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* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Amir-Moezzi|first=Mohammad Ali|title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4g6Od9f1rFAC&pg=PA115|date= 1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2122-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Amir-Moezzi|first=Mohammad Ali|title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4g6Od9f1rFAC&pg=PA115|date= 1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2122-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Amir-Moezzi|first=Mohammad Ali|title=The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Belief and Practices|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZadmgNbs91sC&pg=PA206|date= 2011|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-738-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Amir-Moezzi|first=Mohammad Ali|title=The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Belief and Practices|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZadmgNbs91sC&pg=PA206|date= 2011|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-738-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ansariyan|first1=Hussein|title=Ahl Al-Bayt The Celestial Beings on the Earth|date=2007|publisher=Ansariyan Publications|ref=harv|isbn=978-964-438-873-6|url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/general/ahl_al-bayt/}}{{Dead link|date=April 2015|reason=Expired domain.}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ansariyan |first1=Hussein |title=Ahl Al-Bayt The Celestial Beings on the Earth |date=2007 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |ref=harv |isbn=978-964-438-873-6 |url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/general/ahl_al-bayt/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20141006183739/http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/general/ahl_al-bayt/ |archivedate=October 6, 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Chittick|first=William C.|authorlink=|title=A Shi'ite Anthology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138|accessdate=27 April 2015|year=1980|pages=136–140|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-510-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Chittick|first=William C.|authorlink=|title=A Shi'ite Anthology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138|accessdate=27 April 2015|year=1980|pages=136–140|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-510-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last =Corbin|first =Henry |authorlink = Henry Corbin|title = History of Islamic Philosophy|publisher = Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies |year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-7103-0416-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last =Corbin|first =Henry |authorlink = Henry Corbin|title = History of Islamic Philosophy|publisher = Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies |year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-7103-0416-2|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Donaldson|first=Dwight M.|title=The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak|year=1933|publisher=Burleigh Press|isbn=978-0-404-18959-4 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Donaldson|first=Dwight M.|title=The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak|year=1933|publisher=Burleigh Press|isbn=978-0-404-18959-4 }}
* {{cite book|last=Dungersi|first=Mohammed Raza|title=A Brief Biography of Hazrat Fatima (s.a.)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6dJSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania|year=1994|isbn=9976-956-86-7|ignore-isbn-error=true|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dungersi|first=Mohammed Raza|title=A Brief Biography of Hazrat Fatima (s.a.)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6dJSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania|year=1994|isbn=9976-956-86-7|ignore-isbn-error=true|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last= Dungersi|first=Mohammed Raza|title=A Brief Biography of Imam Hasan al-Askari |year=2005|url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/index.htm|publisher=Ansariyan Publications| isbn=978-964-438-689-3}}{{Dead link|date=April 2015|reason=Expired domain.}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv |last=Dungersi |first=Mohammed Raza |title=A Brief Biography of Imam Hasan al-Askari |year=2005 |url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/index.htm |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |isbn=978-964-438-689-3 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20150220041813/http://maaref-foundation.com/english/index.htm |archivedate=February 20, 2015 }}
* {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Aaron|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|date=23 April 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16147-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Aaron|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|date=23 April 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16147-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mashita|others=Hiroyuki|title=Theology, ethics and metaphysics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ItWsAgAAQBAJ |year=2002|publisher=Routledge Curzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1670-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mashita|others=Hiroyuki|title=Theology, ethics and metaphysics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ItWsAgAAQBAJ |year=2002|publisher=Routledge Curzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1670-8|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|title=Islamic Spirituality: Foundations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ncz9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-53895-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|title=Islamic Spirituality: Foundations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ncz9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-53895-9|ref=harv}}
<!--* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ordoni|first=Abu Muhammad|title=Fatima (Sa) the Gracious|url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/fatima/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm|date= 2009|publisher=Ansariyan Publications|isbn=978-964-438-618-3}}-->
<!--* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ordoni|first=Abu Muhammad|title=Fatima (Sa) the Gracious|url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/fatima/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm|date= 2009|publisher=Ansariyan Publications|isbn=978-964-438-618-3}}-->
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Qurashī|first=Bāqir Sharīf|title=The life of Imām Zayn al ‘Abidin (A.S.)|url=http://maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam04_sajjad/zayn_al_abidin/index.htm|year=2007|publisher=Ansariyan Publications|isbn=978-9644381652}}{{Dead link|date=April 2015|reason=Expired domain.}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv |last=Qurashī |first=Bāqir Sharīf |title=The life of Imām Zayn al ‘Abidin (A.S.) |url=http://maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam04_sajjad/zayn_al_abidin/index.htm |year=2007 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |isbn=978-9644381652 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140816062439/http://www.maaref-foundation.com:80/english/library/pro_ahl/imam04_sajjad/zayn_al_abidin/index.htm |archivedate=August 16, 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Qurashī|first=Bāqir Sharīf|title=The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad|url=http://maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam09_jawad/the_life_of_imam_jawad/index.htm|year=2005|publisher=Ansariyan Publications|isbn=978-964-438-653-4|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2015|reason=Expired domain.}}
* {{cite book|last=Qurashī |first=Bāqir Sharīf |title=The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad |url=http://maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam09_jawad/the_life_of_imam_jawad/index.htm |year=2005 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |isbn=978-964-438-653-4 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140713121545/http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam09_jawad/the_life_of_imam_jawad/index.htm |archivedate=July 13, 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Rayshahri|first=M. Muhammadi|title=The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pfcCps0I8MUC&pg=PA68|date=12 January 2008|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=978-1-904063-34-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rayshahri|first=M. Muhammadi|title=The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pfcCps0I8MUC&pg=PA68|date=12 January 2008|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=978-1-904063-34-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last= Rizvi|first=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar|title=Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.tz/books?id=0f2qAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP2#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1988|publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania|isbn=978-9976-956-13-9}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last= Rizvi|first=Sayyid Saeed Akhtar|title=Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.tz/books?id=0f2qAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP2#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1988|publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania|isbn=978-9976-956-13-9}}

Revision as of 22:11, 20 February 2016

This is the article about the fourteen infallibles which should not be mistaken for the The Twelve Imams.
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The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: معصومون Ma‘sūmūn) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra; and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah.[1][2] Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God.[3] The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.[4] They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.[5] Shias believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets.[6]

Family tree

The fourteen infallibles.
Muhammad
Fātimah‘Alī
HasanHusayn
‘Alī Zaynul ‘Ābidīn
Muhammad al-Bāqir
Ja‘far as-Sādiq
Mūsā al-Kādhim
‘Alī ar-Ridhā
Muhammad al-Jawad
‘Alī al-Hadi
Hasan al-‘Askarī
Muhammad al-Mahdī

List of the Infallibles

Modern (calligraphic) depiction Name
(Full)
Kunya[a] 		Title
Arabic 		Date of birth and death Importance Cause and place of death
Place of burial[c]
Muhammad ibn Abdullah[d]
Abu al-Qasim[e][7]

Rasul Allah[f][7]

Khatam al-Anbia[g][8]

Habib[h][9]

Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[7] 		Considered by Muslims to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind. According to Muslims, God revealed to him the Quran, which is God's word and the greatest miracle.[7] Fell ill and died in Medina.[7]

Buried in Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula.[7]

Fatimah[i]

Umm Abiha[j][12]

Sayyidat al-Nisā[k][13]

al-Zahra[l][14]

Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[17] 		Her father Muhammad called her "a part of me".[18] She is also regarded as "the mother of the Imams".[19][20] According to most Shias, Fatimah suffered a fatal injury while defending Ali against the first Sunni caliph.[21]

The exact location of her grave is unknown but is believed to be in Medina.[13]

Ali ibn Abu Talib[m]
Abu al-Hasan[n][22]

Amir al-Mu'minin[o][23]

  • 600 – 661[23]
  • 22 or 16 BH – 40 AH [24]
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[23] 		For all Shia, the son-in-law of Muhammad is the first Shia Imam[25] and the rightful successor of Muhammad.[26] For Sunnis, he is the fourth successor.[16] He holds an important position in almost all Sufi orders, which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[23] Assassinated in Kufa, Iraq, by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite who slashed his head with a poisoned sword while he was praying.[23]
Buried in Najaf, Iraq.[16]
Hasan ibn Ali[p]
Abu Muhammad[q][22]

Al-Mūjtabā[r][27]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[28] 		The eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad, through his mother, Fatimah, Hasan succeeded his father Ali as the caliph in Kufa; but after a seven-month reign he relinquished control of Iraq following a peace treaty with Muawiya I.[28] According to Twelver Shia belief, he was poisoned fatally by his wife in Medina by order of Caliph Muawiya.[29]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[28]
Husayn ibn Ali[s]
Abu Abdillah[t][30]

Sayyid ash-Shuhada[u][31]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[33] 		Grandson of Muhammad and his younger brother of Hasan, Husayn rejected the legitimacy of Caliph Yazid I, the son of Muawiyah. As a result, he and his family were killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces.[16] Ever since the battle, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom has been at the core of Shia rituals and identity.[33] Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala[33]
Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala, Iraq.[33]
Ali ibn Husayn[v]
Abu Muhammad[w][34]
Al-Sajjad[x][35]

Zayn al-'Abidin[y][36]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[36] 		The author of the prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya,[35] ("The Scripture of Al-Sajjad", "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet").[37] According to most Shia scholars, Zayn al-'Abidin was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina.[37]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[35]
Muhammad ibn Ali[z]
Abu Ja'far[aa][30][38]
 Baqir al-Ulum[ab][38]
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[38] 		Sunni and Shia sources consider Al-Baqir an early and pre-eminent legal scholar who was revered for having educated many students.[35][38] According to some Shia scholars, he was fatally poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina by order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[35]
Ja'far ibn Muhammad[ac]
Abu Abdillah[ad][35]
 As-Sadiq[ae][39]
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[40] 		As-Sadiq established the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence and developed the theology of the Twelvers.[35] He taught many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah[35] and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[40] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Medina by order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[40]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[35]
Musa ibn Ja'far[af]
Abu al-Hasan I[ag][41]

Al-Kazim[ah][42]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[42] 		Al-Kazim was leader of the Shia community during the schism between the Ismaili and other branches of Islam after the death of the previous Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.[43] He established a network of agents who collected the khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position in the Mahdavia, the members of which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[44] According to Shia belief, he was imprisoned and fatally poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[45]
Buried in the Kazimayn shrine, Baghdad, Iraq[35][42]
Ali ibn Musa[ai]
Abu al-Hasan II[aj][41] 		Ar-Rida[ak][42]
Medina,
Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[46] 		Made crown prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Ar-Rida was known for his discussions and debates with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[47] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Mashad, Iran, by order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.[47]
Buried in the Imam Reza shrine, Mashad, Iran[47]
Muhammad ibn Ali[al]
Abu Ja'far[am][30]

Al-Taqi[an][47]

Al-Jawad[ao][48]

Medina,
Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[48] 		Al-Jawad was known for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.[49] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned by his wife, the daughter of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim.[48]
Buried in the Kazmain shrine, Baghdad, Iraq.[47]
Ali ibn Muhammad[ap]
Abu al-Hasan III[aq][50] 		Al-Hadi[ar][51]

Al-Naqi[as][47]

Surayya, a village near Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[50] 		Al-Naqi taught religious sciences until 243/857.[47] He strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions and in turn received financial contributions from the faithful, from the khums and religious vows.[50] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Samarra, Iraq, by order of caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[48]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[47]
Hasan ibn Ali[at]
Abu Muhammad[au] [52]
 Al-Askari[av][53]
Medina,
Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[53] 		Like his father, Al-Askari was placed under house arrest, which would last most of his life, by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tamid, .[54] During this time, repression of the Shia communities was great because of their growing size and power.[55] According to Shia belief, Al-Askari was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq.[56]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[47]
Muhammad ibn al-Hasan[aw]
Abu al-Qasim[ax][31]
 Mahdi[ay][az][57]

Hidden Imam[ba][58]

Al-Hujjah[bb][31][59]

Sahib al-Zaman[bc][52]

Sahibu'l-Amr[bd][52]

Al-Qa'im[be][31]

Baqiyyat Allah[bf][31]

Samarra, Iraq[61] 		According to Twelver Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah is a historical person, the current Imam, and the promised Mahdi—a messianic figure who will return with Jesus Christ. He will re-establish the rightful governance of Islam, filling the earth with justice and peace.[62] According to Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah has been living in the Occultation since 874 CE, and will continue living as long as God wills.[60]

