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Non-binary (also spelled nonbinary), or genderqueer, is a spectrum of gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine‍—‌identities that are outside the gender binary.^[1] Non-binary identities can fall under the transgender umbrella, since many non-binary people identify with a gender that is different from their assigned sex.^[2]

Non-binary people may identify as having two or more genders (being bigender or trigender);^[3]^[4] having no gender (agender, nongendered, genderless, genderfree or neutrois); moving between genders or having a fluctuating gender identity (genderfluid);^[5] being third gender or other-gendered (a category that includes those who do not place a name to their gender).^[6]

Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation,^[7] and non-binary people have a variety of sexual orientations, just as cisgender people do.^[8]

A non-binary gender is not associated with a specific gender expression, such as androgyny. Non-binary people as a group have a wide variety of gender expressions, and some may reject gender "identities" altogether.^[9] Some non-binary people are medically treated for gender dysphoria with surgery or hormones, as trans men and women are.

Definitions and identity

The term genderqueer originated in queer zines of the 1980s and is a precursor to the term non-binary.^[10] In addition to being an umbrella term, genderqueer has been used as an adjective to refer to any people who transgress distinctions of gender, regardless of their self-defined gender identity, or "queer" gender. Individuals may express gender non-normatively by not conforming into the binary gender categories of "man" and "woman".^[11] Genderqueer is often used to self-identify by people who challenge binary social constructions of gender.^[12]

The term has also been applied by those describing what they see as a gender ambiguity.^[13] Androgynous (also androgyne) is frequently used as a descriptive term for people in this category. This is because the term androgyny is closely associated with a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.^[14] However, not all genderqueer people identify as androgynous. Some genderqueer people identify as a masculine woman or a feminine man or combine genderqueer with another gender option.^[15]

Many references use the term transgender to include genderqueer/non-binary people.^[9]^[16]^[17] The Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum use the term gender-expansive to convey "a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system".^[18]

Bigender, bi-gender, or dual gender is a gender identity that includes any two gender identities and behaviors. Identifying as bigender is typically understood to mean that one identifies as both male and female or moves between masculine gender expression and feminine gender expression, having two distinct gender identities simultaneously or fluctuating between them.^[19]^[20]^[21] This is different from identifying as genderfluid, as those who identify as genderfluid may not go back and forth between any fixed gender identities and may experience an entire range or spectrum of identities over time.^[22]^[23] The American Psychological Association describes the bigender identity as part of the umbrella of transgender identities.^[24] Some bigender individuals express two distinct personas, which may be feminine, masculine, agender, androgyne, or other gender identities; others find that they identify as two genders simultaneously. A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and 8% of those who were assigned female at birth identified as either "a transvestite, cross-dresser, drag queen, or a bigendered person".^[25] A 2016 Harris poll conducted on behalf of GLAAD found that 1% of millennials identify as bigender.^[26]^[27]

Genderfluid people often express a desire to remain flexible about their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.^[28] They may fluctuate between differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.^[28]^[29] A genderfluid individual may also identify as bigender - shifting between masculine and feminine; or as trigender - shifting between these and a third gender.^[3]^[4] Infact gender fluidity is ipso facto of gender, in that the definition of gender intrinsically includes the notion of fluidity by definition. ^[30] ^[31]

Agender people ('a-' meaning "without"), also called genderless, genderfree, non-gendered, or ungendered,^[32]^[33] are those who identify as having no gender or being without a gender identity.^[34]^[35]^[36] Although this category includes a broad range of identities which do not conform to traditional gender norms, scholar Finn Enke states that people who identify with any of these positions may not necessarily self-identify as transgender.^[37] Agender people have no specific set of pronouns; singular they is typically used, but it is not the default.^[38] Neutrois and agender were two of 50 available custom genders on Facebook, which were added on 13 February 2014.^[39] Agender is also available as a gender option on OkCupid since 17 November 2014.^[40]

Demigender is a gender identity of a person identifying partially or mostly with one gender and at the same time with another gender.^[41]^[42] There are several subcategories of the identity. A demi-boy or demi-man, for example, identifies at least partially with being a boy or a man, no matter the sex and gender they were assigned at birth, while other parts of their identity might be assigned to other genders, genderfluid or no other gender (agender). A demiflux person feels that the stable part of their identity is non-binary.^[42]

