Nevada

This article is about the U.S. state of Nevada. For other uses, see Nevada (disambiguation).

Nevada
State
Country	United States
Before statehood	Nevada Territory
Admitted to the Union	October 31, 1864 (36th)
Capital	Carson City
Largest city	Las Vegas
Largest county or equivalent	Nye
Largest metro and urban areas	Las Vegas Valley
Government
• Governor	Jim Gibbons (R)
• Lieutenant Governor	Brian Krolicki (R)
Legislature	Nevada Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Assembly
U.S. senators	Harry Reid (D) John Ensign (R)
U.S. House delegation	1: Shelley Berkley (D) 2: Dean Heller (R) 3: Dina Titus (D) (list)
Population
• Total	2,643,085 (2,009 est.) 1,998,257 (2,000)
• Density	23.4/sq mi (9.02/km2)
• Median household income	$56,361
• Income rank	15th
Language
• Official language	De jure: None De facto: English
Traditional abbreviation	Nev.
Latitude	35° N to 42° N
Longitude	114° 2′ W to 120° W

Nevada /nəˈvædə/ is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.

Nevada is the seventh-largest state in area, and geographically covers the Mojave Desert in the south to the Great Basin in the north. It is the most arid state in the Union. Approximately 86% of the state's land is owned by the US federal government under various jurisdictions, both civilian and military. As of 2008, there were about 2.6 million residents, with over 85% of the population residing in the metropolitan areas of Las Vegas and Reno. The state is well known for its easy marriage and divorce proceedings, entertainment, legalized gambling and, in eight out of its 16 counties, legalized active brothels.

Etymology and pronunciation

The quartzite of the Prospect Mountain Formation on top of Wheeler Peak, the highest peak entirely within Nevada.

The name "Nevada" comes from the Spanish Nevada [neˈβaða], meaning "snowfall", after the Sierra Nevada ("snow-covered mountains") mountain range.

The second syllable of "Nevada" is correctly pronounced with the /æ/ vowel of "bad". Many people from outside the Western United States pronounce the name /nəˈvɑːdə/, with the /ɑː/ vowel of "father"; this is closer to the Spanish pronunciation of 'a', but is considered incorrect by locals. Notably, George W. Bush made this faux pas during his campaign for the 2004 US Presidential Election. Vindication later came when President Bush campaigned at the Reno-Sparks Convention Center on June 18, 2004. The president opened his talk by proclaiming that "It's great to be here in /nəˈˈvædə/," emphasizing the correct 'a' — the crowd roared its approval when he light-heartedly noted "You didn't think I'd get it right, did ya?". President Bush subsequently carried the state in the election. Assemblyman Harry Mortenson has proposed a bill to recognize the alternate (Spanish) pronunciation of Nevada.

Geography

Digitally colored elevation map of Nevada

Further information: [[:List of Nevada counties]]

Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many north-south mountain ranges. Most of these ranges have endorheic valleys between them, which belies the image portrayed by the term Great Basin.

Pinion Juniper forests cover large areas of the north and central parts of the state.

Sunrise over Reno

Basin and Range scenery near Rachel

Much of the northern part of the state is within the Great Basin, a mild desert that experiences hot temperatures in the summer and cold temperatures in the winter. Occasionally, moisture from the Arizona Monsoon will cause summer thunderstorms; Pacific storms may blanket the area with snow. The state's highest recorded temperature was 125 °F (52 °C) in Laughlin (elevation of 605 feet (184 m)) on June 29, 1994. The coldest recorded temperature was −52 °F (−47 °C) set in San Jacinto in 1972, in the northeastern portion of the state.

The Humboldt River crosses from east to west across the northern part of the state, draining into the Humboldt Sink near Lovelock. Several rivers drain from the Sierra Nevada eastward, including the Walker, Truckee and Carson rivers.

Mountains west of Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert

The mountain ranges, some of which have peaks above 13,000 feet (4,000 m), harbor lush forests high above desert plains, creating sky islands for endemic species. The valleys are often no lower in elevation than 3,000 feet (900 m).

The southern third of the state, where the Las Vegas area is situated, is within the Mojave Desert. The area receives less rain in the winter but is closer to the Arizona Monsoon in the summer. The terrain is also lower, mostly below 4,000 feet (1,200 m), creating conditions for hot summer days and cool to chilly winter nights (due to temperature inversion).

Nevada and California have by far the longest diagonal line (in respect to the cardinal directions) as a state boundary at just over 400 miles (640 km). This line begins in Lake Tahoe nearly 4 miles (6 km) offshore (in the direction of the boundary), and continues to the Colorado River where the Nevada, California, and Arizona boundaries merge 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the Laughlin Bridge.

The largest mountain range in the southern portion of the state is the Spring Mountain Range, just west of Las Vegas. The state's lowest point is along the Colorado River, south of Laughlin.

Nevada has 172 mountain summits with 2,000 feet (610 m) of prominence. Nevada ranks second in the US, behind Alaska, and ahead of California, Montana, and Washington. This makes Nevada the "Most Mountainous" state in the country, at least by this measure.

Climate

Nevada is made up of mostly desert and semiarid climate regions, daytime summer temperatures sometimes may rise as high as 125 °F (52 °C) and nighttime winter temperatures may reach as low as −50 °F (−46 °C). The winter season in the southern part of the state, however, tends to be of short duration and mild. Most parts of Nevada receive scarce precipitation during the year. Most rain falls on the lee side (east and northeast slopes) of the Sierra Nevada Range. The average annual rainfall per year is about 7 inches (18 cm); the wettest parts get around 40 inches (100 cm).

