
33 | ![]() |
Pushpa Kamal Dahal (born 1954) MCA for Kathmandu 10 1st time |
18 August 2008 | 25 May 2009 | 280 | 2008
(Constituent Assembly) |
Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) | Dahal I | Ram Baran Yadav![]() (2008–2015) | |
34 | ![]() |
Madhav Kumar Nepal (born 1953) Nominated MCA |
25 May 2009 | 6 February 2011 | 622 | Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) | Madhav Nepal | |||
35 | ![]() |
Jhala Nath Khanal (born 1950) MCA for Ilam 1 |
6 February 2011 | 29 August 2011 | 204 | Khanal | ||||
36 | ![]() |
Baburam Bhattarai (born 1954) MCA for Gorkha 2 |
29 August 2011 | 14 March 2013 | 563 | Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) | Bhattarai | |||
— | ![]() |
Khil Raj Regmi (born 1949) Chair of the Cabinet of Ministers |
14 March 2013 | 11 February 2014 | 334 | — | Independent | Regmi Interim | ||
37 | ![]() |
Sushil Koirala (1939–2016) MCA for Banke 3 |
11 February 2014 | 12 October 2015 | 608 | 2013
(Constituent Assembly) |
Nepali Congress | Sushil Koirala | ||
38 | ![]() |
KP Sharma Oli (born 1952) MCA for Jhapa 7 1st time |
12 October 2015 | 4 August 2016 | 297 | Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) | Oli I | |||
Bidya Devi Bhandari![]() (2015–present) | ||||||||||
(33) | ![]() |
Pushpa Kamal Dahal (born 1954) MCA for Siraha 5 2nd time |
4 August 2016[24] | 7 June 2017 | 307 | Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) | Dahal II | |||
(32) | ![]() |
Sher Bahadur Deuba (born 1946) MCA for Dadeldhura 1 4th time |
7 June 2017[25] | 15 February 2018[26] | 253 | Nepali Congress | Deuba IV | |||
(38) | ![]() |
KP Sharma Oli (born 1952) MP for Jhapa 5 2nd time |
15 February 2018[27] | 13 May 2021[28] | 1183 | 2017 | Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) | Oli II | ||
Minority term as minority PM |
13 May 2021[29] | 13 July 2021[30][31] | 60 | |||||||
(32) | ![]() |
Sher Bahadur Deuba (born 1946) MP for Dadeldhura 1 5th time |
13 July 2021[32][33] | Incumbent | 1157 | Nepali Congress | Deuba V |
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ The document dated Bikram Samvat 1833 Bhadra Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that both Swaroop Singh Karki and Vamsharaj Pande had carried the title of Dewan (equivalent to Prime Minister).[7]
- ^ The document dated Bikram Samvat 1833 Bhadra Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that both Swaroop Singh Karki and Vamsharaj Pande had carried the title of Dewan (equivalent to Prime Minister).[7]
- ^ Historian Dilli Raman Regmi asserts that Sarbajit was chosen as Mulkaji (Chief Kaji).[8] Historian Rishikesh Shah asserts that Sarbajit was appointed only a Kaji [9] and was the head of the Nepalese government for a short period in 1778.[10]
- ^ Daniel Wright mentions him as the Mantri-Nayak (Prime Minister) under the King Rana Bahadur Shah (1777-1799).[11]
- ^ Abhiman Singh Basnyat was replaced by Kirtiman Singh Basnyat as Mulkaji[12] after the dismissal of government on maturity of King Rana Bahadur Shah in 1794 AD.[13]
- ^ On Shrawan 1842 B.S. (i.e. July 1785), after the death of Regent Queen Rajendra Laxmi, Bahadur Shah assumed the regency and administration on the call of Bharadars.[14] Historian Baburam Acharya referred the reign of Bahadur Shah as "Primeministership" or "Premiership".[15] Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal was Chief Chautariya (Mul-Chautariya) up to Baisakh 1851 B.S. (i.e. April 1794). The Chief Chautariya carried the functions of a Prime Minister.[16]
- ^ Though the position of Mulkaji (Chief Kaji) was bestowed on Kirtiman Singh in 1794, Damodar Pande was the most influential Kaji.[13] and Damodar lead the military forces and the second government to prevent the re-establishment of royal authority of self-renounced King Rana Bahadur Shah in 1799.[17][18]
- ^ Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat, brother of assassinated Kirtiman Singh, was then given the post of Mulkaji.[19]
- ^ The position of Mukhtiyar was formed and ruled by renounced King Rana Bahadur Shah on the year 1804 A.D.[20]
Notes
- ^ Pahari 1995, p. 632.
