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==Emissions==
==Emissions==
[[Global warming]] emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem.
Emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem.
Efforts to resolve this include the [[Kyoto Protocol]], which is a UN agreement aiming to [[Climate Change Mitigation|reduce harmful climate impacts]], which a number of nations have signed.
Efforts to resolve this include the [[Kyoto Protocol]], which is a UN agreement aiming to mitigate harmful climate effects, which a number of nations have signed.
Dangerous concentration remains a subject of dubious debate.
Dangerous concentration remains a subject of dubious debate.
Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius, thought to be a risk by the [[Stockholm Environmental Institute|SEI]], is now doubtful.

To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion in 2050.<ref>Energiläget 2050 by prof. Cristian Azar and Kristian Lindgren [[Chalmers University of Technology|Chalmers]] [[Göteborg]] {{sv}}</ref>
Across 40 years, this averages to a 2% decrease every year.
In 2011, the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem.
Hypothetically, according to [[Robert Engelman]] (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).<ref>State of the world 2009, Worldwatch institute, 2009</ref>


==Primary energy==
==Primary energy==

Revision as of 16:19, 30 January 2014

See also: World energy resources

World Energy Consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization.

Typically measured per-year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source we use, applied towards humanity's endeavors across every industrial and technological sector, across every country. Being the power source metric of civilization, World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity's social-economic-political sphere.

Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the European Environment Agency record and publish energy data periodically. Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns, which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions.

According to IEA (2012) the climate goal of limiting warming to 2°C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes. If action is not taken before 2017, all the allowable CO2 emissions would be locked-in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017. Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables.[1]

Fossil energy use increased most in 2000-2008. In October 2012 the IEA noted that coal accounted for half the increased energy use of the prior decade, growing faster than all renewable energy sources.[2] Since Chernobyl disaster in 1986 investments in nuclear power have been small.

Energy use terawatthour[3]
Fossil Nuclear Renewable Total
1990 83,374 6,113 13,082 102,569
2000 94,493 7,857 15,337 117,687
2008 117,076 8,283 18,492 143,851
Change 2000-2008 22,583 426 3,155 26,164

1 terawatthour = 1012 watthours = 1 billion kilowatthours

World primary energy consumption in quadrillion Btu. "International Energy Statistics". Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Rates of world energy usage [4]
Energy intensity of different economies The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries. GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation.[5]
GDP and energy consumption in Japan, 1958–2000 The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use; however, it also shows that this link can be broken. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan's GDP continued to grow, after 1985, under the influence of the then much cheaper oil, energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP.[6]

The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2% in 2011, after the strong increase of 2010. The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth. For several years now, the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets, while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies, high oil prices, resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption.[7]

According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and world overall grew by 39%.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average power use of 15 terawatts (2.0×1010 hp).[8] The annual potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1,575 EJ (438,000 TWh), wind power 640 EJ (180,000 TWh), geothermal energy 5,000 EJ (1,400,000 TWh), biomass 276 EJ (77,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).[9][10][11]

Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years, by −1.1%—equivalent to 130 megatonnes (130,000,000 long tons; 140,000,000 short tons) of oil—as a result of the financial and economic crisis, which reduced world GDP by 0.6% in 2009.[12]

This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends: Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh).[13]

Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The amount of energy is measured by satellite to be roughly 1,368 watts (1.835 hp) per square meter,[14] though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 petawatts (1.19×1014 hp), reaches the Earth's surface.[citation needed]

The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, though not all of this is available for human consumption.

Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990–2008 (%)[15][16]
kWh/capita Population (million) Energy use (1,000 TWh)
1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth
USA 89,021 87,216 – 2% 250 305 22% 22.3 26.6 20%
EU-27 40,240 40,821 1% 473 499 5% 19.0 20.4 7%
Middle East 19,422 34,774 79% 132 199 51% 2.6 6.9 170%
China 8,839 18,608 111% 1,141 1,333 17% 10.1 24.8 146%
Latin America 11,281 14,421 28% 355 462 30% 4.0 6.7 66%
Africa 7,094 7,792 10% 634 984 55% 4.5 7.7 70%
India 4,419 6,280 42% 850 1,140 34% 3.8 7.2 91%
Others* 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23% 36.1 42.2 17%
The World 19,422 21,283 10% 5,265 6,688 27% 102.3 142.3 39%
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
  • Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
  • Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

Energy Supply vs. End Use

Total world energy supply is distinct from actual world energy usage due to energy loss. For example, in 2008, total world energy supply was 143,851 TWh, while end use was 98,022 TWh. Energy loss depends on the energy source itself, as well as the technology used. For example, Nuclear Power (as of 2008) loses 67% of its energy to water cooling systems.

In 2008, world nuclear energy was 8,283 TWh (constituting 5.8% of total world energy), while nuclear energy end-use was 2,731 TWh.

Given significant energy supply-to-usage ratios, It is important to note these differences across various energy sources.

Emissions

Emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem. Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN agreement aiming to mitigate harmful climate effects, which a number of nations have signed. Dangerous concentration remains a subject of dubious debate.

Primary energy

World energy and power supply (TWh)[17]
Energy Power
1990 102 569 11 821
2000 117 687 15 395
2005 133 602 18 258
2008 143 851 20 181
Source: IEA/OECD

The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008). World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4.1 fold, EU 1.9 fold and Middle East 1.6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average.[17]

In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33.5%, coal 26.8%, gas 20.8% (fossil 81%), 'other' (hydro, peat, solar, wind, geothermal power, biofuels etc.) 12.9%, and nuclear 5.8%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.

Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e.g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[18][19] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008.[20] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy.

Energy by power source 2008[18]
TWh %
Oil 48 204 33.5%
Coal 38 497 26.8%
Gas 30 134 20.9%
Nuclear 8 283 5.8%
Hydro 3 208 2.2%
Other RE* 15 284 10.6%
Others 241 0.2%
Total 143 851 100%
Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels
Regional energy use (kWh/cap.)[15][16]
kWh/capita Population (mil)
1990 2008 1990 2008
USA 89 021 87 216 250 305
EU-27 40 240 40 821 473 499
Middle East 19 422 34 774 132 199
China 8 839 18 608 1 141 1 333
Latin America 11 281 14 421 355 462
Africa 7 094 7 792 634 984
India 4 419 6 280 850 1 140
The World 19 421 21 283 5 265 6 688
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
Fuel type Average power in TW[21]
1980 2004 2006
Oil 4.38 5.58 5.74
Gas 1.80 3.45 3.61
Coal 2.34 3.87 4.27
Hydroelectric 0.60 0.93 1.00
Nuclear power 0.25 0.91 0.93
Geothermal, wind,
solar energy, wood		 0.02 0.13 0.16
Total 9.48 15.0 15.8
Source: The USA Energy Information Administration

Fossil fuels

Main article: Fossil fuel

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[8] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[22] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[23] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[24]

If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008, proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years. This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe. Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. According to IEA Coal Information (2007) world production and use of coal have increased considerably in recent years.[25] According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO2 emissions from coal.[26]

Coal

Main article: Coal
Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000–2010[27][28]
2000 2008 2009* 2010* %* Change
2000–2009*
North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16% -1.2%
Asia excl. China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19% 18.9%
China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48% 85.5%
EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8% -3.8%
Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3% 0.4%
Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3% -2.0%
Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4% 2.2%
Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100% 100%
Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*
Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009

In 2000, China accounted for 28% of world coal consumption, other Asia consumed 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. The single greatest coal-consuming country is China. Its share of the world coal production was 28% in 2000 and rose to 48% in 2009. In contrast to China's ~70% increase in coal consumption, world coal use increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia.[27]

World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32% in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005, of which over 70% was in China and 8% on India. Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt, and 2009 6,903 Mt, equal to 12.7% production increase in two years.[29]

Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1% of the world coal export in 2011. China, Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan had 65% share of all the world coal import in 2011.[30]

Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)[31]
2010 2011 Share
2011 %
1 Indonesia 162 309 29.7%
2 Australia 298 285 27.4%
3 Russia 89 99 9.5%
4 US 57 85 8.2%
5 Colombia 68 76 7.3%
6 South Africa 68 70 6.7%
7 Kazakhstan 33 34 3.3%
8 Canada 24 24 2.3%
9 Vietnam 21 23 2.2%
10 Mongolia 17 22 2.1%
x Others 19 14 1.3%
Total (Mt) 856 1041
Top ten 97.8% 98.7%

Gas

Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)[28][32]
2008 %
North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27%
Asia excl. China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14%
China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3%
EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16%
Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3%
Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13%
Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd
Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23%
Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100%
Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP

In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin America and Russia. Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.[32]

Nuclear power

As of 7 March 2013, the world had 434 operable reactors with 66 others currently under construction.[33][34] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[34][35]

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and another 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWh despite in increases in production from most countries worldwide while Germany and Japan showed significant drops in output. Nuclear power meets 13–14% of the world's electricity demand.[36][37][38]

Renewable energy

Main articles: Renewable energy and Renewable energy commercialization

Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly.[39] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.[40]

Hydroelectricity

Main articles: hydroelectricity and List of largest hydroelectric power stations

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16% of global electricity consumption, and 12,340 PJ (3,427 TWh) of electricity production in 2010, which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.[41]

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 2,600 PJ (721 TWh) of production in 2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.[41]

Wind power

Wind power: worldwide installed capacity (not actual power generation)[42]
Main articles: Wind power and Wind farm
See also: List of onshore wind farms and List of offshore wind farms

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 238,351 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2011,[43][44][45] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[46][47] Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark,[48] 18% in Portugal,[48] 16% in Spain,[48] 14% in Ireland[49] and 9% in Germany in 2010.[48][50] As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.[50]

Solar energy

Nellis Solar Power Plant in the United States, one of the largest photovoltaic power plants in North America.
Main article: Solar energy
Main articles: List of solar thermal power stations and List of photovoltaic power stations

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO2 emissions would be reduced to very low levels."[51]

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Geothermal

Ohaaki geothermal power station
Main article: Geothermal power

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[52] In 2004, 200 petajoules (56 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 petajoules (75 TWh) of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[53][54] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW.[52]

Biomass and biofuels

Main articles: biomass and biofuel

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[53]

World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7×109 US gal), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[53] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 gigalitres (1.0×109 US gal), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[53]

By country

See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita
Main article: List of renewable energy topics by country

Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.

A map depicting world energy consumption per capita based on 2003 data from the IEA.
Energy consumption from 1989 to 1999

The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%.[55] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population[55]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

Oil

Saudi Arabia, Russia and the United States accounted for 34% of oil production in 2011. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36% of oil export in 2011.

Top 10 oil producers (Mt)[31]
2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 Share
2011
1 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 517 12.9%
2 Russia 470 485 494 502 510 12.7%
3 United States 307 300 320 336 346 8.6%
4 Iran 205 214 206 227 215 5.4%
5 China 183 190 194 200 203 5.1%
6 Canada 143 155 152 159 169 4.2%
7 UAE nd 136 120 129 149 3.7%
8 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 148 3.7%
9 Mexico 188 159 146 144 144 3.6%
10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 139 3.5%
x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd nd
x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd nd
Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 4,011 100%
Top ten 62% 62% 61 % 62% 63%
Top 10 oil exporters (Mt)[31]
2011 Share
2011 %
1 Saudi Arabia 333 17.0%
2 Russia 246 12.5%
3 Nigeria 129 6.6%
4 Iran 126 6.4%
5 UAE 105 5.4%
6 Iraq 94 4.8%
7 Venezuela 87 4.4%
8 Angola 84 4.3%
9 Norway 78 4.0%
10 Mexico 71 3.6%
x Others 609 31.0%
Total (Mt) 1,962

Coal

Top 10 coal producers (Mt)[31]
2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 Share %
2011
1 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 3,576 46%
2 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 1,004 13%
3 India 430 521 561 571 586 8%
4 Australia 372 397 399 420 414 5%
5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 376 5%
6 Russia 222 323 297 324 334 4%
7 South Africa 315 236 247 255 253 3%
8 Germany nd nd nd nd 189 2%
9 Poland 160 144 135 134 139 2%
10 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 117 2%
11 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1% nd
Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 7,783 100%
Top ten 89% 87% 88% 88% nd 90%
* include hard coal and brown coal
Top 10 coal importers (Mt)[56]
2005 2008 2009 2010 2011
1 China 25 nd 114 157 177
2 Japan 178 186 165 187 175
3 South Korea 77 100 103 119 129
4 India 37 58 66 88 101
5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63 66
6 Germany 38 46 38 45 41
7 UK 44 43 38 26 32
8 Turkey nd 19 20 27 24
9 Italy 24 25 19 22 23
10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19 21
x Spain 25 19 16 nd nd
x France nd 21 nd nd nd
x US 28 nd nd nd nd
Total 778 778 819 949 1,002
Top ten 69% 75% 78% 79% 79%
Import of production 16% 13% 14% 15% 13%
* 2005-2010 hard coal

Natural gas

Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)[31]
2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 Share
2011
1 Russia 627 657 589 637 677 20.0%
2 US 517 583 594 613 651 19.2%
3 Canada 187 175 159 160 160 4.7%
4 Qatar nd 79 89 121 151 4.5%
5 Iran 84 121 144 145 149 4.4%
6 Norway 90 103 106 107 106 3.1%
7 China nd 76 90 97 103 3.0%
8 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 92 2.7%
9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 92 2.7%
10 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 81 2.4%
x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd nd
x UK 93 nd nd nd nd nd
Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100% 3,388
Top ten 67% 65% 65% 65% 67%
bcm = billion cubic meters
Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)[31]
2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 Share
2011
1 Japan 81 95 93 99 116 13.9%
2 Italy 73 77 69 75 70 8.4%
3 Germany 91 79 83 83 68 8.2%
4 US 121 84 76 74 55 6.6%
5 South Korea 29 36 33 43 47 5.6%
6 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 44 5.3%
7 Turkey 27 36 35 37 43 5.2%
8 France 47 44 45 46 41 4.9%
9 UK nd 26 29 37 37 4.4%
10 Spain 33 39 34 36 34 4.1%
x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd nd
Total 838 783 749 820 834 100%
Top ten 70% 73% 71% 69% 67%
Import of production 29% 25% 24% 25% 25%
bcm = billion cubic meters

Wind Power

Top 10 countries
by nameplate windpower capacity
(2011 year-end)[57]
Country Windpower capacity
(MW) ǂprovisional		 % world total
China 62,733ǂ 26.3
United States 46,919 19.7
Germany 29,060 12.2
Spain 21,674 9.1
India 16,084 6.7
France 6,800ǂ 2.8
Italy 6,747 2.8
United Kingdom 6,540 2.7
Canada 5,265 2.2
Portugal 4,083 1.7
(rest of world) 32,446 13.8
World total 238,351 MW 100%
Top 10 countries
by windpower electricity production
(2010 totals)[58]
Country Windpower production
(TWh)		 % world total
United States 95.2 27.6
China 55.5 15.9
Spain 43.7 12.7
Germany 36.5 10.6
India 20.6 6.0
United Kingdom 10.2 3.0
France 9.7 2.8
Portugal 9.1 2.6
Italy 8.4 2.5
Canada 8.0 2.3
(rest of world) 48.5 14.1
World total 344.8 TWh 100%

By sector

World energy use per sector[59]
2000 2008 2000 2008
TWh %*
Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8
Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3
Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0
Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9
Total* 81,970 98,022 100 100
Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors
Numbers are the end use of energy
Total world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.[60]

The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[61] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[62]

Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[59]

European Union

The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.5% of final energy consumption, industry 27.6%, households 25.9%, services 11.4% and agriculture 3.7%.[63] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.[64]

While efficient energy and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32–40%.[65] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.[65] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.[65] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58–59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).[65] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of natural gas and 25 Mt (25,000,000 long tons; 28,000,000 short tons) of coal.[65]

See also

Regional:

Lists:

References

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Further reading

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