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===Early music===
===Early music===
Music was an early feature of the [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas season]] and its celebrations. The earliest [[chant]]s, [[litany|litanies]], and [[hymn]]s were [[Latin]] works intended for use during the church liturgy, rather than popular songs. The 13th century saw the rise of the [[Christmas carol|carol]] written in the vernacular, under the influence of [[Francis of Assisi]].
Music was an early feature of the [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas season]] and its celebrations. The earliest examples are hymnographic works ([[chant]]s and [[litanies]] intended for liturgical use in observance of both the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany, many of which are still in use by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The 13th century saw the rise of the [[Christmas carol|carol]] written in the vernacular, under the influence of [[Francis of Assisi]].


In the [[Middle Ages]], the English combined circle dances with singing and called them carols. Later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of [[John Audelay]], a [[Shropshire]] priest and poet, who lists 25 "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of [[Wassailing|wassailers]], who went from house to house.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miles|first=Clement|title=Christmas customs and traditions|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1976|isbn=0-486-23354-5|pages=47–48}}</ref> Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians.
In the [[Middle Ages]], the English combined circle dances with singing and called them carols. Later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of [[John Audelay]], a [[Shropshire]] priest and poet, who lists 25 "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of [[Wassailing|wassailers]], who went from house to house.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miles|first=Clement|title=Christmas customs and traditions|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1976|isbn=0-486-23354-5|pages=47–48}}</ref> Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians.

Revision as of 22:58, 8 April 2015

"Christmas album" redirects here. For other uses, see Christmas Album (disambiguation).
"Christmas song" redirects here. For the Mel Tormé composition, see The Christmas Song. For the Mannheim Steamroller album, see Christmas Song (album). For other uses, see Christmas Songs (disambiguation).
"Holiday song" redirects here. For the Pixies song, see Come on Pilgrim.

Christmas music comprises a variety of genres of music normally performed or heard around the Christmas season.

History

See also: Christmas

Early music

Music was an early feature of the Christmas season and its celebrations. The earliest examples are hymnographic works (chants and litanies intended for liturgical use in observance of both the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany, many of which are still in use by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The 13th century saw the rise of the carol written in the vernacular, under the influence of Francis of Assisi.

In the Middle Ages, the English combined circle dances with singing and called them carols. Later, the word carol came to mean a song in which a religious topic is treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to France and Germany, and later to England. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of John Audelay, a Shropshire priest and poet, who lists 25 "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of wassailers, who went from house to house.[1] Music in itself soon became one of the greatest tributes to Christmas, and Christmas music includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians.

A Christmas minstrel playing pipe and tabor.

Puritan prohibition

During the Commonwealth of England government under Cromwell, the Rump Parliament prohibited the practice of singing Christmas carols as Pagan and sinful. Like other customs associated with popular Catholic Christianity, it earned the disapproval of Protestant Puritans. Famously, Cromwell's interregnum prohibited all celebrations of the Christmas holiday. This attempt to ban the public celebration of Christmas can also be seen in the early history of Father Christmas.

The Westminster Assembly of Divines established Sunday as the only holy day in the calendar in 1644. The new liturgy produced for the English church recognised this in 1645, and so legally abolished Christmas. Its celebration was declared an offence by Parliament in 1647.[2] There is some debate as to the effectiveness of this ban, and whether or not it was enforced in the country.[2]

Puritans generally disapproved of the celebration of Christmas—a trend which continually resurfaced in Europe and the USA through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[3]

Royal restoration

When in May 1660 Charles II restored the Stuarts to the throne, the people of England once again practiced the public singing of Christmas carols as part of the revival of Christmas customs, sanctioned by the king's own celebrations.[2] William Sandys's Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern (1833), contained the first appearance in print of many now-classic English carols, and contributed to the mid-Victorian revival of the holiday.[4] Singing carols in church was instituted on Christmas Eve 1880 (Nine Lessons and Carols) in Truro Cathedral, Cornwall, England, which is now seen in churches all over the world.[5]

Alms

Child Christmas carolers in Bucharest, Romania 1929

The tradition of singing Christmas carols in return for alms or charity began in England in the seventeenth century after the Restoration. Town musicians or 'waits' were licensed to collect money in the streets in the weeks preceding Christmas, the custom spread throughout the population by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries up to the present day. Also from the seventeenth century, there was the English custom, predominantly involving women, of taking a wassail bowl to their neighbours to solicit gifts, accompanied by carols. Despite this long history, many Christmas carols date only from the nineteenth century onwards, with the exception of songs such as the Wexford Carol, "God Rest You Merry Gentlemen", "As I Sat on a Sunny Bank", "The Holly and the Ivy,"[6] the Coventry Carol and I Saw Three Ships.

Church feast

See also: Liturgical year

The status of Christmas as an important feast within the church year also means there is a long tradition of music specially composed for celebrating the season. The following is a brief and non-exhaustive list of notable compositions:

Messiah has become inextricably linked with the Christmas season, especially in England. This is in part due to the efforts of amateur choral societies during the nineteenth century. When it was composed, it was performed during Passiontide.

Traditional Christmas carols

Main article: Christmas carols
See also: List of Christmas carols

Songs which are traditional, even some without a specific religious context, are often called Christmas carols. Each of these has a rich history, some dating back many centuries.

Standards

A popular set of traditional carols that might be heard at any Christmas-related event include:[7]

"A collection of traditional Christmas music"
performed by James D. Blodget on a Roland U-20 synthesizer, December 23, 2004.
"Joy to the World"
Performed a cappella by Kim Butler on December 15, 2006.
"I Saw Three Ships"
Tune of traditional English Christmas carol transcribed by CambridgeBayWeather.
"El Noi de la Mare"
A traditional Catalan Christmas carol, arranged for guitar.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

Others

A Christmas tree inside a home

Less-often heard Christmas carols include:

These songs hearken from centuries ago, the oldest ('Wexford Carol') originating in the 12th century. The newest came together in the mid- to late-19th century. Many began in non-English speaking countries, often with non-Christmas themes, and were later converted into English carols with English lyrics added—not always translated from the original, but newly created—sometimes as late as the early 20th century.

Early secular Christmas songs

Popular secular Christmas songs from mid-19th century America include "Jingle Bells", "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas" and "Up on the House Top".

Recent carols

More recent, copyrighted carols about the Nativity include "I Wonder as I Wander" (1933), "Mary's Boy Child" (1956), "Carol of the Drum" ("Little Drummer Boy") (1941), "Do You Hear What I Hear?" (1962), and "Mary, Did You Know?" (1984), "Little Donkey" by Eric Boswell (1959) and the "Calypso Carol" by Michael Perry (1964).

See also: List of Christmas hit singles in the United States
See also: Best-selling Christmas/holiday singles in the United States
See also: List of best-selling Christmas/holiday albums in the United States

More recently popular Christmas songs, often Christmas songs introduced in theater, television, film, or other entertainment media, tend to be specifically about Christmas or have a wintertime theme. They are typically not overtly religious. The most popular set of these titles—heard over airwaves, on the Internet, in shopping centres and lifts, even on the street during the Christmas season—have been composed and performed from the 1930s onward. "Jingle Bells", "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas", and "Up on the House Top", however, date from the mid-19th century.

The largest portion of these songs in some way describes or is reminiscent of Christmas traditions, how Western Christian countries tend to celebrate the holiday, i.e., with caroling, mistletoe, exchanging of presents, a Christmas tree, feasting, jingle bells, etc. Celebratory or sentimental, and nostalgic in tone, they hearken back to simpler times with memorable holiday practices—expressing the desire either to be with someone or at home for Christmas. Many titles help define the mythical aspects of modern Christmas celebration: Santa Claus bringing presents, coming down the chimney, being pulled by reindeer, etc. New mythical characters are created, defined, and popularised by these songs; "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and "Frosty the Snowman" were both introduced by Gene Autry a year apart (1949 and 1950 respectively).[n 1] Though overtly religious, and authored (at least partly) by a writer of many church hymns, no drumming child appears in any biblical account of the Christian nativity scene—this character was introduced to the tradition by Katherine K. Davis in her "The Little Drummer Boy" (written in 1941, with a popular version being released in 1958).

The winter-related songs celebrate the climatic season, with all its snow, dressing up for the cold, sleighing, etc.

Most-performed Christmas songs (US)

According to the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 2006, the following are the Top 25 most-performed "holiday" songs written by ASCAP members, for the first five years of the 21st century:[8] (tracking plays in the U.S. only, and in order of number of plays)[9]

Rank Song Composer(s) Year Type
1 "The Christmas Song" Mel Tormé, Robert Wells 1944 traditions
2 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin 1944 celebratory/sentimental
3 "Winter Wonderland" Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith 1934 seasonal
4 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie 1934 mythical
5 "White Christmas" Irving Berlin 1940 seasonal/sentimental
6 "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne 1945 seasonal
7 "Jingle Bell Rock" Joseph Carleton Beal, James Ross Boothe 1957 celebratory/seasonal
8 "The Little Drummer Boy" Katherine K. Davis, Henry V. Onorati, Harry Simeone 1941 religious
9 "Sleigh Ride" Leroy Anderson, Mitchell Parish 1948 seasonal/birthday
10 "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" Johnny Marks 1939/1949 mythical
11 "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" Edward Pola, George Wyle 1963 seasonal/traditions
12 "I'll Be Home for Christmas" Walter Kent, Kim Gannon, Buck Ram 1943 traditions/sentimental
13 "Silver Bells" Jay Livingston, Ray Evans 1950 traditions
14 "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" Johnny Marks 1958 traditions
15 "Feliz Navidad" José Feliciano 1970 celebratory
16 "Blue Christmas" Billy Hayes, Jay W. Johnson 1957 traditions/alternative
17 "Frosty the Snowman" Steve Nelson, Walter E. Rollins 1950 mythical
18 "A Holly Jolly Christmas" Johnny Marks 1964/5 traditions/celebratory
19 "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" Meredith Willson 1951 traditions/celebratory
20 "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" Tommie Connor 1952 mythical/novelty
21 "Here Comes Santa Claus" (Right Down Santa Claus Lane) Gene Autry, Oakley Haldeman 1947 mythical
22 "Carol of the Bells" Peter J. Wilhousky, Mykola D. Leontovych 1921/47 celebratory
23 "Do They Know It's Christmas? (Feed the World)" Midge Ure, Bob Geldof 1984 traditions
24 "(There's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays" Bob Allen, Al Stillman 1954 traditions/sentimental
25 "Santa Baby" Joan Ellen Javits, Philip Springer, Tony Springer, and Fred Ebb 1953 mythical/alternative