- ^ Raj 1996, p. 5.
- ^ Mandal, Monika (2013). Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (MAKAIS). ISBN 978-93-81904-58-9.
- ^ Nepal, Gyanmani (2007). Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.). Kathmandu: Sajha. p. 314. ISBN 9789993325857.
- ^ Kandel, Devi Prasad (2011). Pre-Rana Administrative System. Chitwan: Siddhababa Offset Press. p. 95.
- ^ Regmi 1971, p. 17.
- ^ a b Regmi 1975, p. 272.
- ^ D.R. Regmi 1975, p. 285.
- ^ Shaha 1990, p. 46.
- ^ Shaha 2001, p. 21.
- ^ Wright 1877, p. 260.
- ^ Karmacharya 2005, p. 56.
- ^ a b Pradhan 2012, p. 12.
- ^ Vaidya & Bajracharya 1991, p. 9.
- ^ Regmi 1972, p. 12.
- ^ Regmi 1971, p. 12.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 13.
- ^ Acharya 2012, pp. 28–32.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 35.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 25.
- ^ "Girija Prasad koirla prime minister". nepalnews. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Girija prasad, acting head of state of nepal". cnn. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Nepalese prime minister resigns". bbc. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda sworn in as new Nepal PM". Hindustan Times. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ "Sher Bahadur Deuba sworns in as Prime Minister". thehimalayantimes.com. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ "PM Deuba announces resignation". The Kathmandu Post. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "Newly appointed PM KP Sharma Oli takes oath of office". The Kathmandu Post. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ Subedi, Kamal. "PM Oli fails to secure parliament's confidence, what next now?". My Republica. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ ONLINE, THT (13 May 2021). "Oli appointed PM as opposition fails to gather numbers". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ Livemint (12 July 2021). "Sher Bahadur Deuba to be Nepal's new prime minister orders Supreme Court". mint. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ "दुई दिनभित्र देउवालाई प्रधानमन्त्री बनाउन परमादेश".
- ^ "देउवा प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त, सपथको तयारी". Setopati. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ "यस्तो छ सर्वोच्च अदालतको आदेशको पूर्णपाठ". ratopati.com. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
Books
- Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748
- Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857
- Amatya, Shaphalya (June–November 1978), "The failure of Captain Knox's mission in Nepal" (PDF), Ancient Nepal (46–48), Kathmandu: 9–17, retrieved 11 January 2013
- Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132
- Karmacharya, Ganga (2005), Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775-1846, Nepal: Educational Publishing House, ISBN 9789994633937
- Pahari, Anup (1995), The Origins, Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal: A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non-European Societies, vol. 4, University of Wisconsin--Madison
- Raj, Prakash A. (1996), Brahmins of Nepal, Nabeen Publications, ISBN 9780785573661
- Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1971). Regmi Research Series (PDF). Vol. 03. Regmi Research Centre.
- Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1972). Regmi Research Series (PDF). Vol. 04. Regmi Research Centre.
- Shaha, Rishikesh (1990), Modern Nepal 1769–1885, Riverdale Company, ISBN 0-913215-64-3
- Shaha, Rishikesh (2001), An Introduction of Nepal, Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar
- D.R. Regmi (1975), Modern Nepal, vol. 1, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, ISBN 0883864916
- Wright, Daniel (1877), History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press