Vegetation

Nevada is mostly made up of desert vegetation regions, which include plants like short grasses, low bushes, cacti, and shrub-like trees like the mesquite.

Counties

Nevada is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Carson City is officially a consolidated municipality; however, for many purposes under state law it is considered to be a county. As of 1919 there were 17 counties in the state, ranging from 146 to 18,159 square miles (378 to 47,032 km²). In 1969 Ormsby County was dissolved and the consolidated municipality of Carson City was created by the Legislature in its place co-terminous with the old boundaries of Ormsby County.

NEVADA COUNTIES
County name	County seat	Year founded	2000 population	Percent of total	Area (mi²)	Percent of total	Population density (/mi²)
Carson City	Carson City	1861	52,457	2.63 %	146	0.13 %	359.29
Churchill	Fallon	1861	23,982	1.20 %	5,023	4.54 %	4.77
Clark	Las Vegas	1908	1,375,765	68.85 %	8,091	7.32 %	170.04
Douglas	Minden	1861	41,259	2.06 %	738	0.67 %	55.91
Elko	Elko	1869	45,291	2.27 %	17,203	15.56 %	2.63
Esmeralda	Goldfield	1861	971	0.05 %	3,589	3.25 %	0.27
Eureka	Eureka	1869	1,651	0.08 %	4,180	3.78 %	0.39
Humboldt	Winnemucca	1856/1861	16,106	0.81 %	9,658	8.74 %	1.67
Lander	Battle Mountain	1861	5,794	0.29 %	5,519	4.99 %	1.05
Lincoln	Pioche	1866	4,165	0.21 %	10,637	9.62 %	0.39
Lyon	Yerington	1861	34,501	1.73 %	2,016	1.82 %	17.11
Mineral	Hawthorne	1911	5,071	0.25 %	3,813	3.45 %	1.33
Nye	Tonopah	1864	32,485	1.63 %	18,159	16.43 %	1.79
Pershing	Lovelock	1919	6,693	0.33 %	6,068	5.49 %	1.10
Storey	Virginia City	1861	3,399	0.17 %	264	0.24 %	12.88
Washoe	Reno	1861	339,486	16.99 %	6,551	5.93 %	51.82
White Pine	Ely	1869	9,181	0.46 %	8,897	8.05 %	1.03
Totals	Counties: 17		1,998,257		110,552		18.08

• Humboldt was designated as a County in 1856 by Utah Territorial Legislature and again in 1861 by the new Nevada Legislature.

History

Main article: History of Nevada

Before 1861

See History of Utah, History of Las Vegas, and the discovery of the first major U.S. deposit of silver ore in Comstock Lode under Virginia City, Nevada in 1859.

File:Early Locomotive.JPG

Sculpture representing a steam locomotive, in Ely, Nevada. Early locomotives played an important part in Nevada's mining industry

Separation from Utah Territory

See also: Nevada in the American Civil War

Nevada territory 1861

On March 2, 1861, the Nevada Territory separated from the Utah Territory and adopted its current name, shortened from Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range").

The separation of the territory from Utah was important to the federal government because of the Nevada population's political leanings, while the population itself was keen to be separated because of animosity (and sometimes violence) between the non-Mormons who dominated Nevada, and the Mormons who dominated the rest of the Utah Territory. Animosity between non-Mormon settlers and Mormons was particularly high after the Mountain Meadows massacre of 1857 and the Utah War in 1857-58.

The 1861 southern boundary is commemorated by Nevada Historical Markers 57 and 58 in Lincoln and Nye counties.

Statehood

See also: Nevada in the American Civil War

Eight days prior to the presidential election of 1864, Nevada became the 36th state in the union. Statehood was rushed to the date of October 31 to help ensure Abraham Lincoln's reelection on November 8 and post-Civil War Republican dominance in Congress, as Nevada's mining-based economy tied it to the more industrialized Union.

Nevada achieved its current southern boundaries on May 5, 1866 when it absorbed the portion of Pah-Ute County in the Arizona Territory west of the Colorado River, essentially all of present day Nevada south of the 37th parallel. The transfer was prompted by the discovery of gold in the area, and it was thought by officials that Nevada would be better able to oversee the expected population boom. This area includes most of what is now Clark County.

In 1868 another part of the western Utah Territory, whose population was seeking to avoid Mormon dominance, was added to Nevada in the eastern part of the state, setting the current eastern boundary.

Mining shaped Nevada's economy for many years (see Silver mining in Nevada). When Mark Twain lived in Nevada during the period described in Roughing It, mining had led to an industry of speculation and immense wealth. However, both mining and population declined in the late 19th century. However, the rich silver strike at Tonopah in 1900, followed by strikes in Goldfield and Rhyolite, again put Nevada's population on an upward trend.

Gambling and labor

Gambling erupted once more following a recession in the early 20^th century, helping to build the city of Las Vegas

Unregulated gambling was common place in the early Nevada mining towns but outlawed in 1909 as part of a nation-wide anti-gaming crusade. Because of subsequent declines in mining output and the decline of the agricultural sector during the Great Depression, Nevada re-legalized gambling on March 19, 1931, with approval from the legislature. At the time, the leading proponents of gambling expected that it would be a short term fix until the state's economic base widened to include less cyclical industries. However, re-outlawing gambling has never been seriously considered since the industry has become Nevada's primary source of revenue today.

Nuclear testing

The Nevada Test Site, 65 miles (105 km) Northwest of the City of Las Vegas, was founded on January 11, 1951 for the testing of nuclear weapons. The site is composed of approximately 1,350 square miles (3,500 km²) of desert and mountainous terrain. Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site began with a one kiloton (4 terajoule) bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat on January 27, 1951. The last atmospheric test was conducted on July 17, 1962 and the underground testing of weapons continued until September 23, 1992. The location is known for the highest amount of concentrated nuclear detonated weapons in the U.S.