"For Americans and many others around the world, these classic lyrics and melodies are inseparable from the celebration of the holiday season – brightening lives year after year, and serving as a cornerstone of the ASCAP repertory."[8]

Marilyn Bergman, ASCAP President and chairman

Of these, the oldest songs are "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" and "Winter Wonderland", both published in 1934—though some element of the song came along earlier for two titles (the source or music). Almost a dozen were released in the 1940s, the next largest group coming in the 1950s. Only two became popular in the 1960s; one each in the 1970s and 1980s. "Do They Know It's Christmas? (Feed the World)" by Midge Ure and Bob Geldof is the only relatively new one on the list: "Recorded in 1984 by Band Aid—an all-star band of British musicians—this benefit single assisted famine relief efforts in Ethiopia, and sold millions of copies over the '84 holiday season."[8]

Christmas songs introduced in theater, television, and film include "White Christmas" from Holiday Inn (1942), "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" from Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), and "Silver Bells" in The Lemon Drop Kid (1950).

Elvis Presley introduced his cover of "Blue Christmas", and debuted the Leiber-Stoller "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", on his first Christmas album in 1957—along with versions of other standards such as "Here Comes Santa Claus", "White Christmas", and "I'll Be Home for Christmas". Bruce Springsteen and The Jackson Five recorded separate versions of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", as well as other Christmas titles. The unlikely pairing of Bing Crosby with David Bowie on the impromptu "The Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth" created one of the most popular Christmas duets ever recorded.[10]

Other popular Christmas songs often heard include: "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (1937), "Happy Holiday" (1942), "Baby It's Cold Outside" (1944), "Merry Christmas Baby" (1947), "Mary's Boy Child" (1956), and "We Need a Little Christmas" (1966)—all recorded by a number of acts. Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters had a hit with "Mele Kalikimaka" in 1950, and Crosby introduced "Marshmallow World" (backed by The Lee Gordon Singers and the Sonny Burke Orchestra) in the same year. In 1951 he recorded "Christmas in Killarney". Frank Sinatra put "The Christmas Waltz" on the B-side of his version of "White Christmas" in 1954, and included "Mistletoe and Holly" on his 1957 album A Jolly Christmas From Frank Sinatra. Nat King Cole put his stamp on "The Happiest Christmas Tree", "Buon Natale (Means Merry Christmas to You)", and "The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot" on various Christmas album releases.

"Suzy Snowflake" was recorded by Rosemary Clooney in 1951 and Chuck Berry released "Run Rudolph Run" in 1958. Others would follow in the ensuing decades:

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

More recently, American singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat released "Christmas in the Sand" through Soundcloud in October 2012 (followed by "Merry Christmas Baby" with country music artist Brad Paisley). Written by Caillat, Jason Reeves, and Kara DioGuardi—and released as the first single from her first Christmas album by the same name—"Christmas in the Sand" was meant to conjure up (humorously) what Christmas might be like in Hawaii. Christina Perri released "Something About Christmas" on her second EP, A Very Merry Perri Christmas, also in October 2012.

"Underneath the Tree", by American singer and songwriter Kelly Clarkson who won the first season of American Idol, appeared on her first Christmas album, Wrapped in Red, in 2013. Written by Clarkson and Greg Kurstin, the song has been lauded by music critic for its potential to become a holiday classic as has Mariah Carey's modern standard "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (1994). Pop singer Shayna Leigh released “Wake Me When It’s Christmas," co-written by Peter Zizzo and Michael Mangini, November 10, 2014 through Buzznet.[14]

Christmas song surveys

In a 2007 survey, of United States radio listeners, the most liked songs were standards such as Bing Crosby's "White Christmas" (1942), Nat King Cole's "The Christmas Song" (1946), and Burl Ives' "A Holly Jolly Christmas" (1965). Other favorites like "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" (Brenda Lee, 1958), "Jingle Bell Rock" (Bobby Helms, 1957) and John Lennon and Yoko Ono's "Happy Xmas" (1971), scored well in one study. Also "loved" were Johnny Mathis' "Do You Hear What I Hear?" and Harry Simeone Chorale's "Little Drummer Boy".[15] The newest song in one survey's top 10 was Mariah Carey's "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (1994); for another it was Lennon and Ono's.

The Pinnacle Media Worldwide survey divided its listeners into music-type categories:

Among the most-hated Christmas songs, according to Edison Media Research's 2007 survey, are Barbra Streisand's "Jingle Bells?", the Jackson 5's "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", Elmo & Patsy's "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer", and "O Holy Night" as performed by cartoon characters from Comedy Central's "South Park". The "most-hated Christmastime recording" is a rendition of "Jingle Bells" by Don Charles's Singing Dogs, a revolutionary novelty song originally released in 1955, and re-released as an edited version in 1970.[16]

Rolling Stone magazine ranked Love's version of "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" (1963) first on its list of The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs in December 2010.[17] Carey's "All I Want for Christmas Is You", co-written by Carey and Walter Afanasieff, was No. 1 on Billboard's Holiday Digital Songs chart in December 2013.[18] "Fairytale of New York" by The Pogues is cited as the best Christmas song of all time in various television, radio and magazine related polls in the U.K. and Ireland.[19]

Non-Christian writers

Johnny Marks has three top Christmas songs, the most for any writer—"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", and "A Holly Jolly Christmas". By far the most recorded Christmas song is "White Christmas" by Irving Berlin (born Israel Isidore Beilin in Russia)—who also wrote "Happy Holiday"—with well over 500 versions in dozens of languages.

Approximately half of the 25 best-selling Christmas songs were written by Jewish composers, including:

"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" was written by Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry (with Phil Spector), originally for Ronnie Spector of The Ronettes. It was made into a hit by Darlene Love in 1963. "Peace on Earth" was written by Ian Fraser, Larry Grossman, and Alan Kohan as a counterpoint to "The Little Drummer Boy" (1941) to make David Bowie comfortable recording "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" with Bing Crosby on September 11, 1977—for Crosby's then-upcoming television special, Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas[25]

Adopted Christmas music

What is known as Christmas music today was often adopted from works initially composed for other purposes, coming to be associated with the holiday in some way. Many tunes adopted into the Christmas canon fall into the generic Winter classification, as they carry no Christmas connotation at all. Others were written to celebrate other holidays and gradually came to cover the Christmas season.

Some earlier-sourced material now popular at Christmastime includes:

Borrowing from the Scottish title, Dan Fogelberg's "Same Old Lang Syne" (released 1980) tells a Christmas Eve story and is now frequently played during the holiday season. Perry Como famously sang "Ave Maria" in his televised Christmas special each year, including the song on The Perry Como Christmas Album (1968) which "became a staple of family holiday record collections."[28]

With a Welsh melody dating back to the sixteenth century, and English lyrics from 1862, "Deck the Halls" celebrates the pagan holiday of Yule and the New Year, but not explicitly Christmas:

Troll the ancient Yuletide carol
See the blazing Yule before us
While I tell of Yuletide treasure

"Jingle Bells", first published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857, was originally associated with Thanksgiving rather than Christmas.[29]

Additionally, many popular "Christmas tunes" of the 20th century make no lyrical mention of the holiday at all:

Christmas songs from musicals

Some musical films have been set around Christmas time, and because of that some of the songs are popular during the holiday season:

  • Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), in which the main character Jack Skellington accidentally discovers Christmas, features Christmas-themed songs like "Making Christmas", "What's This?", "Town Meeting Song" and "Jack's Obsession".
  • Scrooge (1970) features songs like "Father Christmas" (which is used sarcastically) and "December the 25th".

Christmas novelty songs

See also: Novelty song

A popular form of Christmas song are the musical parodies of the season—comical or nonsensical songs performed principally for their comical effect—usually classified as "novelty songs". The term arose in the Tin Pan Alley world of popular songwriting, with novelty songs achieved great popularity during the 1920s and 1930s.

Many novelty songs employ unusual lyrics, subjects, sounds, or instrumentation, and may not even be particularly musical. This Christmas novelty song genre started off with "I Yust Go Nuts At Christmas" written by Yogi Yorgesson and sung by him with the Johnny Duffy Trio in 1949, and include such notable titles as:

In the Seventies comedic singing duo Cheech & Chong's debut single in 1971 was "Santa Claus and His Old Lady". The Kinks did "Father Christmas" in 1977, and Elmo & Patsy came out with "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer" in 1979. More recent titles added to the canon have included:

Seattle radio personality Bob Rivers became nationally famous for his line of novelty Christmas songs and released five albums (collectively known as the Twisted Christmas quintilogy, after the name of Rivers' radio program, "Twisted Radio") consisting entirely of Christmas parodies from 1987 to 2002. "Don't Shoot Me Santa" was released by The Killers in 2007, benefiting various AIDS charities. Christmas novelty songs can involve gallows humor and even morbid humor like that found in "Christmas at Ground Zero" and "The Night Santa Went Crazy", both by "Weird Al" Yankovic. The Dan Band released several adult-oriented Christmas songs on their 2007 album "Ho: A Dan Band Christmas" which included "Ho, Ho, Ho" (ho being slang for a prostitute), "I Wanna Rock You Hard This Christmas", "Please Don't Bomb Nobody This Holiday" and "Get Drunk & Make Out This Christmas".

Kristen Bell and a cappella group Straight No Chaser "teamed up to poke fun at the modern seasons greeting" with "Text Me Merry Christmas":

:Text me Merry Christmas :Let me know you care :Just a word or two :Of text from you :Will remind me you’re still there

Straight No Chaser singer Randy Stine said of the song: "We wanted a Christmas song that spoke to how informal communication has become.”[32]

Juvenile

Christmas novelty songs include many sung by young teens, or performed largely for the enjoyment of a young audience. Kicking off with "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" sung by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd in 1952, other few notable novelty songs written to parody the Christmas season and sung by young singers include:

Christmas novelty songs aimed at a young audience, featured by "The Chipmunk Song" by David Seville and sung by Alvin and the Chipmunks in 1958, also include:

Akim and the Teddy Vann Production Company recorded "Santa Claus is a Black Man" in 1973.