Transfeminine and transmasculine may be used to describe individuals who, respectively, were assigned male or female at birth, but align more closely with femininity or masculinity, while not necessarily fully identifying as a woman or a man.^[43]

History

In 1992, after the publication of Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come by Leslie Feinberg, the term transgender was broadened to become a term for gender variation in general.^[44] This is highlighted in 1994, when activist Kate Bornstein wrote “All the categories of transgender find a common ground in that they each break one or more of the rules of gender: What we have in common is that we are gender outlaws, every one of us.”^[45]

The term genderqueer came into use during the mid-1990s among political activists.^[44] Riki Anne Wilchins is often associated with the word and claims to have coined it.^[46] Wikchins used the term in a 1995 essay published in the first issue of In Your Face to describe anyone who is gender nonconforming.^[47]^[48] They were also one of the main contributors to the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary which was published in 2002.^[49] Wilchins stated they identify as genderqueer in their 1997 autobiography.^[47]

The internet popularized the term genderqueer , as a wide audience was able to be reached very quickly.^[44] In 2008, The New York Times used the word genderqueer.^[50]^[44] In the 2010s, this term became more popularized as many celebrities publicly identified as gender nonconforming.^[51] In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project was started to advocate for expanding gender options on official documentation.^[52] In 2016, Jamie Shupe was the first person to have a nonbinary gender on official documents in the United States.^[53]

Gender neutrality

Gender neutrality is the movement to end discrimination of gender altogether in society through means of gender-neutral language, the end of sex segregation, and other means.

Pronouns and titles

Some non-binary/genderqueer people prefer to use gender-neutral pronouns. Usage of singular 'they', 'their' and 'them' is the most common;^[54] and ze, sie, hir, co, and ey are used as well. Some others prefer the conventional gender-specific pronouns 'her' or 'him', prefer to be referred to alternately as 'he' and 'she', or prefer to use only their name and not use pronouns at all.^[55] Many prefer additional neutral language, such as the title 'Mx.' instead of Mr. or Ms.^[56]

Legal recognition

In today's society, many non-binary/genderqueer people still use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business because many areas of life still conduct business with binary genders. Things are changing though as more businesses are becoming more accepting of non-binary genders.^[57] Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. Some non-western societies have long recognized transgender people as a third gender, though this may not (or may only recently)^[58] include formal legal recognition. In western societies, Australia may have been the first country to legally recognize third classifications, following recognition of Alex MacFarlane as having indeterminate sex, reported in 2003.^[59]

While the United States does not federally recognize a non-binary gender, in 2016 Oregon became the first state to recognize a non-binary gender identity.^[60] Following Oregon, in 2017 California passed an act allowing citizens to identify as "non-binary" on official documents.^[60] As of 2019, eight states have passed acts that allow "non-binary" or "X" designations on certain identifying documents.^[60] One of the main arguments against the inclusion of a third gender identifier in the U.S. is that it would make law enforcement and surveillance harder, however countries that have officially recognized a third gender marker have not reported these issues.^[60] In the United States there are no explicit laws to protect non-binary people from discrimination, however it is illegal for an employer to require employees to conform to sex stereotypes.^[61]

Discrimination

In the United States, the majority of respondents to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose "A gender not listed here". The "not listed here" respondents were nine percentage-points (33 percent) more likely to report forgoing healthcare due to fear of discrimination than the general sample (36 percent compared to 27 percent). Ninety percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 percent reported having attempted suicide.^[62]

The majority of reported discrimination faced by non-binary individuals often includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect.^[60] People who are non-binary are also often viewed as partaking in part of a trend, and are thus deemed insincere or attention seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a large form of discrimination faced by non-binary individuals.^[60]

Misgendering is also a problem that many individuals face, be it intentional or unintentional. In the case of intentional misgendering, transphobia is a driving force. Also, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped into the larger, controversial, subject of safe spaces and political correctness,^[63] causing push back, and intentional misgendering from some individuals. In the case of unintentional misgendering, it is often expected for the person who is misgendered to console and forgive the person who made the mistake.^[64]

Symbols and observances

Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.^[67]^[68]^[69] The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014.^[70] Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those who feel their gender is a mixture of – or between – male and female, black represents people who feel as if they have no gender,^[67] and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.

