Jump to content

Handstand: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎See also: link to Commons is now defined on wikidata
 
Line 15: Line 15:
[[File:CapoeiraHandstand1 ST 05.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Capoeira]] handstand with bent legs]]
[[File:CapoeiraHandstand1 ST 05.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Capoeira]] handstand with bent legs]]


Handstands are performed in many athletic activities, including [[acro dance]], [[cheerleading]], [[circus]], [[yoga]], [[capoeira]], [[calisthenics]], and [[gymnastics]]. Some variation of a handstand is performed on every gymnastic apparatus, and many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position during their execution. [[Breakdance]]rs incorporate handstands in [[freeze (breakdance move)|freeze]]s and [[kick (breakdance move)|kick]]s. Armstand dives—a category found in competitive [[Diving (sport)#Dive groups|platform diving]]—are dives that begin with a handstand. [[Swimming (sport)|Swimmers]] often perform [[underwater]] handstands as a stunt, with their heads, arms, and bodies underwater and their legs and feet extended above the surface, often having games or contests with the winner being the person who can remain in an underwater handstand the longest.
Handstands are performed in many athletic activities, including [[acro dance]], [[cheerleading]], [[circus]], [[yoga]], [[capoeira]], [[calisthenics]], [[swimming]] and [[gymnastics]]. Some variation of a handstand is performed on every gymnastic apparatus, and many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position during their execution. [[Breakdance]]rs incorporate handstands in [[freeze (breakdance move)|freeze]]s and [[kick (breakdance move)|kick]]s.


Handstands are known by various other names. In modern [[yoga as exercise]], the handstand is called '''Adho Mukha Vrksasana'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yogavastu.com/p/adho-mukha-vrksasana/ | publisher=Yoga Vastu |title=Adho Mukha Vrksasana | date=October 2020}}</ref>
Handstands are known by various other names. In modern [[yoga as exercise]], the handstand is called '''Adho Mukha Vrksasana'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yogavastu.com/p/adho-mukha-vrksasana/ | publisher=Yoga Vastu |title=Adho Mukha Vrksasana | date=October 2020}}</ref>
Line 24: Line 24:


In modern [[yoga as exercise]], the handstand is among the inverted poses; it is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Budilovsky |first1=Joan |last2=Adamson |first2=Eve |title=The complete idiot's guide to yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5pE8-Oyly0C |edition=2 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-02-863970-3 |page=179}}</ref> Downward-facing Tree Pose. In traditional [[hatha yoga]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, the ''Vyayāmadipike'', which calls it the "second ''gardam''", and the ''[[Śrītattvanidhi]]'' use the handstand in a sequence involving touching the nose to the ground; the ''[[Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati]]'' calls this Syenasana, meaning hawk pose.<ref name="Birch Singleton 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |author1-link=Jason Birch |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=The Yoga of the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati: Hathayoga on the Cusp of Modernity |journal=Journal of Yoga Studies |date=2019 |volume=2 |pages=3–70 |doi=10.34000/JoYS.2019.V2 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32089/1/Jason%20Birch%20and%20Mark%20Singleton%20Hathabhyasapaddhati%20Journal%20of%20Yoga%20Studies%20Dec%202019.pdf <!--authorised eprint at authors' site-->}}</ref>
In modern [[yoga as exercise]], the handstand is among the inverted poses; it is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Budilovsky |first1=Joan |last2=Adamson |first2=Eve |title=The complete idiot's guide to yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5pE8-Oyly0C |edition=2 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-02-863970-3 |page=179}}</ref> Downward-facing Tree Pose. In traditional [[hatha yoga]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, the ''Vyayāmadipike'', which calls it the "second ''gardam''", and the ''[[Śrītattvanidhi]]'' use the handstand in a sequence involving touching the nose to the ground; the ''[[Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati]]'' calls this Syenasana, meaning hawk pose.<ref name="Birch Singleton 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |author1-link=Jason Birch |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=The Yoga of the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati: Hathayoga on the Cusp of Modernity |journal=Journal of Yoga Studies |date=2019 |volume=2 |pages=3–70 |doi=10.34000/JoYS.2019.V2 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32089/1/Jason%20Birch%20and%20Mark%20Singleton%20Hathabhyasapaddhati%20Journal%20of%20Yoga%20Studies%20Dec%202019.pdf <!--authorised eprint at authors' site-->}}</ref>

===Swimming===
[[Swimming (sport)|Swimmers]] often perform [[underwater]] handstands as a stunt, with their heads, arms, and bodies underwater and their legs and feet extended above the surface, often having games or contests with the winner being the person who can remain in an underwater handstand the longest.
Armstand dives—a category found in competitive [[Diving (sport)#Dive groups|platform diving]]—are dives that begin with a handstand.


===Gymnastics===
===Gymnastics===

Latest revision as of 20:44, 29 May 2024

An acro dancer pauses in a precision handstand before handwalking across the stage.

A handstand is the act of supporting the body in a stable, inverted vertical position by balancing on the hands. In a basic handstand, the body is held straight with arms and legs fully extended, with hands spaced approximately shoulder-width apart and the legs together. There are many variations of handstands, all of which require the performer to possess adequate balance and upper body strength.

