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Canada's Prime Ministers during its first century.

The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But, if that leader lacks support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in Britain at the time. Sir John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on May 24, 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On July 1, 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2]

The date for which a prime minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[3] However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day."[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4]

Prime ministers

Further information: Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada and List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office
Abbreviation key: No.: Incumbent No., Min.: Ministry
Colour key:
  Liberal Party of Canada
  Historical Conservative Party (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative, Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative)
  Conservative Party of Canada
Provinces key: AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Electoral mandates (Assembly) Political party Riding Ref.
1
John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Title created (caretaker government)⁠

1867 election (1st Leg.)⁠

1872 election (2nd Leg.)

Liberal-Conservative Party MP for Kingston, ON [2] [5]
Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal
2
Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (2nd Leg.)⁠

1874 election (3rd Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1873) 		MP for Lambton, ON [6] [7]
Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General
(1)
John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1878 election (4th Leg.)⁠

1882 election (5th Leg.)⁠

1887 election (6th Leg.)⁠

1891 election (7th Leg.)

Liberal-Conservative Party MP for Victoria, BC until 1882

MP for Carleton, ON until 1887
({{{riding2_term}}})

MP for Kingston, ON
({{{riding3_term}}})

[8] [9]
National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).
3
John Abbott
(1821–1893) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (7th Leg.) Liberal-Conservative Party Senator for Quebec [10] [11]
Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.
4
John Thompson
(1845–1894) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (7th Leg.) Liberal-Conservative Party MP for Antigonish, NS [12] [13]
Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).
5
Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (7th Leg.) Conservative Party (historical) Senator for Ontario [14] [15]
Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate.
6
Charles Tupper
(1821–1915) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (caretaker government) Conservative Party (historical) MP for [16] [17]
Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
7
Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1896 election (8th Leg.)⁠

1900 election (9th Leg.)⁠

1904 election (10th Leg.)⁠

1908 election (11th Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1887) 		MP for Quebec East, QC [18] [19]
Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.
8
Robert Borden
(1854–1937) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1911 election (12th Leg.) Conservative Party (historical)
(Ldr. 1901) 		MP for Halifax, NS until 1917

MP for Kings, NS
({{{riding2_term}}})

[19] [20] [21]
First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.
9
Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (13th Leg.) National Liberal and Conservative Party
(Ldr. 1920) 		MP for Portage la Prairie, MB [22] [23]
Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendant Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.
10
William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1921 election (14th Leg.)⁠

1925 election (15th Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1919) 		MP for York North, ON until 1925

MP for Prince Albert, SK
({{{riding2_term}}})

[24] [25]
Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.
(9)
Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (15th Leg.) Conservative Party (historical) MP for Portage la Prairie, MB [22] [26]
Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.
(10)
William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1926 election (16th Leg.) Liberal Party MP for Prince Albert, SK [24] [27]
Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.
11
R. B. Bennett
(1870–1947) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1930 election (17th Leg.) Conservative Party (historical)
(Ldr. 1927) 		MP for Calgary West, AB [28] [29]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
(10)
William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1935 election (18th Leg.)⁠

1940 election (19th Leg.)⁠

1945 election (20th Leg.)

Liberal Party MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945

MP for Glengarry, ON
({{{riding2_term}}})

[24] [30]
Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.
12
Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (20th Leg.)⁠

1949 election (21st Leg.)⁠

1953 election (22nd Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1948) 		MP for Quebec East, QC [31] [32]
Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13
John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1957 election (23rd Leg.)⁠

1958 election (24th Leg.)⁠

1962 election (25th Leg.)

Progressive Conservative Party
(Ldr. 1956) 		MP for Prince Albert, SK [33] [34]
Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.
14
File:Lester B. Pearson 1957.jpg
 Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1963 election (26th Leg.)⁠

1965 election (27th Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1958) 		MP for Algoma East, ON [35] [36]
Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.
15
Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (27th Leg.)⁠

1968 election (28th Leg.)⁠

1972 election (29th Leg.)⁠

1974 election (30th Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1968) 		MP for Mount Royal, QC [37]
Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Metrication of Canada, Creation of Via Rail.
16
Joe Clark
(b. 1939) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1979 election (31st Leg.) Progressive Conservative Party
(Ldr. 1976) 		MP for Yellowhead, AB [38]
Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.
(15)
Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1980 election (32nd Leg.) Liberal Party MP for Mount Royal, QC [37]
Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17
John Turner
(b. 1929) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (32nd Leg.) Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1984) 		MP for {{{riding}}} [39]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
18
Brian Mulroney
(b. 1939) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1984 election (33rd Leg.)⁠

1988 election (34th Leg.)

Progressive Conservative Party
(Ldr. 1983) 		MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988

MP for Charlevoix, QC
({{{riding2_term}}})

[40]
Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair.
19
Kim Campbell
(b. 1947) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (34th Leg.) Progressive Conservative Party
(Ldr. 1993) 		MP for Vancouver Centre, BC [41]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Only female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20
Jean Chrétien
(b. 1934) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 1993 election (35th Leg.)⁠

1997 election (36th Leg.)⁠

2000 election (37th Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 1990) 		MP for Saint-Maurice, QC [42]
Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21
Paul Martin
(b. 1938) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent Appointment (37th Leg.)⁠

2004 election (38th Leg.)

Liberal Party
(Ldr. 2003) 		MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC [40]
Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable.
22
Stephen Harper
(b. 1959) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 2006 election (39th Leg.)⁠

2008 election (40th Leg.)⁠

2011 election (41st Leg.)

Conservative Party
(Ldr. 2004) 		MP for Calgary Southwest, AB [43]
Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.
23
Justin Trudeau
(b. 1971) 		11 November
2024 		incumbent 2015 election (42nd Leg.) Liberal Party
(Ldr. 2013) 		MP for Papineau, QC [44]
Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; second father-and-son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus; Paris Agreement; 150th anniversary celebrations.
Min. Minority government
LS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
* The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]

Timeline

Justin TrudeauStephen HarperPaul MartinJean ChrétienKim CampbellBrian MulroneyJohn TurnerJoe ClarkPierre TrudeauLester B. PearsonJohn DiefenbakerLouis St. LaurentR. B. BennettWilliam Lyon Mackenzie KingArthur MeighenRobert BordenWilfrid LaurierCharles TupperMackenzie BowellJohn Sparrow David ThompsonJohn AbbottAlexander Mackenzie (politician)John A. Macdonald

Living former prime ministers

As of November 2024, there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office.

See also

Template:Wikipedia books

References

  1. ^ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2011, retrieved 24 March 2011 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
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Further reading

Main article: List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada.

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