Over 80% of the state's area is owned by the federal government. The primary reason for this is that homesteads were not permitted in large enough sizes to be viable in the arid conditions that prevail throughout desert Nevada. Instead, early settlers would homestead land surrounding a water source, and then graze livestock on the adjacent public land, which is useless for agriculture without access to water (this pattern of ranching still prevails). The deficiencies in the Homestead Act as applied to Nevada were probably due to a lack of understanding of the Nevada environment, although some firebrands (so-called "Sagebrush Rebels") maintain that it was due to pressure from mining interests to keep land out of the hands of common folk. This debate continues to be argued among some state historians today.

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1860	6,857		—
1870	42,941		526.2%
1880	62,266		45.0%
1890	47,355		−23.9%
1900	42,335		−10.6%
1910	81,875		93.4%
1920	77,407		−5.5%
1930	91,058		17.6%
1940	110,247		21.1%
1950	160,083		45.2%
1960	285,278		78.2%
1970	488,738		71.3%
1980	800,493		63.8%
1990	1,201,833		50.1%
2000	1,998,257		66.3%
2009 (est.)	2,643,085

Demographics of Nevada (csv)

By race	White	Black	AIAN*	Asian	NHPI*
2000 (total population)	86.11%	7.67%	2.17%	5.67%	0.83%
2000 (Hispanic only)	18.78%	0.44%	0.45%	0.25%	0.11%
2005 (total population)	84.25%	8.58%	2.15%	6.87%	0.92%
2005 (Hispanic only)	22.31%	0.69%	0.51%	0.30%	0.12%
Growth 2000–05 (total population)	18.23%	35.25%	20.23%	46.27%	33.72%
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only)	11.17%	31.96%	16.39%	46.36%	33.55%
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only)	43.57%	88.97%	34.74%	44.46%	34.84%
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

According to the Census Bureau's 2007 estimate, Nevada has an estimated population of 2,565,382 which is an increase of 92,909, or 3.5%, from the prior year and an increase of 516,550, or 20.8%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 81,661 people (that is 170,451 births minus 88,790 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 337,043 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 66,098 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 270,945 people. According to the 2006 census estimate, Nevada is the eighth fastest growing state in the nation.

The center of population of Nevada is located in southern Nye County. In this county, the unincorporated town of Pahrump, located 60 miles (97 km) west of Las Vegas on the California state line, has grown 26 times in size from 1980 to 2000. In the year 2006, the town may have over 50,000 permanent residents. Las Vegas was America's fastest-growing city and metropolitan area from 1960 to 2000, but has grown from a gulch of 100 people in 1900 to 10,000 by 1950 to 100,000 by 1970 to have 2.5 million in the metro area today.

Nevada Population Density Map

According to the census estimates racial distribution was as follows: 65% White American, 7.1% African-American, 6% Asian-American (estimates placed them at 10%), 2% others (American Indians and Pacific Islanders) and the remaining 20% were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.

Large numbers of new residents in the state originate from California, which led some locals to feel that their state is being "Californicated". Nevada also has a sizable Basque ancestry population. In Douglas and Pershing Counties, a plurality of residents are of Mexican ancestry with Clark County (Las Vegas) being home to over 200,000 Mexican Americans alone; Nye County and Humboldt County have a plurality of Germans; and Washoe County has many of Irish ancestry. Las Vegas is home to rapid-growing ethnic communities like Scandinavians, Italians, Poles, American Jews and Armenians.

Largely African-American sections of Las Vegas ("the Meadows") and Reno can be found. Many current African-American Nevadans are newly transplanted residents from California, the Midwest, or the East Coast. However, employment in the US Armed forces, hotels and domestic services have attracted black Americans since the 1950s.

Since the California Gold Rush of the 1850s brought thousands of Chinese miners to Washoe county, Asian Americans lived in the state. They were followed by few hundreds of Japanese farm workers in the late 1800s. By the late 20th century, many immigrants from China, Japan, Korea, Philippines and recently from India and Vietnam, came to the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The city now has one of America's most prolific Asian-American communities, with a mostly Chinese and Taiwanese area known as "Chinatown" west of I-15 on Spring Mountain Boulevard, and an "Asiatown" shopping mall for Asian customers located at Charleston Avenue/Paradise Boulevard. Filipino Americans form the largest Asian American group in the state, with a population of more than 113,000. They comprise 56.5% of the Asian American population in Nevada and constitute about 4.3% of the entire state's population.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 16.19% of Nevada's population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 1.59% speak Filipino and 1% speak Chinese languages; the majority of those who do not speak English at home live in ethnic sections of Central Las Vegas.

6.8% of the state's population were reported as under 5, 26.3% under 18, and 13.6% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.7% of the population. As a result of its rapid population growth, Nevada has a higher percentage of residents born outside of the state than anywhere else in the entire country. Las Vegas was a major destination for immigrants from South Asia and Latin America seeking employment in the gaming and hospitality industries during the 1990s and 2000s, but farming and construction is the biggest employer of immigrant labor.

From about the 1940s until 2003, Nevada was the fastest-growing state in the US percentage-wise. Between 1990 and 2000, Nevada's population increased 66.3%, while the USA's population increased 13.1%. Over two thirds of the population of the state live in the Las Vegas metropolitan area.

In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 8.8% of the population. This was the highest percentage of any state in the country.

Race and ancestry

The principal ancestries of Nevada's residents in 2008 has been surveyed to be the following:

• 13.2% German
• 10.7% Irish
• 9.4% English
• 6.4% Italian
• 4.1% American
• 4.0% Scandinavian (1.7% Norwegian, 1.5% Swedish, and 0.8% Danish).

Religion

Major religious affiliations of the people of Nevada are:

• Roman Catholic – 27%
• Protestant
  • Mainline – 11%
  • Evangelical – 13%
  • Other Protestant – 2%
• Latter-day Saint/ Mormon – 11%
• Muslim – 2%
• Jewish – 1%
• Other Religions – 3%
• Unaffiliated – 20%

The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 331,844; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 116,925; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 40,233. 77,100 Nevadans belong to Jewish congregations.

Economy

Nevada quarter

Lake Tahoe on the Nevada, California border

The economy of Nevada was "founded on mining and refounded on sin--beginning with prizefighting and easy divorce a century ago and later extending to gambling and prostitution."

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Nevada's total state product in 2007 was $127 billion. Resort areas such as Las Vegas, Reno, Lake Tahoe, and Laughlin attract visitors from around the nation and world. In FY08 the total of 266 casinos with gaming revenue over $1m for the year, brought in revenue of $12 billion in gaming revenue, and $13 billion in non-gaming revenue. A review of gaming statistics can be found at Nevada gaming area.

The state's Per capita personal income in 2007 was $39,853, ranking sixteenth in the nation.

As of August 2010, the state's unemployment rate is the worst in the nation at 14.4%.

Its agricultural outputs are cattle, hay, alfalfa, dairy products, onions, and potatoes. Its industrial outputs are tourism, mining, machinery, printing and publishing, food processing, and electric equipment.

In portions of the state outside of the Las Vegas and Reno metropolitan areas, mining and cattle ranching are the major economic activities. By value, gold is by far the most important mineral mined. In 2004, 6.8 million ounces of gold worth $2.84 billion were mined in Nevada, and the state accounted for 8.7% of world gold production (see Gold mining in Nevada). Silver is a distant second, with 10.3 million ounces worth $69 million mined in 2004 (see Silver mining in Nevada). Other minerals mined in Nevada include construction aggregates, copper, gypsum, diatomite and lithium. Despite its rich deposits, the cost of mining in Nevada is generally high, and output is very sensitive to world commodity prices.

As of January 1, 2006 there were an estimated 500,000 head of cattle and 70,000 head of sheep in Nevada. Most of these animals forage on rangeland in the summer, with supplemental feed in the winter. Calves are generally shipped to out-of-state feedlots in the fall to be fattened for market. Over 90% of Nevada's 484,000 acres (1,960 km²) of cropland is used to grow hay, mostly alfalfa, for livestock feed.

Further information: [[:Nevada locations by per capita income]]

The state sales tax in Nevada is variable depending upon the county. The minimum statewide tax rate is 6.85%, with five counties Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, and Mineral charging this minimum amount. All other counties assess various option taxes, making the combined state/county sales taxes rate in one county as high as 8.1%, which is the amount charged in Clark county. Sales tax in the other major counties: Carson at 7.475%, Washoe at 7.725%. The minimum Nevada sales tax rate changed on 1 July 2009.

Nevada has by far the most hotel rooms per capita in the United States. According to the American Hotel and Lodging Association there were 187,301 rooms in 584 hotels (of 15 or more rooms). The state is ranked just below CA,TX,FL, and NY in total number of rooms, but those states have much larger populations. Nevada has one hotel room for every 14 residents, far below the national average of one hotel room per 67 residents.

Prostitution is legal in parts of Nevada in licensed brothels, but only counties with populations under 400,000 residents have the option to legalize it. Although prostitution employs roughly 300 women as independent contractors, and not a major part of the Nevada economy, it is a very visible endeavor. Of the 14 counties that are permitted to legalize prostitution under state law, about 8 have chosen to legalize brothels. State law prohibits prostitution in Clark County (which contains Las Vegas),and Washoe County (which contains Reno).However, prostitution is legal in Storey county which is part of the Reno–Sparks metropolitan area.

Transportation

State Route shield

Amtrak's California Zephyr train uses the Union Pacific's original transcontinental railroad line in daily service from Chicago to Emeryville, California serving Elko, Winnemucca, Sparks, and Reno. Amtrak Thruway Motorcoaches also provide connecting service from Las Vegas to trains at Needles, California, Los Angeles, and Bakersfield, California; and from Stateline, Nevada, to Sacramento, California.

The Union Pacific Railroad has some railroads in the north and in the south. Greyhound Lines provides some bus services.

U.S. Route 50, also known as "The Loneliest Road in America."

Interstate 15 passes through the southern tip of the state, serving Las Vegas and other communities. I-215 and spur route I-515 also serve the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Interstate 80 crosses through the northern part of Nevada, roughly following the path of the Humboldt River from Utah in the east and passing westward through Reno and into California. It has a spur route, I-580. Nevada also is served by several federal highways: US 6, US 50, US 93, US 95 and US 395. There are also 189 Nevada state highways. Nevada is one of a few states in the U.S. that does not have a continuous interstate highway linking its two major population centers. Even the non-interstate federal highways aren't contiguous between the Las Vegas area and Reno area, though they are well marked by signs showing where to turn.

The state is one of just a few in the country that allow semi-trailer trucks with three trailers—what might be called a "road train" in Australia. However, American versions are usually smaller, in part because they must ascend and descend some fairly steep mountain passes.

Citizens Area Transit (CAT) is the public transit system in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The agency is the largest transit agency in the state and operates a network of bus service across the Las Vegas Valley, including the use of double-decker buses on the Las Vegas Strip and several outlying routes. RTC RIDE operates a system of local transit bus service throughout the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area. Other transit systems in the state include Carson City's JAC. Most other counties in the state do not have public transportation at all.

Additionally, a four mile monorail system provides public transportation in the Las Vegas area. The Las Vegas Monorail line services several casino properties and the Las Vegas Convention Center on the east side of the Las Vegas Strip, running near Paradise Road, with a possible future extension to McCarran International Airport. Several hotels also run their own monorail lines between each other, which are typically several blocks in length.

McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas is the busiest airport serving Nevada. The Reno-Tahoe International Airport (formerly known as the Reno Cannon International Airport) is the other major airport in the state.

Law and government

The current Governor of Nevada is Jim Gibbons (Republican); the governor of Nevada is limited by the Nevada Constitution to two four-year terms in office, by election or succession (lifetime limit). Nevada's two U.S. senators are Harry Reid (Democrat) and John Ensign (Republican), who, by the United States Constitution, have no term limits. Nevada's three U.S. Representatives are Republican Dean Heller and Democrats Shelley Berkley and Dina Titus.

Further information: [[:List of Nevada Governors; Map of Congressional Districts]]

Legislature

A view of the Nevada State Legislative Building in Carson City

The Nevada Legislature is a bicameral body divided into an upper house Senate and a lower house Assembly. Members of the Senate serve for four years, and members of the Assembly serve for two years. Both houses of the Nevada Legislature will be impacted by term limits starting in 2010, as Senators and Assemblymen/women will be limited to a maximum of 12 years service in each house (by appointment or election which is a lifetime limit) - this provision in the constitution was recently upheld for legislators by the Supreme Court of Nevada in a unanimous decision (7-0), so term limits will be in effect starting in 2010. Each session of the Legislature meets for a constitutionally mandated 120 days in every odd-numbered year, or longer if the Governor calls a special session. Currently, the Senate is controlled by the Democratic Party (12 to 9 majority) and the Assembly is controlled by the Democratic Party (28 to 14 majority).

Judiciary

Nevada is one of the few U.S. states without a system of intermediate appellate courts.

The state supreme court is the Supreme Court of Nevada. Unlike other state supreme courts, the Supreme Court of Nevada lacks the power of discretionary review, so it must hear all appeals; as a result, Nevada's judicial system is congested.

There have been several articles accusing judges in Nevada of making biased or favored decisions as the result of case outcomes and reporting done by the Los Angeles Times newspaper (in which it raised the issue of justice for sale).

Original jurisdiction is divided between the District Courts (with general jurisdiction), and Justice Courts and Municipal Courts (both of limited jurisdiction).

Libertarian laws

The courthouse of the Supreme Court of Nevada

In 1900, Nevada's population was the smallest of all states and was shrinking, as the difficulties of living in a "barren desert" began to outweigh the lure of silver for many early settlers. Historian Lawrence Friedman has explained what happened next:

"Nevada, in a burst of ingenuity, built an economy by exploiting its sovereignty. Its strategy was to legalize all sorts of things that were illegal in California ... after easy divorce came easy marriage and casino gambling. Even prostitution is legal in Nevada, in any county that decides to allow it. Quite a few of them do." With the advent of air conditioning for summertime use and Southern Nevada's mild winters, the fortunes of the state began to turn around, as it did for Arizona, making these two states the fastest growing in the Union.

Prostitution is legal in some parts of Nevada (under the form of licensed brothels). It is, however, illegal in Clark County, which contains Las Vegas; Washoe County, which contains Reno; Carson City; and some other counties.

Divorce laws

Nevada's early reputation as a "divorce haven" arose from the fact that, prior to the no-fault divorce revolution in the 1970s, divorces were quite difficult to obtain in the United States. Already having legalized gambling and prostitution, Nevada continued the trend of boosting its profile by adopting one of the most liberal divorce statutes in the nation. This resulted in Williams v. North Carolina, 317 U.S. 287 (1942), in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that North Carolina had to give "full faith and credit" to a Nevada divorce.

Tax laws

Nevada's tax laws also draw new residents and businesses to the state. Nevada has no personal income tax or corporate income tax.

Nevada's state sales tax rate is 6.85 percent. Counties may impose additional rates via voter approval or through approval of the Legislature; therefore, the applicable sales tax will vary by county from 6.85 percent to 8.1 percent in Clark County. Clark County, which includes Las Vegas, imposes four separate county option taxes in addition to the statewide rate - 0.25 percent for flood control, 0.50 percent for mass transit, 0.25 to fund the Southern Nevada Water Authority, and 0.25 percent for the addition of police officers in that county. In Washoe County (which includes Reno), the sales tax rate is 7.725 percent, due to county option rates for flood control, the ReTRAC train trench project, mass transit, and an additional county rate approved under the Local Government Tax Act of 1991.

The lodging tax rate in unincorporated Clark County, which includes the Las Vegas Strip, is 12%. Within the boundaries of the cities of Las Vegas and Henderson, the lodging tax rate is 13%.

Incorporation laws

Nevada also provides friendly environment for the formation of corporations, and many (especially California) businesspeople have incorporated their businesses in Nevada to take advantage of the benefits of the Nevada statute. Nevada corporations offer great flexibility to the Board of Directors and simplify or avoid many of the rules that are cumbersome to business managers in some other states. In addition, Nevada has no franchise tax.

Financial institutions

Similarly, many U.S. states have usury laws limiting the amount of interest a lender can charge, but Federal law allows corporations to 'import' these laws from their home state. Nevada (amongst others) has comparatively lax interest laws, in effect allowing banks to charge as much as they want, hence the preponderance of credit card companies in the state.

Drug and alcohol laws

Non-alcohol drug laws are a notable exception to Nevada's otherwise libertarian principles. It is notable for having the harshest penalties for drug offenders in the country. Nevada remains the only state to still use mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines for marijuana possession. However, it is now a misdemeanor for possession of less than one ounce but only for persons age 21 and older. In 2006, voters in Nevada defeated attempts to allow possession of 1 ounce of marijuana (for personal use) without being criminally prosecuted, (55% against legalization, 45% in favor of legalization). Also, Nevada is one of the states that allows for use of marijuana for medical reasons (though this remains illegal under federal law).

Nevada has very liberal alcohol laws. Bars are permitted to remain open 24 hours, with no "last call". Liquor stores, convenience stores and supermarkets may also sell alcohol 24 hours per day, and may sell beer, wine and spirits.

Smoking

Nevada voters enacted a smoking ban ("the Nevada Clean Indoor Air Act") in November 2006 that became effective on December 8, 2006. It outlaws smoking in most workplaces and public places. Smoking is permitted in bars, but only if the bar serves no food, or the bar is inside a larger casino. Smoking is also permitted in casinos, hotel rooms, tobacco shops, and brothels. However, some businesses do not obey this law and the government tends not to enforce it. Yet, in one case, they did prosecute an establishment called "Bilbo's." As of 2008, the trial was still pending.

Crime

Nevada has been ranked as the most dangerous state in the U.S. for five years in a row, just ahead of Louisiana In 2006, the crime rate in Nevada was approximately 24% higher than the national average rate. Property crimes accounted for approximately 84.6% of the crime rate in Nevada which was 21% higher than the national rate. The remaining 20.3% were violent crimes and were approximately 45% higher than other states. In 2008, Nevada had the third highest murder rate, and the highest rate of robbery and motor vehicle theft. It should be noted that many of these statistics may not totally be attributed to the citizens of Nevada themselves, but partially to the high rate of visitors entering and leaving the state as well. In addition, the state's most populous county, Clark (accounting for 75% of the state's total population), skews the crime rate for the balance of the state.

Politics

Presidential elections results

Year	Republican	Democratic
2008	42.65% 412,827	55.15% 533,736
2004	50.47% 418,690	47.88% 397,190
2000	49.49% 301,575	45.94% 279,978
1996	44.55% 198,775	45.60% 203,388
1992	34.71% 175,828	37.41% 189,148
1988	58.90% 206,040	37.91% 132,738

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of June 2010
Party		Active Voters	Inactive Voters	Total Voters	Percentage	Democratic	456,672	126,158	580,393	43.10%	Republican	398,898	79,414	475,764	35.33%	Unaffiliated	163,816	49,731	213,329	15.84%	Minor Parties	57,984	19,352	77,079	5.72%
Total		1,077,370	274,655	1,346,565	100%

State politics

Due to heavy growth in the southern portion of the state, there is a noticeable divide between politics of northern and southern Nevada. The north has long maintained control of key positions in state government, even while the population of Southern Nevada is larger than the rest of the state combined. The north sees the high population south becoming more influential and perhaps commanding majority rule. The south sees the north as the "old guard" trying to rule as an oligarchy. This has fostered some resentment, however, due to a term limit amendment passed by Nevada voters in 1994, and again in 1996, some of the north's hold over key positions will soon be forfeited to the south, leaving Northern Nevada with less power. Most people outside the state are not familiar with this rivalry.

Clark and Washoe counties—home to Las Vegas and Reno, respectively—have long dominated the state's politics. Between them, they cast 87 percent of Nevada's vote, and elect a substantial majority of the state legislature. The great majority of the state's elected officials are either from Las Vegas or Reno.

National politics

Nevada has voted for the winner in every presidential election since 1912, except in 1976 when it voted for Gerald Ford over Jimmy Carter. This gives the state status as a political bellwether.

As of 2008, 43.8% of voters are registered Democrats, 36.1% are Republican and the remaining 20.1% are considered Independents. Nevada supported Democrat Bill Clinton in the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections, Republican George W. Bush won in 2000 and 2004, and Democrat Barack Obama won the state in 2008.

The state's U. S. Senators are Democrat Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader, and Republican John Ensign, former chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. The Governorship is held by Jim Gibbons, a Republican from Reno.

Further information: [[:Political party strength in Nevada]]

State government

State departments and agencies:

• Attorney General
• Department of Business & Industry
• Department of Conservation & Natural Resources
• Consumer Health Assistance
• Controller's Office
• Department of Correction
• Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs
• Nevada Commission on Economic Development
• Department of Education
• Nevada Secretary of State, Election Division
• Department of Employment, Training & Rehabilitation
• Gaming Control Board
• Governor's Office
• Department of Health and Human Services
• Department of Information Technology
• Department of Justice
• Lieutenant Governor
• Nevada Military Department
• Division of Minerals, Commission on Mineral Resources
• Department of Motor Vehicles
• Nevada National Guard
• Department of Personnel
• Advisory Council for Prosecuting Attorneys
• Public Employees Benefit Program
• Public Employees Retirement System
• Department of Public Safety
• Public Utilities Commission
• Department of Secretary of State
• Department of Taxation
• Commission on Tourism
• Department of Transportation
• Nevada State Treasurer
• Universities and Community Colleges of Nevada
• Nevada Office of Veterans' Services
• Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education
• Nevada Department of Wildlife

Local government

Incorporated towns in Nevada, known as cities, are given the authority to legislate anything not prohibited by law. A recent movement has begun to permit home rule in incorporated Nevada cities to give them more flexibility and fewer restrictions from the Legislature.

Unincorporated towns are settlements eminently governed by the county in which they are located, but who, by local referendum or by the act of the county commission, can form limited local governments in the form of a Town Advisory Board (TAB)/ Citizens Advisory Council (CAC), or a Town Board.

Town Advisory Boards and Citizens Advisory Councils are formed purely by act of the county commission. Consisting of three to five members, these elected boards form a purely advisory role, and in no way diminish the responsibilities of the county commission that creates them. Members of advisory councils and boards are elected to two year terms, and serve without compensation. The councils and boards, themselves, are provided no revenue, and oversee no budget.

Town Boards are limited local governments created by either the local county commission, or by referendum. The board consists of five members elected to four-year terms. Half the board is required to be up for election in each election. The board elects from within its ranks a town chairperson and town clerk. While more powerful than Town Advisory Boards and Citizens Advisory Councils, they also serve a largely advisory role, with their funding provided by their local county commission. The local county commission has the power to put before residents of the town a vote on whether to keep or dissolve a town board at any general election. Town boards have the ability to appoint a town manager if they choose to do so.

Important cities and towns

Las Vegas

Reno

Elko

Carson City

Rank City Population within city limits Land Area sq. miles Population Density per sq mi County 1 Las Vegas 591,536 131.3 4,217.8 Clark 2 Henderson 265,790 79.7 2,200.8 Clark 3 North Las Vegas 216,672 78.5 1,471.0 Clark 4 Reno 214,853 69.1 2,611.4 Washoe 5 Sunrise Manor 195,727 38.2 4,081.8 Clark 6 Paradise 189,958 47.1 3,947.3 Clark 7 Spring Valley 175,581 33.4 3,519.4 Clark 8 Sparks 88,518 23.9 2,773.6 Washoe 9 Carson City 58,350 143.4 366 Carson City 10 Pahrump 44,614 297.9 82.7 Nye

Paradise, Sunrise Manor, and Spring Valley are unincorporated towns in the Las Vegas metropolitan area.

Rank	County	Population within county limits	Land Area sq. miles	Population Density per sq mi	Largest city
1	Clark	1,715,337	7,910	174	Las Vegas
2	Washoe	383,453	6,342	54	Reno
3	Carson City	56,146	155.7	366	Carson City
4	Douglas	47,803	710	58	Gardnerville Ranchos
5	Elko	46,499	17,179	3	Elko
6	Lyon	44,646	1,994	17	Fernley
7	Nye	38,181	18,147	2	Pahrump
8	Churchill	26,106	4,929	5	Fallon
9	Humboldt	17,129	9,648	2	Winnemucca
10	White Pine	8,966	8,876	1	Ely

Note: table was compiled using Nevada State estimates from 2004 for population and Census 2000 for area and density

10 richest places in Nevada

Ranked by per capita income

1. Incline Village-Crystal Bay $52,521 Washoe County, Nevada
2. Kingsbury $41,421 Douglas County, Nevada
3. Mount Charleston $38,821 Clark County, Nevada
4. Verdi-Mogul $38,233 Washoe County
5. Zephyr Cove-Round Hill Village $37,218 Douglas County
6. Summerlin South $33,017 Clark County
7. Blue Diamond $30,479Clark County
8. Minden $30,405 Douglas County
9. Boulder City $29,770 Clark County
10. Spanish Springs $26,908Washoe County

Further information: [[:Nevada locations by per capita income]]

Education

Colleges and universities

• Nevada System of Higher Education
  • University of Nevada, Reno (UNR)
  • University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV)
  • Nevada State College
  • Truckee Meadows Community College (TMCC)
  • Great Basin College
  • College of Southern Nevada (CSN)
  • Western Nevada College
• Sierra Nevada College
• Touro University Nevada
• University of Southern Nevada

Research institutes

• Desert Research Institute

Parks and recreation areas

Valley of Fire State Park

Recreation areas maintained by the National Park Service

Northern Nevada

File:Great Basin National Park 102007 025.JPG

Great Basin National Park

• California National Historic Trail
• Death Valley National Park
• Great Basin National Park near Baker
• Old Spanish National Historic Trail
• Pony Express National Historic Trail

Southern Nevada

Mount Charleston

• Ash Meadows National Wildlife Preserve
• Bootleg Canyon Mountain Bike Park
• Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
• Mount Charleston and the Mount Charleston Wilderness
• Spring Mountains and the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area
• Lake Mead National Recreation Area

Wilderness

Further information: [[:List of wilderness areas in Nevada]]

There are 68 designated wilderness areas in Nevada, protecting some 6,579,014 acres (26,624.33 km²) under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management.

State parks

See: List of Nevada state parks.

Sports

Although Nevada is not well-known for its professional sports, the state takes pride in college sports, most notably the University of Nevada, Reno Wolf Pack of the Western Athletic Conference and the UNLV Runnin' Rebels of the Mountain West Conference.

UNLV is most remembered for their basketball program, which experienced its height of supremacy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Coached by Jerry Tarkanian, the Runnin' Rebels became one of the most elite programs in the country. In 1990, UNLV won the Men's Division I Championship by defeating Duke University 103–73, which set tournament records for most points scored by a team and largest margin of victory in the national title game. In 1991, UNLV finished the regular season undefeated. Forward Larry Johnson won several awards, including the Naismith Award. UNLV reached the Final Four yet again, but lost their national semifinal against Duke 79-77, and is referred to as one of the biggest upsets in the NCAA Tournament. The Runnin' Rebels were the Associated Press pre-season #1 back to back (1989–90, 1990–91). North Carolina is the only other team to accomplish that (2007–08, 2008–09). And is home to one of the most famous tennis players of all time Andre Agassi.