Kinematics[edit]

Handstands use the wrist flexor muscles as well as the anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and trapezius descendens.[1] It is considered demanding in terms of both the muscle and joint requirement.[2]

According to a 2017 study most handbalancers use wrist movement to maintain balance in a handstand.[3]

Another study found that handbalancers who were also expert gymnasts had better coordination than those at an intermediate level of gymnastics.[4] More advanced practitioners also altered their center of pressure less to change the center of mass when making corrections to handstand position.[5]

Handstand moves involving an especially high amount of strength include the press handstand[6][7] and handstand push-up.[8]

Types of activities that use handstands[edit]

Capoeira handstand with bent legs

Handstands are performed in many athletic activities, including acro dance, cheerleading, circus, yoga, capoeira, calisthenics, swimming and gymnastics. Some variation of a handstand is performed on every gymnastic apparatus, and many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position during their execution. Breakdancers incorporate handstands in freezes and kicks.

Handstands are known by various other names. In modern yoga as exercise, the handstand is called Adho Mukha Vrksasana.[9] In capoeira it is named bananeira.[10]

Yoga[edit]

Adho Mukha Vrikshasana with legs in Garudasana (Eagle pose)

In modern yoga as exercise, the handstand is among the inverted poses; it is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana,[11] Downward-facing Tree Pose. In traditional hatha yoga in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Vyayāmadipike, which calls it the "second gardam", and the Śrītattvanidhi use the handstand in a sequence involving touching the nose to the ground; the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati calls this Syenasana, meaning hawk pose.[12]

Swimming[edit]

Swimmers often perform underwater handstands as a stunt, with their heads, arms, and bodies underwater and their legs and feet extended above the surface, often having games or contests with the winner being the person who can remain in an underwater handstand the longest.

Armstand dives—a category found in competitive platform diving—are dives that begin with a handstand.

Gymnastics[edit]

There are two basic handstand styles in modern gymnastics: curved-back and straight-back.[13] Straight-back style is employed when the aesthetics of straight body lines are desired and feasible. In many cases (e.g., when a handstand is being performed in conjunction with a gymnastic apparatus), however, the curved-back style is preferred as it offers superior control of the legs and torso over balance. In all cases, balance is maintained by shifting body weight towards the fingers or the heel of the hand.

All basic gymnastic handstands have these characteristics:

  • Straight arms with hands placed on the ground approximately shoulder-width apart.
  • Straight legs, held together.
  • Pointed toes so as to continue the lines of the legs.

In addition, straight-back handstands have these characteristics:

  • Tucked head (face pointed forward) as if standing upright.
  • Straight spine, with hips pushed forward. If performed while lying flat, this would cause the small of the back to contact ground.

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handstands.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kochanowicz, Andrzej; Niespodziński, Bartłomiej; Mieszkowski, Jan; Marina, Michel; Kochanowicz, Kazimierz; Zasada, Mariusz (2019). "Changes in the Muscle Activity of Gymnasts During a Handstand on Various Apparatus". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (6): 1609–1618. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002124. PMID 28700510. S2CID 207500662.
  2. ^ Calderón-Díaz, Mailyn; Ulloa-Jiménez, Ricardo; Saavedra, Carolina; Salas, Rodrigo (2021). "Wavelet-based semblance analysis to determine muscle synergy for different handstand postures of Chilean circus athletes". Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 24 (10): 1053–1063. doi:10.1080/10255842.2020.1867113. PMID 33426917. S2CID 231576614.
  3. ^ Blenkinsop, Glen M.; Pain, Matthew T. G.; Hiley, Michael J. (2017). "Balance control strategies during perturbed and unperturbed balance in standing and handstand". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (7): 161018. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461018B. doi:10.1098/rsos.161018. PMC 5541526. PMID 28791131.
  4. ^ Gautier, Geoffroy; Marin, Ludovic; Leroy, David; Thouvarecq, Régis (2009). "Dynamics of expertise level: Coordination in handstand". Human Movement Science. 28 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2008.05.003. PMID 18986720.
  5. ^ Wyatt, Hannah E.; Vicinanza, Domenico; Newell, Karl M.; Irwin, Gareth; Williams, Genevieve K. R. (2021). "Bidirectional causal control in the dynamics of handstand balance". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 405. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79730-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7801474. PMID 33432011.
  6. ^ Mizutori, Hisashi; Kashiwagi, Yu; Hakamada, Noriko; Tachibana, Yasunori; Funato, Kazuo (2021). "Kinematics and joints moments profile during straight arm press to handstand in male gymnasts". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253951. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653951M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253951. PMC 8279359. PMID 34260617.
  7. ^ Prassas, Spiros G. (1988). "Biomechanical Model of the Press Handstand in Gymnastics". International Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 4 (4): 326–341. doi:10.1123/ijsb.4.4.326.
  8. ^ Johnson, Abigail; Meador, Melanie; Bodamer, Meghan; Langford, Emily; Snarr, Ronald L. (2019). "Exercise Technique: Handstand Push-up". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 41 (2): 119–123. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000427. S2CID 56807126.
  9. ^ "Adho Mukha Vrksasana". Yoga Vastu. October 2020.
  10. ^ Taylor, Gerard (4 September 2012). Capoeira 100: An Illustrated Guide to the Essential Movements and Techniques. North Atlantic Books. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-58394-638-1.
  11. ^ Budilovsky, Joan; Adamson, Eve (2000). The complete idiot's guide to yoga (2 ed.). Penguin. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-02-863970-3.
  12. ^ Birch, Jason; Singleton, Mark (2019). "The Yoga of the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati: Hathayoga on the Cusp of Modernity" (PDF). Journal of Yoga Studies. 2: 3–70. doi:10.34000/JoYS.2019.V2.
  13. ^ "Different Styles of Handstands". Retrieved 2010-09-29.

Further reading[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handstand&oldid=1226309550"