Genderfluid people, who also fall under the genderqueer umbrella, have their own flag as well. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.^[68]^[71]

Agender people, who also sometimes identify as genderqueer, have their own flag. This flag uses black and white stripes to represent an absence of gender, and a green stripe to represent non-binary genders.^[72]

International Non-Binary People's Day is celebrated on 14 July.^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]

Trans pride flag, in which white represents non-binary people^[77]^[78]
Agender pride flag
Genderfluid pride flag
Genderqueer pride flag
Non-binary pride flag
Non-binary gender symbol

Population figures

A 2019 survey of the Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ population in the Canadian city of Hamilton, Ontario called Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton showed that 19% of the 906 respondents identified as non-binary.^[79]

A 2017 survey of Canadian LGBT+ people called LGBT+ Realities Survey found that 4% of the 1,897 respondents identified as non-binary transgender and 1% identified as non-binary outside of the transgender umbrella.^[80]

According to The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 35% of the nearly 28,000 transgender respondents to the anonymous online survey identified as non-binary.^[81]^[82]

A 2011 survey conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the UK found that 0.4% of the 10,039 respondents identified as non-binary.^[83]

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 '''Bigender''', bi-gender, or dual gender  is a [[gender identity]] that includes any two gender identities and [[gender behavior|behaviors]]. Identifying as bigender is typically understood to mean that one identifies as both male and female or moves between masculine gender expression and feminine gender expression, having two distinct gender identities simultaneously or fluctuating between them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/ruth-dudley-edwards/asexual-bigender-transexual-or-cis-cant-we-all-just-be-kind-to-each-other-30513083.html|title=Asexual, bigender, transexual or cis, can't we all just be kind to each other?|website=Independent.ie|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-third-gender-x-oregon-and-california-are-breaking-mf-binary-626551|title=Oregon becomes first state to allow option "X" to end gender binary|last=EDT|first=Sofia Lotto Persio On 6/16/17 at 11:45 AM|date=2017-06-16|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/nonbinary-definition-pronouns/|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about being nonbinary|date=2017-09-28|website=The Daily Dot|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> This is different from identifying as [[genderfluid]], as those who identify as genderfluid may not go back and forth between any fixed gender identities and may experience an entire range or spectrum of identities over time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid/|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=2019-12-02|website=Monsters and Critics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary/|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=2018-04-26|website=PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> The [[American Psychological Association]] describes the bigender identity as part of the umbrella of transgender identities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation|title=Sexual orientation and gender identity|date=|work=|access-date=2019-12-18|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Some bigender individuals express two distinct [[persona|personas]], which may be feminine, masculine, [[agender]], [[androgyne]], or other gender identities; others find that they identify as two genders simultaneously. A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and  8% of those who were assigned female at birth identified as either "a transvestite, cross-dresser, drag queen, or a bigendered person".<ref>Clements, K. [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02 San Francisco Department of Public Health], 1999</ref> A 2016 [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris poll]] conducted on behalf of [[GLAAD]] found that 1% of [[millennial|millennials]] identify as bigender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/eeoc-now-gives-nonbinary-people-a-way-to-be-counted-in-workplace-6cd48e1cc804/|title=EEOC now gives nonbinary people a way to be counted in workplace|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf|title=Accelerating Acceptance 2017|publisher=GLAAD}}</ref>
-'''Genderfluid''' people often express a desire to remain flexible about their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.<ref name=Cronn-Mills>{{cite book|last1=Cronn-Mills|first1=Kirstin|title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|date=2015|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-7613-9022-0|page=24}}</ref> They may fluctuate between differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.<ref name=Cronn-Mills /><ref name=McGuire2015>{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=Peter|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|accessdate=1 December 2015|work=The Irish Times|date=9 November 2015}}</ref> A genderfluid individual may also identify as bigender - shifting between masculine and feminine; or as ''trigender'' - shifting between these and a third gender.<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |accessdate=4 August 2019 |date=17 January 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742}}</ref><ref name=Whyte>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=25 September 2018 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref>
