Endorphins: Difference between revisions
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* John Hughes and [[Hans Kosterlitz]] of [[Scotland]] isolated — from the [[brain]] of a [[pig]] — what some called [[enkephalin]]s (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|εγκέφαλος}}, ''{{lang|la|cerebrum}}'').<ref name="urlA Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Role of endorphins discovered">{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh75en.html | title = Role of endorphins discovered | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 1 January 1998 | work = PBS Online: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries | publisher = Public Broadcasting System | pages = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 15 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hughes J, Smith T, Kosterlitz H, Fothergill L, Morgan B, Morris H |title=Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity |journal=Nature |volume=258 |issue=5536 |pages=577–80 |year=1975 |pmid=1207728 | doi = 10.1038/258577a0}}</ref> |
* John Hughes and [[Hans Kosterlitz]] of [[Scotland]] isolated — from the [[brain]] of a [[pig]] — what some called [[enkephalin]]s (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|εγκέφαλος}}, ''{{lang|la|cerebrum}}'').<ref name="urlA Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Role of endorphins discovered">{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh75en.html | title = Role of endorphins discovered | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 1 January 1998 | work = PBS Online: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries | publisher = Public Broadcasting System | pages = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 15 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hughes J, Smith T, Kosterlitz H, Fothergill L, Morgan B, Morris H |title=Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity |journal=Nature |volume=258 |issue=5536 |pages=577–80 |year=1975 |pmid=1207728 | doi = 10.1038/258577a0}}</ref> |
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* Around the same time, in a |
* Around the same time, in a [calf (animal)|]] brain, Rabi Simantov and [[Solomon H. Snyder]] of the [[United States]] found<ref>{{cite journal |author=Simantov R, Snyder S |title=Morphine-like peptides in a mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with an opiate receptor |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=2515–9 |year=1976 |pmid=1065904 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.73.7.2515 |pmc=430630}}</ref> what Eric Simon (who independently discovered opioid receptors in vertebral brains) later termed "endorphin" by an [[abbreviation]] of "endogenous morphine", meaning "[[morphine]] produced naturally in the body".<ref name="pmid1195988"/> Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated that human and diverse animal tissues are in fact capable of producing morphine itself, which is not a [[peptide]].<ref name="pmid15383669">{{cite journal | author = Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH | title = Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 39 | pages = 14091–6 |date=September 2004 | pmid = 15383669 | pmc = 521124 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0405430101 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17006413">{{cite journal | author = Kream RM, Stefano GB | title = De novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based model | journal = Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = RA207–19 |date=October 2006 | pmid = 17006413 | doi = | url = http://www.medscimonit.com/fulltxt.php?ICID=459203 | issn = }}</ref> |
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==Activity== |
==Activity== |
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Revision as of 12:46, 18 October 2015
 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (May 2014) |  |
Endorphins ("endogenous morphine") are endogenous opioid neuropeptides. They are produced by the central nervous system and pituitary gland. The term implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals) as opposed to a specific chemical formulation. It consists of two parts: endo- and -orphin; these are short forms of the words endogenous and morphine, intended to mean "a morphine-like substance originating from within the body".[1] The class of endorphin compounds includes α-endorphin, β-endorphin, γ-endorphin, α-neo-endorphin, and β-neo-endorphin. The principal function of endorphins is to inhibit the transmission of pain signals; they may also produce a feeling of euphoria very similar to that produced by other opioids.[2]
History
Opioid neuropeptides were first discovered in 1974 by two independent groups of investigators:
- John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz of Scotland isolated — from the brain of a pig — what some called enkephalins (from the Greek εγκέφαλος, cerebrum).[3][4]
- Around the same time, in a [calf (animal)|]] brain, Rabi Simantov and Solomon H. Snyder of the United States found[5] what Eric Simon (who independently discovered opioid receptors in vertebral brains) later termed "endorphin" by an abbreviation of "endogenous morphine", meaning "morphine produced naturally in the body".[1] Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated that human and diverse animal tissues are in fact capable of producing morphine itself, which is not a peptide.[6][7]
Activity
Scientists sometimes debate whether specific activities release measurable levels of endorphins. Much of the current data comes from animals which may not be relevant to humans. The studies that do involve humans often measure endorphin plasma levels, which do not necessarily correlate with levels in the central nervous system. Other studies use a blanket opioid antagonist (usually naloxone) to indirectly measure the release of endorphins by observing the changes that occur when any endorphin activity that might be present is blocked.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014) |
Depersonalization disorder
Endorphins are known to play a role in depersonalization disorder. The opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone have both been proven to be successful in treating depersonalization.[8][9] To quote a 2001 naloxone study, "In [3] of 14 patients, depersonalization symptoms disappeared entirely, and [7] patients showed a marked improvement. The therapeutic effect of naloxone provides evidence for the role of the endogenous opioid system in the pathogenesis of depersonalization."[non-primary source needed]
Etymology
From the words ἔνδον / [éndon] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help) meaning "within" (endogenous, ἐνδογενής / [endogenes] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), "proceeding from within") and morphine, from Morpheus (Μορφεύς / [Morpheús] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), the god of sleep in the Greek mythology, thus 'endo(genous) (mo)rphine’.
References
- ^ a b Goldstein A, Lowery PJ (September 1975). "Effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in rats". Life Sciences. 17 (6): 927–31. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(75)90445-2. PMID 1195988.
- ^ "Is there a link between exercise and happiness?". Retrieved 18 September 2014.
- ^ "Role of endorphins discovered". PBS Online: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries. Public Broadcasting System. 1 January 1998. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Hughes J, Smith T, Kosterlitz H, Fothergill L, Morgan B, Morris H (1975). "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity". Nature. 258 (5536): 577–80. doi:10.1038/258577a0. PMID 1207728.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Simantov R, Snyder S (1976). "Morphine-like peptides in a mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with an opiate receptor". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 73 (7): 2515–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2515. PMC 430630. PMID 1065904.
- ^ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH (September 2004). "Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (39): 14091–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405430101. PMC 521124. PMID 15383669.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kream RM, Stefano GB (October 2006). "De novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based model". Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 12 (10): RA207–19. PMID 17006413.
- ^ Nuller YL, Morozova MG, Kushnir ON, Hamper N (June 2001). "Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization: a pilot study". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 15 (2): 93–5. doi:10.1177/026988110101500205. PMID 11448093.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Simeon, Daphne. "An Open Trial of Naltrexone in the Treatment of Depersonalization Disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
External links
- Endorphins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