The number of Christmas novelty songs is so immense that radio host Dr. Demento devotes an entire month of weekly two-hour episodes to the format each year, and the novelty songs receive frequent requests at radio stations across the country.

Radio broadcasting

Radio broadcasting of Christmas music has been around for several decades in the United States and elsewhere.[33] Traditionally, U.S. radio stations (particularly those with such formats as adult contemporary, adult standards, easy listening, oldies, or beautiful music) began adding some Christmas-themed selections to their regular playlists shortly after Thanksgiving each year, typically culminating in 36–48 hours of continuous Christmas music between December 24–25. Since the mid-1990s, it has become increasingly common for stations to switch their programming to continuous Christmas music around Thanksgiving, or earlier. This practice became even more widespread after 9/11, when many radio stations across the United States sought a sort of musical "comfort food".[34]

As a part of a phenomenon known as "Christmas creep", radio stations—responsible for so much of Christmas music broadcasting, popularization, and appreciation—are "going Christmas" earlier each year. Many stations are now starting in early November (a select few, such as WEZW since 2011, have earned a reputation for beginning their Christmas music as early as October), instead of Thanksgiving or Black Friday, because executives "think that listeners will stick with the first station to change to a seasonal theme." About 400 radio stations "across the United States play Christmas music around the clock." In Chicago, WLIT-FM saw its share of all radio listeners grow from a 2.9/3.6 share earlier in the year to 9.3 during the Nov. 28 to Dec. 11, 2003 Arbitron rating period. A 2002 Arbitron ratings study confirmed holiday-music surges at stations around the country.[35]

24/7 Christmas music

The 24/7 all-Christmas format has been generally successful due in large part to Christmas creep. In the United States, many radio stations begin airing an all-Christmas format by Thanksgiving weekend, with others starting the Friday one week prior and some making the switch as early as November 1. As of November 23, 2014 (four days before Thanksgiving), there were over 170 commercial U.S. radio stations airing 24/7 Christmas music.[36]

When a radio station in the U.S. makes the temporary switch to all-Christmas music its listener share regularly doubles.[37] A sampling of radio stations that made the switch in 2010 with the change in market share:[38]

"There's no other programming tactic in radio history that consistently delivers ratings increases better than Christmas music . . playing Christmas music is all about having a larger audience after Christmas than you did before. People who find the station often stick around after the holidays and discover a new favorite station."[38]

Darren Davis, Senior V.P., Clear Channel

Station Market Share Christmas
WODS Boston 4.5 9.3
KOST Los Angeles 4.6 9.2
WLTW New York 6.0 12.3
KYXY San Diego 4.1 9.7

Adult contemporary, oldies, and country listeners tend to adjust better to an all-Christmas switch than do listeners of other formats such as hip-hop or hard rock. However: "Nine times out of 10, many new listeners pour in, outweighing the listeners that do opt out," says Greg Strassell, senior vice president of programming at CBS Radio.[38] However, this may not always transition well into financial success, since advertisers do not universally recognise Arbitron's holiday ratings book.[39]

Some radio stations, even those that do not play full-time Christmas music prior to Christmas Eve, play Christmas music commercial-free the entire day on Christmas Day and often a portion of Christmas Eve as well (e.g. KOIT), with only interruptions for Christmas messages from station personnel and personnel from the station's parent company.

Although the Christmas season by definition runs until January 6 (Epiphany), and is observed until at least New Year's Eve by the public, almost all broadcasters skip the last Twelve Days of Christmas, abruptly ending all holiday music at or even before midnight on December 25, and not playing a single Christmas song again until the next November. (Several radio stations actually promote this, with ads that proudly proclaim to listeners weary of the Christmas music that the station's regular format will indeed return on December 26, as soon as Christmas Day is over.) It is not uncommon for broadcasters to market the twelve-day period preceding Christmas (December 14 to 25) as the "Twelve Days of Christmas", contrary to the traditional definition. One reason for this is that much popular Christmas music is so closely associated with Christmas Day itself that it would be difficult or impossible to play after December 25 without bringing up references that the broadcaster may wish to ignore (such as those that involve Santa Claus, who has already come and gone by Christmas morning). On occasion, some Christmas music stations will continue to play at least some Christmas music through the weekend following Christmas, or even through New Year's Day (particularly when stunting in anticipation of a format change; see below), but never any later.

Christmas music as a stunt format

Christmas music is a popular stunt format, used when a station is transitioning to a different format. For instance, a rock music station changing to a rhythmic oldies format will often air Christmas music in-between. This can occur at times when Christmas music seems out of place, such as in summer. The end of the calendar year is a common time of year for format switches. As such, Christmas music may be aired for a prolonged period of time from as early as October and/or extend as late as New Year's Day, while the station prepares the switch. Conversely, when 94.9 in Atlanta changed from adult contemporary to country music in the middle of December 2006, it abruptly stopped playing its annual Christmas music a week before the holiday.

A brief 24/7 Christmas music format is also common during Christmas in July stunts.

Christmas music on satellite and internet radio

Outside of traditional AM/FM radio, satellite radio providers XM and Sirius typically devote multiple channels to different genres of Christmas music during the holiday season. Numerous Internet radio services also offer Christmas music channels, some of them available year-round. Citadel Media produced The Christmas Channel, a syndicated 24-hour radio network, during the holiday season in past years (though in 2010, Citadel instead included Christmas music on its regular Classic Hits network). Music Choice offers nonstop holiday music to its digital cable, cable modem, and mobile phone subscribers between November 1 and New Year's Day on its "Sounds of the Seasons" (traditional), "R&B" (soul), "Tropicales" (Latin), and "Soft Rock" (contemporary) channels. DMX provides holiday music as part of its SonicTap music service for digital cable and DirecTV subscribers, as does Dish Network via its in-house Dish CD music channels. Services such as Muzak also distribute Christmas music to retail stores for use as in-store background music during the holidays.

The growing popularity of Internet radio has inspired other media outlets to begin offering Christmas music. In 2009 Phoenix television station KTVK launched four commercial-free online radio stations including Ho Ho Radio, which streams Christmas music throughout the month of December.

In Ireland, a temporary radio station named Christmas FM broadcasts on a temporary license in Dublin and Cork from November 28 to December 26, solely playing Christmas music.

In the U.K., the Festive Fifty list of indie rock songs is broadcast starting on Christmas Day, originally by DJ John Peel, and nowadays by Internet radio station Dandelion Radio.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland

Most played songs

See also: List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom

While the ASCAP list is relatively popular in the United Kingdom and Ireland, it remains largely overshadowed by a collection of chart hits recorded in a bid to be crowned the UK Christmas number one single during the 1970s and 1980s. The 1987 single "Fairytale of New York" by London rock band The Pogues is regularly voted the UK's favourite Christmas song, and in 2012 it was listed as the most-played Christmas song of the 21st Century in the UK.[40][41][42] In a 2007 poll, the UK's most popular Christmas song was "Merry Xmas Everybody" by Slade,[43] an English glam rock band that was popular in the 1970s. The top ten most played Christmas songs in the United Kingdom based on a 2010 survey conducted by PRS for Music, who collect and pay royalties to its 75,000 song-writing and composing members, are as follows:[44]

Rank Song title Composer(s) Performer(s) Year
1 "All I Want for Christmas Is You" Mariah Carey and Walter Afanasieff Mariah Carey 1994
2 "Last Christmas" George Michael Wham! 1984
3 "Fairytale of New York" Jem Finer and Shane MacGowan The Pogues with Kirsty MacColl 1987
4 "Do They Know It's Christmas?" Bob Geldof and Midge Ure Band Aid 1984
5 "Merry Xmas Everybody" Noddy Holder and Jim Lea Slade 1973
6 "White Christmas" Irving Berlin Bing Crosby 1940
7 "Driving Home for Christmas" Chris Rea Chris Rea 1988
8 "Merry Christmas Everyone" Bob Heatlie Shakin' Stevens 1985
9 "Mistletoe and Wine" Jeremy Paul, Leslie Stewart and Keith Strachan Cliff Richard 1988
10 "Walking in the Air" Howard Blake Peter Auty 1982

Included in previous lists—like those for 2009 and 2008—are such titles as "Stop the Cavalry"—Jona Lewie, "Santa Claus is Coming to Town"—Bruce Springsteen, "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day"—Wizzard, "Step into Christmas"—Elton John, "Lonely This Christmas"—Mud, and "White Christmas" by Bing Crosby.

"The Christmas song is a genre in its own right . . More than any other type of music, it spans and links generations with disparate musical taste buds."[45]

Ellis Rich, Chairman of PRS for Music

"Christmas number one single"

See also: List of UK Singles Chart Christmas number ones and List of Irish Singles Chart Christmas number ones

In Britain and Ireland, the terms "Christmas number one single" and "Christmas number two single" denote songs released around the time of the Christmas holiday and that reach the top of the UK Singles Chart and/or Irish Singles Chart respectively. Because of the two countries' proximity to each other, the Irish #1 is usually the same as the British #1 or No. 2. Though some of these songs do tend to develop an association with Christmas or the holiday season, such an association tends to be much shorter lived than the more traditionally themed Christmas songs such as "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday", "Mistletoe and Wine" and "Merry Christmas Everyone", and the songs may have nothing to do with Christmas or even winter. Past Christmas number-ones include children's songs such as "Mr Blobby" (#1, 1993) and the theme from Bob the Builder (#1, 2000), novelty songs such as Benny Hill's "Ernie" (#1, 1971) and South Park's "Chocolate Salty Balls" (#2, 1998), and several examples of standard pop fare that would likely be just as popular outside the holiday season. Some songs will be "tweaked" to make them more related to Christmas. This is almost exclusively a British cultural phenomenon; some notable and longer-lasting examples include Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (#1, 1985, the second biggest selling single in UK Chart history; two re-recordings also hit #1 in 1989 and 2004), Slade's "Merry Xmas Everybody" (#1, 1973) and Wham!'s "Last Christmas" (#2, 1984).

Television talent shows

In 2002, Popstars The Rivals produced the top three singles on the British Christmas charts. The "rival" groups produced by the series—(the girl group Girls Aloud and the boy band One True Voice)—finished first and second respectively on the charts. Failed contestants The Cheeky Girls charted with a novelty hit at third. Briton Will Young, winner of the first Pop Idol, charted at the top of the Irish charts in 2003.

The winning song from the December-ending The X Factor has earned the Christmas number one in at least one of the two countries every year since 2005, and in both countries four times out of the last seven. Each year since 2008 has seen protest campaigns to outsell the overly-popular X Factor single and prevent it from reaching number one. In 2009, "Killing in the Name" by Rage Against the Machine reached number one in the UK instead of that year's X Factor winner, Joe McElderry. McElderry did reach number one in Ireland. A fractured campaign to unseat the 2010 X Factor winner, plus a delay in delivery of The Rubberbandits' "Horse Outside" to stores in Ireland, resulted in X Factor winner Matt Cardle earning the Christmas number one in both countries.

In 2011, "Wherever You Are", the single from a choir of military wives assembled by the TV series The Choir, earned the Christmas number-one single in Britain—upsettingX Factor winners Little Mix. With the Military Wives Choir single not being released in Ireland, Little Mix won Christmas number-one in Ireland that year.[46]

In 2012 The Christmas No. 1 was a cover of He Ain't Heavy, he's my Brother from an ensemble of Liverpudlian celebrities in commemoration of the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster. X Factor winner Sam Bailey's single won the Christmas number-one competition in both countries in 2013.

In Australia

Situated in the southern hemisphere, where seasons are reversed from the northern, the heat of early summer in Australia affects the way Christmas is celebrated and how northern hemisphere Christmas traditions are followed. Australians generally spend Christmas out of doors, going to the beach for the day, or heading to camp grounds for a vacation. International visitors to Sydney at Christmastime often go to Bondi Beach where tens of thousands gather on Christmas Day.

Blandfordia nobilis, or Christmas Bells, of eastern Australia

The tradition of an Australian Christmas Eve carol service lit by candles, started in 1937 by radio announcer Norman Banks, has taken place in Melbourne annually since then. Carols by Candlelight events can be "huge gatherings . . televised live throughout the country" or smaller "local community and church events." Carols in the Domain in Sydney is now a "popular platform for the stars of stage and music."

Some homegrown Christmas carols have become popular. William G. James' six sets of Australian Christmas Carols, with words by John Wheeler, include "The Three Drovers", "The Silver Stars are in the Sky", "Christmas Day", "Carol of the Birds" and others. "Light-hearted Australian Christmas songs" have become "an essential part of the Australian Christmas experience." Rolf Harris' "Six White Boomers", Colin Buchanan's "Aussie Jingle Bells", and the "Australian Twelve Days of Christmas",[47] proudly proclaim the differing traditions Down Under. A verse from "Aussie Jingle Bells" makes the point:

Engine's getting hot
Dodge the kangaroos
Swaggie climbs aboard
He is welcome too
All the family is there
Sitting by the pool
Christmas Day, the Aussie way
By the barbecue![48]

"My Little Christmas Belle" (1909) composed by Joe Slater (1872-1926) to words by Ward McAlister (1872-1928) celebrates eastern Australian flora coming into bloom during the heat of Christmas. Blandfordia nobilis, also known as Christmas Bells, are the specific subject of the song—with the original sheet music bearing a depiction of the blossom.[49] Whereas "The Holly and The Ivy" (1937) by Australian Louis Lavater (1867-1953) mentions northern hemisphere foliage.[50]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ First described in a book, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was popularised by the related song that came out in 1949.

References

  1. ^ Miles, Clement (1976). Christmas customs and traditions. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-486-23354-5.
  2. ^ a b c Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun. Oxford.
  3. ^ Shoemaker, Alfred L. (1999) [1959]. Christmas in Pennsylvania. Mechanicsburg, PA. p. xvii.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Richard Michael Kelly. A Christmas carol p.10. Broadview Press, 2003 ISBN 1-55111-476-3
  5. ^ "Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols". BBC. December 16, 2005.
  6. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford. p. 64.
  7. ^ "Carol Histories and Track List". pair.com. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  8. ^ a b c "ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs – "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting...)" Tops List". Ascap.com. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  9. ^ As confirmed by e-mail response from Phil Crosland of ASCAP (212.621.6218, pcrosland@ascap.com)
  10. ^ Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony by Paul Farhi, Washington Post; December 20, 2006.
  11. ^ "MUST BE SANTA". BMI Repertoire. Broadcast Music Incorporated. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  12. ^ "Reviews Of This Week's Singles". The Billboard: page 46. 7 November 1960. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 3 December 2011. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ "Tommy Steele". UK Chart Archive. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  14. ^ "Tomorrow's Hits: Shayna Leigh, 'Wake Me When It's Christmas'--Shayna's Holiday Spirit". Billboard.com. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  15. ^ a b "'Grandma' got run over by the ratings, dear: Radio stations translate our love-hate relationship with holiday tunes into seasonal playlists" Chicago Tribune; December 18, 2007.
  16. ^ "All I Want for Christmas Is Not To Hear That Song" by Paul Farhi, Washington Post; December 14, 2007.
  17. ^ Greene, Andy. "The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  18. ^ Klimek, Chris (9 December 2013). "All I Want for Christmas Is a New Christmas Song 2.5k 342 252 The holiday-song canon is closed. Why?". Slate. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  19. ^ "Pogues track wins Christmas poll". BBC News. December 16, 2004.
  20. ^ Fonseca, Corinna Da (November 28, 2011). "Dreaming of a Jewish Christmas". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  21. ^ "Jews among musicians with Christmas spirit". The San Francisco Chronicle. December 26, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  22. ^ "Bob Dylan joins long list of Jewish musicians performing Christmas music". Los Angeles Times. December 23, 1999. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  23. ^ Bloom, Nate. "The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs". InterfaithFamily.com. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  24. ^ Bloom, Nate (December 2012). "The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs (2012)". InterfaithFamily. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  25. ^ Paul Farhi (20 December 2006). "Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony", The Washington Post
  26. ^ "Handel’s Messiah: An Unexpected Easter Masterpiece" by Dr. Mark D. Roberts at Patheos.com; 2011.
  27. ^ Field, Daisy. "About Schubert's "Ave Maria"". Daisyfield Guitar Music. Daisyfield.com. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  28. ^ Balke, Jeff (19 December 2011). "Classic Christmas: The Perry Como Christmas Album". Houston Press Blog. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  29. ^ Jingle Bells: History of Christmas Carols by Espie Estrella.
  30. ^ "How 'Jingle Bells' by the Singing Dogs Changed Music Forever" by William Weir, The Atlantic, DEC 20, 2010.
  31. ^ "Tribute Songs" at The Millennium Effect.
  32. ^ Sieczkowski, Cavan (17 November 2014). "Kristen Bell's 'Text Me Merry Christmas' Is A New Kind Of Holiday Tune". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  33. ^ "Radio Christmas returns to Amersham" Amersham and Little Chalfont: Your Community, by Lawrence Poole; Dec 15, 2011.
  34. ^ Tucker, Ken (May 13, 2005). "The Christmas Format: Santa Claus Is Coming To Town". Radio Monitor. AllBusiness.
  35. ^ Colin McKay (December 19, 2003). "Piped-In Christmas Music". Canuckflack. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.
  36. ^ http://www.stationintel.com/specials.aspx
  37. ^ Sisario, Ben (October 30, 2014). "Radio Dusts Off Mistletoe, in October". The New York Times.
  38. ^ a b c "Ka-Chung! How All Christmas Music Doubles Radio's Ratings" by Paul Bond, 12 May 2011, The Hollywood Reporter.
  39. ^ Insight: the All-Christmas music format phenomenon. RadioInfo.com. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  40. ^ "Fairytale Of New York is true sound of Christmas". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2014
  41. ^ "Pogues track wins Christmas poll". BBC News. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  42. ^ "Fairytale still the festive pick". BBC News. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2005.
  43. ^ "UK's most popular Christmas song revealed". Nme.Com. December 6, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  44. ^ "Survey Reveals White Christmas As Most Memorable Christmas Song: But Mariah Carey’s Hit Most Played" December 14, 2010 press release.
  45. ^ "PRS for Music". PRS for Music. December 5, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  46. ^ Shipman, Tim; Paul Connolly and Paul Harris (December 21, 2011). Military Wives rejoice: Choir beats VAT threat as single heads for Christmas No1 with 300,000 sales. The Daily Mail. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  47. ^ Christmas season celebrations in Australia Australian Government official website.
  48. ^ Merry Christmas From Australia website by 'Silver'.
  49. ^ "1909, English, Printed music edition: My little Christmas belle / lyrics by Ward McAlister ; composed by Joe Slater. [music] / Slater, Joe, 1872-1926". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  50. ^ National Library of Australia vn2226949

Further reading

  • "Seasonal Songs With Twang, Funk and Harmony", New York Times, November 26, 2010.
  • Stories Behind The Best-Loved Songs of Christmas by Ace Collins, 160 pages, ISBN 0-7624-2112-6, 2004.
  • The International Book of Christmas Carols by W. Ehret and G. K. Evans, Stephen Greene Press, Vermont, ISBN 0-8289-0378-6, 1980.
  • Victorian Songs and Music by Olivia Bailey, Caxton Publishing, ISBN 1-84067-468-7, 2002.
  • Spirit of Christmas: A History of Our Best-Loved Carols by Virginia Reynolds and Lesley Ehlers, ISBN 0-88088-414-2, 2000.
  • Christmas Music Companion Fact Book by Dale V. Nobbman, ISBN 1-57424-067-6, 2000.
  • Joel Whitburn presents Christmas in the charts, 1920–2004 by Joel Whitburn, ISBN 0-89820-161-6, 2004.
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