See also

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The Fourteen Infallibles
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Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ A kunya (Arabic: كنية, kunyah) is a teknonym in Arabic names, the name of an adult derived from his or her eldest child.
  2. ^ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
  3. ^ Except the Twelfth Imam
  4. ^ محمد بن عبدالله
  5. ^ أبو القاسم
  6. ^ the Messenger of God (Persian: رسول الله)
  7. ^ The Seal of the Prophets (Persian: خاتم الانبیاء)
  8. ^ The Beloved (Persian: حبیب)
  9. ^ فاطمة
  10. ^ The Mother for Her Father (Persian: ام ابیها)
  11. ^ The master of all women (Persian: سیدة نساء)
  12. ^ The Shining (Persian: زهرا)
  13. ^ علي بن أبي طالب
  14. ^ أبو الحسن
  15. ^ The Commander of the Faithful (Persian: امیرالمؤمنین)
  16. ^ حسن بن علي
  17. ^ أبو محمد
  18. ^ The Chosen (Persian: مجتبی)
  19. ^ حسین بن علي
  20. ^ أبو عبدالله
  21. ^ Master of the Martyrs (Persian: سیّد الشهداء)
  22. ^ علي بن الحسین
  23. ^ أبو محمد
  24. ^ السجّاد
  25. ^ the Ornament of the Worshipers (Persian: زین العابدین)
  26. ^ محمد بن علي
  27. ^ أبو جعفر
  28. ^ The Revealer of Knowledge (Persian: باقرالعلوم)
  29. ^ جعفر بن محمد
  30. ^ أبو عبدالله
  31. ^ The Honest (Persian: صادق)
  32. ^ موسی بن جعفر
  33. ^ أبو الحسن الاول
  34. ^ The Calm One (Persian: کاظم)
  35. ^ علي بن موسی
  36. ^ أبو الحسن الثانی
  37. ^ The Pleasing One (Persian: رضا)
  38. ^ محمد بن علي
  39. ^ أبو جعفر
  40. ^ The God-Fearing (Persian: تقی)
  41. ^ الجواد
  42. ^ علي بن محمد
  43. ^ أبو الحسن الثالث
  44. ^ هادی
  45. ^ The Pure (Persian: نقی)
  46. ^ الحسن بن علي
  47. ^ أبو محمد
  48. ^ The Citizen of a Garrison Town (Persian: عسگری)
  49. ^ محمد بن الحسن
  50. ^ أبو القاسم
  51. ^ المهدی
  52. ^ The Guided One or The Guide (Persian: مهدی)
  53. ^ (Persian: امام غائب)
  54. ^ The Proof (Persian: حجت)
  55. ^ The Lord of Our Times (Persian: صاحب الزمان)
  56. ^ The one vested with Divine authority (Persian: صاحب الامر)
  57. ^ The Resurrector (Persian: قائم)
  58. ^ God's Remainder (Persian: بقیةالله)

References

  1. ^ Dabashi 2006, p. 463
  2. ^ Corbin 1993, p. 48
  3. ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
  4. ^ Donaldson 1933, p. 326
  5. ^ Ansariyan 2007, p. 89
  6. ^ Algar 1990
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Nasr 2006
  8. ^ Mir 1987, p. 171
  9. ^ Nasr 2013, p. 61
  10. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 131
  11. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 134
  12. ^ Walbridge 2001, p. 103
  13. ^ a b Klemm 2014
  14. ^ a b Chittick 1980, p. 136
  15. ^ Qurashī 2007, p. 38
  16. ^ a b c d e f Chittick 1980, p. 137
  17. ^ Dungersi 1994, p. 4
  18. ^ Chittick 1980, p. 136
  19. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 258
  20. ^ Rayshahri 2008, p. 68
  21. ^ Lammens 2012
  22. ^ a b Rizvi 1988, p. 48
  23. ^ a b c d e Nasr 2007
  24. ^ Ahmed 2005, p. 234
  25. ^ Poonawala 1985
  26. ^ Mashita 2002, p. 69
  27. ^ Corbin 1993, p. 50
  28. ^ a b c d Madelung 2003
  29. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
  30. ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 49
  31. ^ a b c d e Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
  32. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
  33. ^ a b c d Madelung 2004
  34. ^ Qurashī 2007, p. 17
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Chittick 1980, p. 138
  36. ^ a b c d Madelung 1985
  37. ^ a b c d Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
  38. ^ a b c d e f Madelung 1988
  39. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
  40. ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1975, p. 180
  41. ^ a b Madelung 1985b
  42. ^ a b c d Tabatabaei 1975, p. 181
  43. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
  44. ^ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
  45. ^ Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
  46. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chittick 1980, p. 139
  48. ^ a b c d e Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
  49. ^ Qurashī 2005
  50. ^ a b c d e Madelung 1985a
  51. ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 16
  52. ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 50
  53. ^ a b c d Halm 1987
  54. ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 188
  55. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
  56. ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 196
  57. ^ Amir-Moezzi 2007
  58. ^ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
  59. ^ Nasr 2013, p. 161
  60. ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1975, p. 186
  61. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
  62. ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214

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Books
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