Complete List of Nevada sports teams. Professional

• Las Vegas Locomotives, United Football League
• Las Vegas 51s, Minor League Baseball (AAA)
• Las Vegas Wranglers, ECHL
• Battle Born Derby Demons, Roller Derby
• Reno Aces, Minor League Baseball (AAA)
• Reno Bighorns, NBA D-League

College

• Nevada Wolf Pack, UNR
• UNLV Rebels

The state is also home to the Las Vegas Motor Speedway and Nascar event and the National Rodeo.

Military

Several United States Navy ships have been named USS Nevada in honor of the state. They include:

• USS Nevada
• USS Nevada (BM-8)
• USS Nevada (BB-36)
• USS Nevada (SSBN-733)

Nevada is home to Nellis Air Force Base, a major testing and training base of the United States Air Force. Nellis is reputedly the home of Area 51, a top-secret installation of the Federal Government. Area 51 is located near Groom Lake, a dry salt lake bed. Some time ago, the USAF confirmed that there is an operating facility at Groom Lake, but the nature of the activities being conducted there are classified and cannot be disclosed. The much smaller Creech Air Force Base is located in Indian Springs, Nevada; Naval Air Station Fallon in Fallon; Hawthorne Army Depot in Hawthorne; and the Tonopah Test Range near Tonopah.

These bases host a number of activities including the Joint Unmanned Aerial Systems Center of Excellence, the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, Nevada Test and Training Range, Red Flag, the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, the United States Air Force Warfare Center, the United States Air Force Weapons School, and the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School.

Songs about Nevada

• Sands of Nevada from Mark Knopfler's 2000 release Sailing to Philadelphia
• Darcy Farrow
• Sin City from AC/DC's Powerage album
• Sin City from Limbeck's 2005 release Let Me Come Home
• Home Means Nevada, the state song of Nevada, by Bertha Rafetto
• "Nevada" by Riders in the Sky from the album Best of the West
• "Renob, Nevada" by Attack Attack!
• "Night Time In Nevada" by Dulmage/Clint/Pascoe, 1931
• "Nevada's Grace" by Atreyu, twelfth track off 2004's The Curse

Future issues

Nevada enjoys many economic advantages, and the southern portion of the state enjoys mild winter weather, but rapid growth has led to some overcrowded roads and schools. Nevada has the nation's 5th largest school district in the Clark County School District (projected fall 2007 enrollment is 314,000 students grades K-12). The state has seen rising crime levels and problems with transportation (according to state figures, there is a $1 billion shortfall in funds for road construction projects in Nevada). The Southern Nevada Water Authority estimates that there will be water shortages by the year 2020. The authority is working on plans to import water from the low populated area of northern Nevada. The state remains one of the fastest growing in the country.

The residents of the communities in the Las Vegas Valley pay some of the highest car insurance rates in the nation.

Some residents of the town of Wendover, Utah have expressed interest in being annexed by the state of Nevada so the town may merge with West Wendover, Nevada. There has also been interest by Needles, California in being annexed. These deals will require permission of the Nevada and Utah/California legislatures, respectively, as well as the approval of the U.S. Congress.

In 2008, the "American State Litter Scorecard," presented at the American Society for Public Administration national conference, positioned Nevada next to Mississippi and Louisiana as one of the worst states for removing litter from public roadways and properties.

An economic downturn due to the depressed housing market in Las Vegas, coupled with declining gaming revenue and higher prices for gasoline and consumer goods, has caused a $1.2 billion shortfall in the state budget (which is required by the constitution to be balanced). Thus, the state government of Nevada had to dip into its rainy day fund of $267 million.

In August 2008, it was announced that Boyd Gaming would halt construction on a 4.2 billion dollar project called Echelon, which was to replace the old Stardust Hotel & Casino. The reason cited for this is lack of funding/credit from banks.

Coyote Springs is a proposed community for 240,000 inhabitants in Clark and Lincoln counties. It would be Nevada's largest planned city. The town is being developed by Harvey Whittemore and has generated some controversy because of environmental concerns and allegations of political favoritism.

State symbols

Playa areas of Nevada

• state animal: Desert Bighorn Sheep
• State artifact: Tule Duck Decoy
• State bird: Mountain Bluebird
• State colors: Silver and Blue
• State fish: Lahontan cutthroat trout
• State flower: Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)
• State fossil: Ichthyosaur
• State grass: Indian ricegrass
• State march: "Silver State Fanfare" by Gerald Willis
• State metal: Silver (Ag)
• State mottos: "Battle Born" and "All For Our Country"
• State precious gemstone: Virgin Valley black fire opal
• State semiprecious gemstone: Nevada turquoise
• State slogan: "The Battle Born State"
• State song: "Home Means Nevada" by Bertha Raffetto
• State reptile: Desert Tortoise
• State rock: Sandstone
• State soil: Orovada (soil) series
• State tartan: A particular tartan designed for Nevada by Richard Zygmunt Pawlowski
• State trees: Single-leaf Pinyon pine and Bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)

See also

Main articles: Outline of Nevada and Index of Nevada-related articles

External links

Geographic data related to Nevada at OpenStreetMap

• Official state website
• State Domain Registry website
• Nevada State Databases - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Nevada state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
• State Tourism website
• Nevada state symbols
• Secretary of State of Nevada
• Nevada Classifieds
• Nevada State Library and Archives
• Energy Profile for Nevada
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Nevada
• US Census Bureau
• County Maps of Nevada Full color maps. List of cities, towns and county seats
• Nevada State Facts
• Pronunciation Guide: Nevada
• Forgotten Nevada - Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of Nevada
• Nevada's Historical Markers
• Template:Dmoz

Related information

Template:Nevada cities and mayors of 100,000 population United States Template:Succession