+'''Genderfluid''' people often express a desire to remain flexible about their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.<ref name=Cronn-Mills>{{cite book|last1=Cronn-Mills|first1=Kirstin|title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|date=2015|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-7613-9022-0|page=24}}</ref> They may fluctuate between differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.<ref name=Cronn-Mills /><ref name=McGuire2015>{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=Peter|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|accessdate=1 December 2015|work=The Irish Times|date=9 November 2015}}</ref> A genderfluid individual may also identify as bigender - shifting between masculine and feminine; or as ''trigender'' - shifting between these and a third gender.<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |accessdate=4 August 2019 |date=17 January 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742}}</ref><ref name=Whyte>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=25 September 2018 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref> Infact gender fluidity is ''[[ipso facto]]'' of gender, in that the definition of gender intrinsically includes the notion of fluidity by definition. <ref>Todd W Reeser, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0_8uAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=male+beauty&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixzfntwJfoAhUYHcAKHa7XBaYQ6AEIKzAA#v=snippet&q=models&f=false p.2], of {{cite book |last1=Krauss|first1=Kenneth |title=Male Beauty: Postwar Masculinity in Theater, Film, and Physique Magazines |date=2014 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] 1 May 2014 (reprint) |isbn=143845001X |page=2 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0_8uAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} ISBN 9781438450018 ''SUNY Series in Queer Politics and Cultures'', c.f. [https://www.google.com/search?q=omnipresent&rlz=1C1CHBD_en-GBGB874GB874&oq=omnipresent&aqs=chrome..69i57.2751j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 "omnipresent"] (Reeser) - [https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/omnipresent "constantly"], www.lexico.com, (using [[Google]]) - accessed 2020-03-13</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=French & Italian Languages and Literature - Todd W. Reeser |url=https://www.frenchanditalian.pitt.edu/person/todd-w-reeser |website=[[University of Pittsburgh]] |publisher=www.frenchanditalian.pitt.edu}} - "..2013-2018 Director of the Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies Program at the [[University of Pittsburgh]]..." - accessed 2020-03-13</ref>
 '''Agender''' people ('[[wikt:a-#Etymology|a]]-' meaning "without"), also called genderless, genderfree, non-gendered, or ungendered,<ref>{{cite web|title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment |url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |website=Encompass Network |accessdate=18 October 2014 |pages=52–53 |date=April 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archivedate=24 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gender alphabet|url= http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf|website=Safe Homes|accessdate=18 October 2014|page=1}}</ref> are those who identify as having no gender or being without a gender identity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism"|journal = Journal of GLBT Family Studies|pages = 493–494|volume = 7|issue = 5|doi = 10.1080/1550428x.2011.623982|first = Marc E.|last = Vargo|year = 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ|publisher = Twenty-First Century Books|date = 1 September 2014|isbn = 978-1-4677-4796-7|language = en|first = Kirstin|last = Cronn-Mills}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Taking the "Sex" out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media|last = Schorn|first = Johanna|date = 22 February 2016|journal = |doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> Although this category includes a broad range of identities which do not conform to traditional [[gender norms]], scholar Finn Enke states that people who identify with any of these positions may not necessarily self-identify as transgender.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Note on terms and concepts|author=<!-- no author --> |title= Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies |editor= Anne Enke |publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|pages=16–20, see pp. 18–9|isbn= 978-1-4399-0748-1|year=2012}}</ref> Agender people have no specific set of pronouns; [[singular they]] is typically used, but it is not the default.<ref>{{cite web|title = What Does "Agender" Mean? 6 Things To Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url = http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|website = [[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|date=16 September 2015|access-date = 22 February 2016}}</ref> Neutrois and agender were two of 50 available custom genders on [[Facebook]], which were added on 13 February 2014.<ref name="Telegraph2014">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 14 February 2014.</ref> Agender is also available as a gender option on [[OkCupid]] since 17 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options/|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref>