Jump to content

Isfahan: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 32°38′41″N 51°40′03″E / 32.64472°N 51.66750°E / 32.64472; 51.66750
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Towns: These are in the province, not the city.
→Culture and demographics: No such articles
Line 321: Line 321:


==Culture and demographics==
==Culture and demographics==
{{see also|Isfahan culture|Demographics of Isfahan}}
===Garment district===
===Garment district===
{{see also|Fashion in Iran}}
{{see also|Fashion in Iran}}

Revision as of 08:21, 28 September 2020

This article is about the city of Isfahan. For other uses, see Isfahan (disambiguation).
"Espahan" redirects here. For the village in Razavi Khorasan Province, see Espahan, Razavi Khorasan.

Isfahan
اصفهان
Spahān, Aspadana
City
Official seal of Isfahan
Seal
Nickname: 
Nesf-e Jahān (Half of the World)
Isfahan
Isfahan
Isfahan is located in Iran
Isfahan
Isfahan
Isfahan in Iran
Coordinates: 32°38′41″N 51°40′03″E / 32.64472°N 51.66750°E / 32.64472; 51.66750
Country Iran
ProvinceIsfahan
CountyIsfahan
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorGhodratollah Norouzi
 • City CouncilFathollah Moein (Chairman)
Area
[1]
 • Urban
551 km2 (213 sq mi)
Elevation
1,574 m (5,217 ft)
Population
 (2016 Census)
 • Urban
2,000,000[2]
 • Metro
3,989,070[3]
 • Population Rank in Iran
3rd
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT 21 March – 20 September)
Area code031
ClimateBWk[4]
Websiteisfahan.ir

Isfahan (Template:Lang-fa, [esfæˈhɒːn] ⓘ), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Spahan, Sepahan, Esfahan or Hispahan, is a major city in Iran. It is located 406 kilometres (252 miles) south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province.

Isfahan has a population of approximately 2.0 million,[5] making it the third-largest city in Iran after Tehran and Mashhad, but was once one of the largest cities in the world.

Isfahan is an important city as it is located at the intersection of the two principal north–south and east–west routes that traverse Iran. Isfahan flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries under the Safavid dynasty when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history under Shah Abbas the Great. Even today the city retains much of its past glory.

It is famous for its Perso–Islamic architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the Persian pun and proverb "Esfahān nesf-e- jahān ast": Isfahan is half (of) the world.[6]

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world. UNESCO has designated it a World Heritage Site.

Etymology

Isfahan is derived from Middle Persian Spahān. Spahān is attested in various Middle Persian seals and inscriptions, including that of Zoroastrian Magi Kartir,[7] and is also the Armenian name of the city (Սպահան). The present-day name is the Arabicized form of Ispahan (unlike Middle Persian, but similar to Spanish, New Persian does not allow initial consonant clusters such as sp[8]). The region appears with the abbreviation GD (Southern Media) on Sasanian numismatics. In Ptolemy's Geographia, it appears as Aspadana (Ἀσπαδανα), translating to "place of gathering for the army". It is believed that Spahān derives from spādānām "the armies", Old Persian plural of spāda, from which derives spāh (𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧‎) 'army' and spahi (سپاهی, 'soldier', literally 'of the army') in Middle Persian.

History

See also: Timeline of Isfahan
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
187060,000—    
189090,000+2.05%
1900100,000+1.06%
192080,000−1.11%
1933100,100+1.74%
1942204,600+8.27%
1956254,700+1.58%
1968444,000+4.74%
1976671,800+5.31%
1986986,800+3.92%
19911,182,735+3.69%
19961,327,283+2.33%
20011,327,283+0.00%
20061,689,392+4.94%
20111,853,293+1.87%
20161,961,260+1.14%
source:[9]

Human habitation of the Isfahan region can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. Recent discoveries archaeologists have found artifacts dating back to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages.

Bronze Age

What was to become the city of Isfahan in later historical periods probably emerged as a locality and settlement that gradually developed over the course of the Elamite civilisation (2700–1600 BCE).

Zoroastrian era

Under Median rule, this commercial entrepôt began to show signs of more sedentary urbanism, steadily growing into a noteworthy regional centre that benefited from the exceptionally fertile soil on the banks of the Zayandehrud River in a region called Aspandana or Ispandana.

An ancient artifact from Isfahan City Center museum

Once Cyrus the Great (reg. 559–529 BCE) had unified Persian and Median lands into the Achaemenid Empire (648–330 BCE), the religiously and ethnically diverse city of Isfahan became an early example of the king's fabled religious tolerance. It was Cyrus who, having just taken Babylon, made an edict in 538 BCE, declaring that the Jews in Babylon could return to Jerusalem (see Ezra ch. 1). Now it seems that some of these freed Jews settled in Isfahan instead of returning to their homeland. The 10th-century Persian historian Ibn al-Faqih wrote:

"When the Jews emigrated from Jerusalem, fleeing from Nebuchadnezzar, they carried with them a sample of the water and soil of Jerusalem. They did not settle down anywhere or in any city without examining the water and the soil of each place. They did all along until they reached the city of Isfahan. There they rested, examined the water and soil, and found that both resembled Jerusalem. Thereupon they settled there, cultivated the soil, raised children and grandchildren, and today the name of this settlement is Yahudia."[10]

The Parthians, in the period 247 BCE – 224 CE, continued the tradition of tolerance after the fall of the Achaemenids, fostering the Hellenistic dimension within Iranian culture and the political organisation introduced by Alexander the Great's invading armies. Under the Parthians, Arsacid governors administered the provinces of the nation from Isfahan, and the city's urban development accelerated to accommodate the needs of a capital city.

Isfahan at the end of the 6th century (top), consisting of two separate areas of Sassanid Jay and Jewish Yahudia. At the 11th century (bottom), these two areas are completely merged.

The next empire to rule Persia, the Sassanids (224 CE –651 CE), presided over massive changes in their realm, instituting sweeping agricultural reform and reviving Iranian culture and the Zoroastrian religion. Both the city and region were then called by the name Aspahan or Spahan. The city was governed by a group called the Espoohrans, who came from seven noble and important Iranian royal families. Extant foundations of some Sassanid-era bridges in Isfahan suggest that the Sasanian kings were fond of ambitious urban planning projects. While Isfahan's political importance declined during the period, many Sassanid princes would study statecraft in the city, and its military role developed rapidly. Its strategic location at the intersection of the ancient roads to Susa and Persepolis made it an ideal candidate to house a standing army, ready to march against Constantinople at any moment. The words 'Aspahan' and 'Spahan' are derived from the Pahlavi or Middle Persian meaning 'the place of the army'.[11] Although many theories have been mentioned about the origin of Isfahan, in fact little is known of it before the rule of the Sasanian dynasty (c. 224 – c. 651 CE). The historical facts suggest that in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, Queen Shushandukht, the Jewish consort of Yazdegerd I (reigned 399–420) settled a colony of Jews in Yahudiyyeh (also spelled Yahudiya), a settlement 3 km northwest of the Zoroastrian city of Gabae (it's Achaemid and Parthian name; Gabai was its Sasanic name, which was shortened to Gay (Arabic 'Jay') that was located on the northern bank of the Zayanderud River. The gradual population decrease of Gay (Jay) and the simultaneous population increase of Yahudiyyeh and its suburbs after the Islamic conquest of Iran resulted in the formation of the nucleus of what was to become the city of Isfahan. The words "Aspadana", "Ispadana", "Spahan" and "Sepahan", all from which the word Isfahan is derived, referred to the region in which the city was located.

Isfahan and Gay were both circular in design, a characteristic of Parthian and Sasanian cities.[12] However, this reported Sasanian circular city of Isfahan is not uncovered yet.[13]

Islamic era

Isfahan, capital of the Kingdom of Persia
Isfahan to the south side, drawing by Eugène Flandin
Russian army in Isfahan in the 1890s
Mobarakeh Steel Company, one of the largest steel companies in the region

When the Arabs captured Isfahan in 642, they made it the capital of al-Jibal ("the Mountains") province, an area that covered much of ancient Media. Isfahan grew prosperous under the Persian Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty, which rose to power and ruled much of Iran when the temporal authority of the Abbasid caliphs waned in the 10th century. The Turkish conqueror and founder of the Seljuq dynasty, Toghril Beg, made Isfahan the capital of his domains in the mid-11th century; but it was under his grandson Malik-Shah I (r. 1073–92) that the city grew in size and splendour.[14]

After the fall of the Seljuqs (c. 1200), Isfahan temporarily declined and was eclipsed by other Iranian cities such as Tabriz and Qazvin. During his visit in 1327, Ibn Battuta noted that "The city of Isfahan is one of the largest and fairest of cities, but it is now in ruins for the greater part."[15]

In 1387, Isfahan surrendered to the Turko-Mongol warlord Timur. Initially treated with relative mercy, the city revolted against Timur's punitive taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers. In retribution, Timur ordered the massacre of the city residents, and his soldiers killed a reported 70,000 citizens. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers, each constructed of about 1,500 heads.[16]

Isfahan regained its importance during the Safavid period (1501–1736). The city's golden age began in 1598 when the Safavid ruler Shah Abbas I (reigned 1588–1629) made it his capital and rebuilt it into one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the 17th-century world. In 1598 Shah Abbas the Great moved his capital from Qazvin to the more central Isfahan; he named it Ispahān (New Persian) so that it wouldn't be threatened by the Ottomans. This new status ushered in a golden age for the city, with architecture and Persian culture flourishing. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of deportees and migrants from the Caucasus, that Abbas and other Safavid rulers had permitted to emigrate en masse, settled in the city. So now the city had enclaves of Georgian, Circassian, and Daghistani descent.[17] Engelbert Kaempfer, who dwelt in Safavid Persia in 1684–85, estimated their number at 20,000.[17][18] During the Safavid era, the city contained a very large Armenian community as well. As part of Abbas's forced resettlement of peoples from within his empire, he resettled as many as 300,000 Armenians[19][20]) from near the unstable Safavid-Ottoman border, primarily from the very wealthy Armenian town of Jugha (also known as Old Julfa) in mainland Iran.[20] In Isfahan, he ordered the foundation of a new quarter for these resettled Armenians from Old Julfa, and thus the Armenian Quarter of Isfahan was named New Julfa.[19][20] Today, the New Jolfa district of Isfahan remains a heavily Armenian-populated district, with Armenian churches and shops, the Vank Cathedral being especially notable for its combination of Armenian Christian and Iranian Islamic elements. It is still one of the oldest and largest Armenian quarters in the world. Following an agreement between Shah Abbas I and his Georgian subject Teimuraz I of Kakheti ("Tahmuras Khan"), whereby the latter submitted to Safavid rule in exchange for being allowed to rule as the region's wāli (governor) and for having his son serve as dāruḡa ("prefect") of Isfahan in perpetuity, the Georgian prince converted to Islam and served as governor.[17] He was accompanied by a troop of soldiers,[17] some of whom were Georgian Orthodox Christians.[17] The royal court in Isfahan had a great number of Georgian ḡolāms (military slaves), as well as Georgian women.[17] Although they spoke both Persian and Turkic, their mother tongue was Georgian.[17] During Abbas's reign, Isfahan became very famous in Europe, and many European travellers made an account of their visit to the city, such as Jean Chardin. This prosperity lasted until it was sacked by Afghan invaders in 1722 during a marked decline in Safavid influence.

Thereafter, Isfahan experienced a decline in importance, culminating in a move of the capital to Mashhad and Shiraz during the Afsharid and Zand periods respectively, until it was finally moved to Tehran in 1775 by Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty.

In the early years of the 19th century, efforts were made to preserve some of Isfahan's archeologically important buildings. The work was started by Mohammad Hossein Khan during the reign of Fath Ali Shah.[21]

Modern age

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

In the 20th century, Isfahan was resettled by a very large number of people from southern Iran, firstly during the population migrations at the start of the century, and again in the 1980s following the Iran–Iraq War.

Today, Isfahan produces fine carpets, textiles, steel, handicrafts, and traditional foods including sweets. There are nuclear experimental reactors as well as facilities for producing nuclear fuel (UCF) within the environs of the city. Isfahan has one of the largest steel-producing facilities in the region, as well as facilities for producing special alloys. Mobarakeh Steel Company is the biggest steel producer in the whole of the Middle East and Northern Africa, and it is the biggest DRI producer in the world.[22] The Isfahan Steel Company was the first manufacturer of constructional steel products in Iran, and it remains the largest such company today.[23]

The city has an international airport and a metro line.

There are a major oil refinery and a large airforce base outside the city. HESA, Iran's most advanced aircraft manufacturing plant, is located just outside the city.[24][25] Isfahan is also attracting international investment,[26] especially in the Isfahan City Center[27] which is the largest shopping mall in Iran and the fifth largest in the world.[28]

Isfahan hosted the International Physics Olympiad in 2007.

Geography

The city is located in the lush plain of the Zayanderud River at the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The nearest mountain is Mount Soffeh (Kuh-e Soffeh), just south of the city.

Ecologic issues

Towns and villages around Isfahan have been hit so hard by drought and water diversion that they have emptied out and people who lived there have moved "And this lack of water has disrupted people’s income". [29][30] An anonymous journalist said that what’s called drought is more often the mismanagement of water.[31][32][33]

Flora and fauna

See also: Ispahan (rose)
The Damask rose 'Ispahan', reputedly developed in Ispahan

Aphanius isfahanensis [fa] is a type of Iranian endemic Cyprinodontid fish in the Zayandehrud River.[34][35][36][37]

Armed forces base

IRGC AF has an airbase in the city [38]and has been taking a cloud seeding contract project through UAVs in Isfahan.[39]
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force has an airbase named 8th Predator Tactical Fighter Base (TFB.8) which is motherbase for Iranian F-14s.[40][41][42][43] Sepah Pasdaran is named "Master of the Era(Saheb al zaman in arabic and farsi)" after Mahdi.[44] [45]

2019 Isfahan Sepah pasdaran commander inauguration 5

Climate

Situated at 1,590 metres (5,217 ft) above sea level on the eastern side of the Zagros Mountains, Isfahan has an cold desert climate (Köppen BWk). No geological obstacles exist within 90 kilometres (56 miles) north of Isfahan, allowing cool winds to blow from this direction. Despite its altitude, Isfahan remains hot during the summer, with maxima typically around 35 °C (95 °F). However, with low humidity and moderate temperatures at night, the climate is quite pleasant. During the winter, days are cool while nights can be very cold. Snow falls an average of 7.8 days each winter.[46] The Zayande River starts in the Zagros Mountains, flowing from the west through the heart of the city, then dissipates in the Gavkhouni wetland.

Climate data for Isfahan (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		37.6
(99.7) 		41.0
(105.8) 		43.0
(109.4) 		42.0
(107.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		21.2
(70.2) 		43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		22.0
(71.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		34.1
(93.4) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.1
(95.2) 		31.2
(88.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		23.0
(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.4
(84.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F) −19.4
(−2.9) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−8
(18) 		−4
(25) 		4.5
(40.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−8
(18) 		−13
(9) 		−19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 17.1
(0.67) 		14.1
(0.56) 		18.2
(0.72) 		19.2
(0.76) 		8.8
(0.35) 		0.6
(0.02) 		0.7
(0.03) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		4.1
(0.16) 		9.9
(0.39) 		19.6
(0.77) 		112.5
(4.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.0 2.9 3.8 3.5 2.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.8 2.2 3.7 23.5
Average snowy days 3.2 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 7.8
Average relative humidity (%) 60 51 43 39 33 23 23 24 26 36 48 57 39
Mean monthly sunshine hours 205.3 213.3 242.1 244.5 301.3 345.4 347.6 331.2 311.6 276.5 226.1 207.6 3,252.5
Source 1: NOAA[47]
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[48][49]

Culture and demographics

Garment district

See also: Fashion in Iran

As of 2020 Isfahan is trying to make a clothing town.%80 of knitwear is imported. [50][51]

Identity

See also: LGBT rights in Iran, Iranian Cultural Revolution, Acid attacks on women in Isfahan, and White marriage

By expanding the access to the Internet and the Internet social networks and increasing use ,the cultural identity has transformed into one of the main concerns related to social coherence and national unity.[52]

Playing games

There are number of old games for example Aftab Mahtab.[53]

Art and creativity

Dance

See also: Dances in Iran
Raghs-isfahan

Music

Bayat-e Esfahan is one of melodic pieces of Iranian traditional music.There is a nation wide ban on women in music even though music classes are filled by women.[54][55][56]

Isfahani singer Ali Reza Eftekhari

Technology, ICT and media

Atlas for Isfahan Megacity is an internet service for data and statistics in Farsi made available in 2015.[57][58][59] IRIB has a TV network and Radio channel in the city.[60]

Philosophy and Islamic school

See also: School of Isfahan

Acccent

See also: Isfahani accent

Isfahan accent is one of persian langugae's accents.[61]

Cultural sites

See also: Isfahani style

Main places

See also: Tourism in Iran
See also: List of historical structures in Isfahan Province
A handicraft shop
Shah Mosque. Painting by the French architect, Pascal Coste, visiting Persia in 1841
Si-o-se Pol
Naghsh-e-Jahan Square
View of Ali Qapu Palace
A carpet shop in Grand Bazaar, Isfahan
Khaju Bridge
Detail of Khaju Bridge
Armenian Vank Cathedral

The city centre consists of an older section revolving around the Jameh Mosque, and the Safavid expansion around Naqsh-e Jahan Square, with nearby places of worship, palaces, and bazaars.[62]

Bazaars

Bridges

Persian pottery from the city Isfahan, 17th century

The bridges on the Zayanderud river comprise some of the finest architecture in Isfahan. The oldest bridge is the Shahrestan bridge, whose foundations were built by the Sasanian Empire (3rd–7th century Sassanid era); it was repaired during the Seljuk period. Further upstream is the Khaju bridge, which was built by Shah Abbas II in 1650. It is 123 metres (404 feet) long with 24 arches, and also serves as a sluice gate.

Another bridge is the Choobi (Joui) bridge, which was originally an aqueduct to supply the palace gardens on the north bank of the river. Further upstream again is the Si-o-Seh Pol or bridge of 33 arches. The building was built during the reign of Shah Abbas the Great by Sheikh Baha'i and connected Isfahan with the Armenian suburbs of New Jolfa. Armenian suburb of New Julfa. It is by far the longest bridge in Isfahan at 295 m (967.85 ft).

Another notable bridge is the Marnan Bridge.

Churches and cathedrals

Emamzadehs

Gardens and parks

Houses

Mausoleums and tombs

Minarets

Mosques

Museums

Schools (madresse)

Palaces and caravanserais

Squares and streets

A view of Meydan Kohne

Synagogues

Tourist attractions

The central historical area in Isfahan is called Seeosepol (the name of a famous bridge).[citation needed]

Other sites

One Isfahani in New York is a film about an Isfahan born man studying abroad in the US.[65]

Economy, technology and tourism

See also: Isfahan rug and Isfahan economy

Isfahan University of Technology is one of the most prestigious engineering universities in Iran and focuses on science, engineering and agriculture programs.[66] The labor force shows a continuous growth in the last three decades.[67][68] There are almost 500,000 people living in slums including northern part and specially eastern sector of the city.[69]

Aquaculture and agriculture

Aquaculture

Isfahan city is one of the active cities in this field with the production of 1,300 tons of salmon. More than 28% of the country's ornamental fish is produced in Isfahan province and 780 units are active in the field of ornamental fish production, which in 2017 produced 65 million and 500 thousand pieces of ornamental fish in Isfahan province. [70]

Agriculture

Opium was produced and exported in Isfahan from 1850 until it became illegal and was an important source of income.[71]Isfahan has a large number of aqueducts, Farmers had to divert water from the river to farms by canal.[72]Niasarm is one of the biggest water canals.[73] From 2012-2013 there have been large protests against Isfahan-Yazd water tunnel by farmers.[74] Fruits and vegetables central market is where farmers sell their product wholesale buying 10,000 tons farmers product a day.[75]

High tech and heavy industries

The industrialization of Isfahan dates from the Pahlavi period as in all of Iran, and was marked by the strong growth at that time of the textile industry; which earned the city the nickname “ Manchester of Persia”.[76][77]There are 9200 industrial units in the city %40 of Iranian textile industry is in Isfahan.[78]

Telecommunication

Telecommunication Company of Iran and Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran provide 4G, 3G, Broadband and VDSL.[79][80]

Service

Tourists

In 2019-2018 some 450,000 foreign nationals visited the city.Some 110 trillion rials (over $2 billion at the official rate of 42,000 rials(2020) have been invested in the province’s tourism sector.[81]

Teahouses

Teahouses are supervised and allowed to offer Hookah until 2022.[82]As of 2020 there are almost 300 teahouses with permit.[83]

Cost of living

Price of real state has doubled in 2016-2019.[84]Rent in 2020 is 17000 rials 233 tomans per meter with maximum being 300,000 tomans with %36 increase compared to the previous year.[85]

Technology

Isfahan Scientific and Research Town started its executive activity in 2001 for acting as a medium between government, industry and academia toward a knowledge-based economy.[86]

Wealth and income disparity

District 6 Mardavij is one of expensive neighborhoods and Hemat Abad(Formerly Moft Abad) is a poor neighborhood.[87]

Distribution & supermarkets

As of 2020 There are almost 8000 supermarkets in the city[88]

Education and science

In 2019 there were 20 special schools with 5000 children in the city.[89]

Central Municipal Library of Esfahan

Aside from the seminaries and religious schools, the major universities of the Esfahan metropolitan area are:

There are also more than 50 technical and vocational training centres in the province under the administration of Esfahan TVTO, which provide free, non-formal training programs.[90] As of 2020 %90 of workforce skills trainees are women.[91]

Transportation

See also: Transport in Iran and Transport in Isfahan
Old building of Isfahan city hall
Map of Isfahan's operational BRT lines
Map of Isfahan's operational metro lines

Ride sharing

Snapp! is one of the carpooling apps in the city.[92][93] There are 42 bicycle sharing stations and 6 bicycle pavements built by city, Women are not allowed according to decree by Representative of the Supreme Leader in Isfahan Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai Nejad and Public Prosecutor Ali Esfahani.[94][95][96][97][98]

Customs administration

Control of transfer of freight cargoes to the city are under Isfahan Customs Administration domain.[99][100][101]


Airports

Isfahan International Airport is the only commercial airport.[102]

Roads and freeways

Over the past decade, Isfahan's internal highway network has been undergoing major expansion. Much care has been taken to prevent damage to valuable, historical buildings. Modern freeways connect the city to the country's major cities, including the capital Tehran (length approximately 400 km) to the north and Shiraz (200 km) to the south. Highways also service satellite cities surrounding the metropolitan area.[103] Isfahan Eastern Bypass Freeway is under construction.

Public transit

Isfahan and Suburbs Bus Company runs transit buses in the city.

Subway

A line of metro that runs for 11 km from north to south opened on 15 October 2015. Two more lines are in construction, alongside three suburban rail lines.[104]

Inter-city rail

See also: Isfahan railway station

China financed Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail.[105]

Bridges

Ghadir Bridge, Vahid Bridge, Ferdosi Bridge, Felezi Bridge, Azar Bridge.

An old master of hand-printed carpets in Isfahan bazaar

Notable people

Music
Film
Craftsmen and painters
Political figures
Religious figures
Sportspeople
Writers and poets
Others
Absar Waterpark

Amenities

Reptile terrarium

There are 40 reptilians aquariums in nazhvan park.[129]

Waterpark

Saadi water park, Nazhvan water park[130]

Iran - Esfehan - Soffeh view ^ Telecabin station - panoramio

Medical tourism

‘Isfahan Healthcare City’ complex is among the best clinics composed of qualified doctors and specialists.[131]

Ancient baths

a public bath called “Garmabeh-e-shaykh” in Isfahan which for a long period it was running and providing hot water to public for years without any visible heating system of the day which usually needed tons of wood was built by Baha' al-din al-'Amili.[132]

Recreation and shopping

IsfahanCityCenter outside night

Hypermarkets
Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan city center,Park commercial complex[133] & Isfahan Mall.
Cinemas
There are 9 cinemas.[134]

Sports

Naghsh-e Jahan Stadium

Zob Ahan and Sepahan are the only Iranian clubs to reach the final of the new AFC Champions League.

Isfahan has three association football clubs that play professionally. These are:

Sepahan has won the most league titles among the Iranian clubs (2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15).[135]

Giti Pasand also has a futsal team, Giti Pasand FSC, one of the best teams in Asia. They won the AFC Futsal Club Championship in 2012 and were runners-up in 2013.

Civic administration

Main article: Municipality of Isfahan
See also: Isfahan (electoral district)

Government men

  • Chairman of city council: Alireza Nasrisfahani[136]
  • Mayor: Ghodratollah Noroozi[137]

The city's divided into 15 municipal districts.[138][139][140]

Leadership Council

In the new mechanism for preparing and approving the comprehensive plan of the city, there is an institution called the Isfahan city leadership council under the Islamic City Council of Isfahan domain.Member organizations are

  1. Isfahan Guilds Chamber
  2. Isfahan Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture
  3. Department of Roads and Urban Development
  4. Department of Economic Affairs and Finance
  5. Department of Environmental Protection
  6. Isfahan Governorate
  7. Management and Planning Organization
  8. Isfahan Farmers' House
  9. Isfahan Workers' House
  10. Agricultural Jihad Organization
  11. NGOs

[142]

Public works

Coloring theme for the city has been Turquoise for a period of time.[143]

Waste disposal

City waste is processed and recycled in Isfahan Waste Complex.[144]

Water & wastewater treatment

Esfahan water & wastewater Organization is responsible for piping operation, network installation, preventive maintenance, repairing waterworks, wastewater equipment, supervising wastewater collection and treatment and disposal in the city.[145][146]

Future city

Municipality created a document in 2020 outlining future development program for the city.[147]

Political parties

Main parties are Reformists(including Islamic Iran Freedom and Justice Organization) and Islamic revolution principalists forces. [148]

Human resources and public health

During Iran-Iraq war 23000 were killed from Isfahan and there are 43000 veterans.[149] As of June 2020, 65% of the population of Isfahan province has had social security insurance .[150] Isfahan is known as the capital of the world Multiple sclerosis disease due to the presence of polluting industries.[151] In 2015, with the cut-off of the Zayandehrood River, almost 15% of people suffered from depression.[152]

Foreign relations

Consulates and embassies

Russian Federation General Consulate in Isfahan is registered cultural heritage.[153] Chinese have expressed readiness to be the first country that opens consulate in a diplomatic zone in the central city[154] The residence of Afghan nationals is allowed in Esfahan city.

Twin towns – sister cities

Esfahan Street in Kuala Lumpur, and Kualalampur Avenue in Isfahan
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran

Isfahan is twinned with:[155]

Cooperation agreements

Isfahan cooperates with:

Esfahan Craftsman Art

Photos

  • Chehel Sotoun painting 1
    Chehel Sotoun painting 1
  • Chehel-Sotoun-woman-taking-bath
    Chehel-Sotoun-woman-taking-bath
  • Plate pomegranates Louvre MAO868
    Plate pomegranates Louvre MAO868
  • File:Hasht-Behesht Palace ney and Tar.jpg
  • Ali minaret by Eugène Flandin
    Ali minaret by Eugène Flandin
  • Carpet weaving
    Carpet weaving
  • Waterless Zayanderud
    Waterless Zayanderud
  • Bathhouse isfahan
    Bathhouse isfahan
  • Chehelsotoon painting
    Chehelsotoon painting
  • Full river in 1991
    Full river in 1991
  • Chehelsotoon water fountain
    Chehelsotoon water fountain
  • Maarnaan Bridge 2006
    Maarnaan Bridge 2006
  • 2006 city from above
    2006 city from above
  • Naqsh-e Jahan Square by Pascal Coste 1 edited
    Naqsh-e Jahan Square by Pascal Coste 1 edited
  • Isfahan-logo
    Isfahan-logo
  • Isfahan Icon
    Isfahan Icon
  • Isfahan historical area map, 1940 vs 2010
    Isfahan historical area map, 1940 vs 2010
  • City in 1924
    City in 1924
  • Isfahan 1924
    Isfahan 1924
  • Naghsh-e Jahan Stadium Persepolis V Sepahan
    Naghsh-e Jahan Stadium Persepolis V Sepahan
  • Isfahan towers
    Isfahan towers
  • 1962 man working
    1962 man working
  • 59 Chardin Palace
    59 Chardin Palace
  • view at night
    view at night
  • Armenian cemetry 1924
    Armenian cemetry 1924
  • On the Roofs of Isfahan
    On the Roofs of Isfahan
  • 1725
    1725
  • Great Mosque
    Great Mosque
  • Great Mosque
    Great Mosque
  • Pollution
    Pollution
  • View of riverbed
    View of riverbed
  • Under a bridge
    Under a bridge
  • Bath house, isfahan october 2007
    Bath house, isfahan october 2007
  • Emblem in Freiburg,Germany
    Emblem in Freiburg,Germany
  • Ruins of Farahabad Palace
    Ruins of Farahabad Palace
  • House of Sheikh al-Islam
    House of Sheikh al-Islam
  • BRT
    BRT
  • Baazar 1962
    Baazar 1962
  • Mosala
    Mosala
  • Bazar 1962
    Bazar 1962
  • Pigeon tower
    Pigeon tower

Further reading

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ http://www.daftlogic.com/downloads/kml/10102015-9mzrdauu.kml[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps". citypopulation.de. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ "Isfahan Climate - IRAN TRAVEL, TRIP TO IRAN". www.irangazette.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  5. ^ "Population of Cities in Iran (2018)." The population of the greater metropolitan area is 5.1 million (2016 Census).
  6. ^ "Isfahan Is Half The World". New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  7. ^ "Isfahan, Pre-Islamic-Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  8. ^ Strazny, P. (2005). Encyclopedia of linguistics (p. 325). New York: Fitzroy Dearborn.
  9. ^ "Iran: Provinces and Cities population statistics". Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  10. ^ Sacred Precincts: The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities Across the Islamic World, Gharipour Mohammad, BRILL, Nov 14, 2014, p. 179.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Salma, K. Jayyusi; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; André, Raymond (2008). The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill. p. 174. ISBN 9789004162402.
  13. ^ Huff, D. "ARCHITECTURE iii. Sasanian Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  14. ^ "Britannica.com". Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  15. ^ Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. p. 68. ISBN 9780330418799.
  16. ^ Fisher, W.B.; Jackson, P.; Lockhart, L.; Boyle, J.A. : The Cambridge History of Iran, p. 55.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g electricpulp.com. "ISFAHAN vii. SAFAVID PERIOD – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  18. ^ Matthee 2012, p. 67.
  19. ^ a b Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. California: University of California Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0520947573.
  20. ^ a b c Bournoutian, George (2002). A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present) (2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. p. 208. ISBN 978-1568591414.
  21. ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts. Vol. 8. Echo Institute. 1969. p. 71. OCLC 760026638. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  22. ^ "MSC at a Glance". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Esfahan Steel Company A Pioneer in The Steel Industry of Iran". Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  24. ^ Hesaco.com Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine (from the HESA official company website)
  25. ^ Pike, John. "HESA Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  26. ^ "International conference held on investment opportunities in Iran tourism industry". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  27. ^ DEPARTMENT-it@isfahancitycenter.com, IT. "صفحه اصلی بزرگترین مرکز خرید ایران". Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  28. ^ "About Isfahan City Center". Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  29. ^ Nader, Nik Kowsar, Alireza. "Iran Is Committing Suicide by Dehydration". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Workers demand months of unpaid wages in 9 Iran protests". Iran News Wire. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  31. ^ Maxwell, Mary Jane (3 August 2018). "Iran arrests scientists trying to solve water crisis". ShareAmerica. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  32. ^ Dehghanpisheh, Babak (29 March 2018). "Water crisis spurs protests in Iran". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  33. ^ "اعتراضات جدید کشاورزان اصفهان به معضل کم‌آبی و حق‌آبه | صدای آمریکا فارسی". ir.voanews.com (in Persian). Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  34. ^ Ghafouri, Zaniar; Keivany, Yazdan; Soofiani, Nasrollah M. (1 January 2019). "Reproductive biology of Aphanius isfahanensis in the Zayandehrud River, central Iran". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 102 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1007/s10641-018-0833-0. ISSN 1573-5133.
  35. ^ ondrej.zicha(at)gmail.com, Ondrej Zicha;. "BioLib: Biological library". www.biolib.cz. Retrieved 27 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ زانيار, غفوري; يزدان, کيواني; نصراله, محبوبي صوفياني (1397-01-01). "شاخص هاي تغذيه اي کپوردندان ماهي اصفهان (Aphanius isfahanensis) در رودخانه زاينده رود در ايران" (in Persian). 5 (3): 184–191. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ^ "تنوع جمعیتی کپوردندان اصفهان (aphanius isfahanensis)". www.virascience.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  38. ^ "اصفهان - تاريخچه". isfahan.airport.ir. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  39. ^ "بارورسازی ابرها در 10 استان کشور با پهپاد- اخبار اقتصادی تسنیم - Tasnim". خبرگزاری تسنیم - Tasnim (in Persian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  40. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20200909114804/https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-62/3689253-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9-%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3
  41. ^ Boring, War Is (12 June 2019). "The First Time the F-14 Tomcat Killed in Battle (But Not for America)". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  42. ^ Leone, Dario (8 July 2019). "Whoops: During the Iran-Iraq War, Baghdad Shot down an Iranian F-14A That Was Trying to Defect". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  43. ^ "Archived copy". www.iribnews.ir. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20200909114802/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1398/04/20/2051867/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1
  45. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20200614144647/https://www.irna.ir/news/83738611/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%D9%82-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA
  46. ^ "Isfahan, Iran - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  47. ^ "Esfahan Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  48. ^ "Highest record temperature in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  49. ^ "Lowest record temperature in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  50. ^ https://www.isna.ir/news/99051410046/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA
  51. ^ https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/518544/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA
  52. ^ Samad, Adlipour; Vahid, Ghasemi; Ahmad, Mirmohammad Tabar Seyyed (1 January 2014). "THE EFFECT OF FACEBOOK SOCIAL NETWORK ON CULTURAL IDENTITY OF YOUTH IN ISFAHAN". 7 (125): 1–28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  53. ^ https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7258652/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86
  54. ^ https://per.euronews.com/2019/05/07/iran-singer-sara-hamidi-female-singing-classes-in-iran-are-full-despite-the-ban
  55. ^ https://www.radiofarda.com/a/taboo-e131-on-women-in-singing/30058988.html
  56. ^ https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-48360157
  57. ^ "اطلس اصفهان". new.isfahan.ir. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  58. ^ "رونمايي از اطلس شهر اصفهان". ایمنا (in Persian). 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  59. ^ "اطلس کلانشهر اصفهان را در پورتال شهرداری ببینید". ایمنا (in Persian). 9 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  60. ^ "صدا و سیمای مرکز اصفهان - صدا و سیمای اصفهان". isfahan.irib.ir. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  61. ^ "پژوهشي رَوِشمند درگُستره يي زبان شناختي | Foundation for Iranian Studies". www.fis-iran.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  62. ^ Assari, A., Mahesh, T., Emtehani, M., & Assari, E. (2011). Comparative sustainability of bazaar in Iranian traditional cities: Case studies in Isfahan and Tabriz. International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering (IJTPE)(9), 18-24. Archived 22 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ "Isfahan Jame(Congregative) mosque – BackPack". Fz-az.fotopages.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  64. ^ "Castles of the Fields". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  65. ^ http://www.sourehcinema.com/Title/Title.aspx?id=138109160771
  66. ^ "Isfahan University of Technology | Isfahan University of Technology". www.iut.ac.ir. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  67. ^ "Isfahan xiv. MODERN ECONOMY AND INDUSTRIES ( – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  68. ^ "Isfahan xiv. MODERN ECONOMY AND INDUSTRIES ( – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  69. ^ "زنگ خطر آسیب های اجتماعی در مناطق حاشیه نشین نصف جهان". web.archive.org. 9 February 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  70. ^ "سهم استان اصفهان از تولیدات ماهی کشور در سال گذشته". ایمنا (in Persian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  71. ^ "AFYŪN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". web.archive.org. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  72. ^ "مادی های اصفهان، شریان زندگی - ایمنا". web.archive.org. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  73. ^ "مادی پر آب نیاصرم؛ غصه دار زاینده رود". ایمنا (in Persian). 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  74. ^ "کشاورزان معترض در نماز جمعه اصفهان به خطیب جمعه پشت کردند". web.archive.org. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  75. ^ https://www.irna.ir/news/83503340/
  76. ^ http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fcenter-for-iranian-studies%2Fpdf-files%2Fnewslett.pdf
  77. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  78. ^ https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1398/10/08/2169332/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82
  79. ^ "افزایش پهنای باند اینترنت". ایمنا (in Persian). 27 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  80. ^ https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4996963/
  81. ^ "Foreign arrivals in Isfahan rise sevenfold in 7 years". Tehran Times. 2 September 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  82. ^ "چایخانه های اصفهان تا ۱۴۰۲ می‌توانند قلیان عرضه کنند". ایمنا (in Persian). 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  83. ^ "چایخانه‌داران و قلیانی‌های اصفهان از فردا تعطیل می‌شوند". ایسنا (in Persian). 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  84. ^ "قیمت مسکن در ایران ظرف دو سال سه برابر شده است". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  85. ^ "قیمت مسکن چقدر افزایش یافت؟". اصفهان امروز (in Persian). Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  86. ^ "خلاصه معرفی و تاریخچه". www.istt.org. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  87. ^ https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/551978/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%86%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86
  88. ^ http://senf.ir/ListCompany/75784/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1
  89. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  90. ^ "Isfahan Technical and Vocational Training Organisation". Web.archive.org. 8 October 2007. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  91. ^ https://www.imna.ir/news/432632/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1
  92. ^ "آمارهای اسنپ از سال 98". روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد (in Persian). Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  93. ^ "Snapp Taxi App Download | IOS & Andoid | Snapp Iran version of Uber". HI Tehran Hostel. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  94. ^ "امام جمعه اصفهان: دوچرخه سواری زنان را ترویج نکنید / علما می گویند جایز نیست". web.archive.org. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  95. ^ "70 کیلومتر مسیر دوچرخه سواری در اصفهان". web.archive.org. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  96. ^ "درگاه الكترونيكي معاونت حمل‌ونقل و ترافيك". web.archive.org. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  97. ^ "دوچرخه‌سواری زنان در اصفهان ممنوع شد". ار.اف.ای - RFI (in Persian). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  98. ^ "دادستان اصفهان: دوچرخه‌سواری زنان در فضای عمومی ممنوع". euronews (in Persian). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  99. ^ "Isfahan Customs exports 240,000 tons of goods in 11 months". Mehr News Agency. 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  100. ^ 1853 (7 July 2019). "Exports of goods from Isfahan increased by 174%". IRNA English. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
  101. ^ "Isfahan exports $39m of handicrafts in year". Tehran Times. 21 June 2020. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  102. ^ "اصفهان - تاريخچه". isfahan.airport.ir. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  103. ^ Assari, Ali; Erfan Assari (2012). "Urban spirit and heritage conservation problems: case study Isfahan city in Iran" (PDF). Journal of American Science. 8 (1): 203–209. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  104. ^ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Esfahan metro opens". Railway Gazette. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  105. ^ https://plus.google.com/113403756129291503583 (21 July 2017). "China Finances Tehran-Isfahan High-Speed Railroad". Financial Tribune. Retrieved 25 September 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  106. ^ "نگاهی به زندگی و کارنامه هنری استاد جلال تاج". Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  107. ^ "بیوگرافی علیرضا افتخاری". Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  108. ^ "بیوگرافی لیلا فروهر / عکس · جدید 96 -گهر". Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  109. ^ "Hassan Kassai". Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  110. ^ "بیوگرافی و شرح زندگی معین". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  111. ^ "بیوگرافی حسن شماعی زاده". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  112. ^ "شهسوار تار". Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  113. ^ "سارا بهرامی+بیوگرافی". Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  114. ^ "بیوگرافی اصغر فرهادی - زومجی". Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  115. ^ "بیوگرافی "محمد علی کشاورز" + عکس". Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  116. ^ "بیوگرافی مهدی پاکدل و همسرش". Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  117. ^ "بیوگرافی کیومرث پور احمد". Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  118. ^ "بیوگرافی کامل سروش صحت + عکس". Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  119. ^ "گفتگو با نصرت الله وحدت در بهار 90 سالگی". Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  120. ^ "استاد محمود دهنوی". Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  121. ^ "مروري كوتاه بر زندگي‌نامه استاد محمود فرشچيان". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  122. ^ "Abstract paintings and conceptual spiritual art by Freydoon Rassouli". Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  123. ^ a b "زندگی نامه شهید بهشتی". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  124. ^ "با "محمدعلی فروغی" بیشتر آشنا شوید". 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018.
  125. ^ "حسین خرازی که بود و چگونه به شهادت رسید؟". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  126. ^ "ناشنیده‌هایی از زندگی "ظریف" در روز تولدش". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  127. ^ "اشعار زیبا و کوتاه ژاله اصفهانی". Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  128. ^ "افشین یداللهی را بهتر بشناسید". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  129. ^ https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1004761/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86
  130. ^ "استخرها و پارک‌های آبی اصفهان - صفحه 1 | پول تیکت". www.poolticket.org (in Persian). Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  131. ^ "Health services, mayoral crucial objective: Jamalinejad". IMNA. 22 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  132. ^ "Sheikh Bahai; renowned & distinguished scholar of Safavid Era". Mehr News Agency. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  133. ^ "مقاله تحلیل و بررسی مکانیابی مراکز تجاری (مطالعه موردی :مجتمع پارک، منطقه 6 اصفهان)". civilica.com (in Persian). Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  134. ^ "برنامه سینماهای اصفهان". اصفهان امروز (in Persian). Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  135. ^ "گزارشی از تاریخ قهرمانان ایران؛ پرسپولیس بهترین تیم تاریخ، سپاهان برترین تیم لیگ/ یک آبی‌ در صدر". Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  136. ^ https://www.imna.ir/news/437106/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3
  137. ^ https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/05/31/1498269/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82
  138. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  139. ^ مختاریان, نیما (۱۳۹۸-۰۳-۳۰T18:36:09+04:30). "گزارش شناسایی محله های اصفهان - 1398". کوچه گردان عاشق (in Persian). Retrieved 2020-09-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  140. ^ "مروری بر محله‌های قدیمی اصفهان". ایمنا (in Persian). 11 June 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  141. ^ "محله كلمان | درگاه الكترونيكي شهرداري اصفهان". isfahan.ir. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  142. ^ "شورای راهبری". برنامه جامع شهر اصفهان (in Persian). Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  143. ^ "تم رنگی اصفهان مشخص می شود". ایمنا (in Persian). 17 December 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  144. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  145. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  146. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  147. ^ "رویکرد نوین". برنامه جامع شهر اصفهان (in Persian). Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  148. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20200911071723/https://www.irna.ir/news/83575447/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84
  149. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20200909114846/https://www.imna.ir/news/439233/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF
  150. ^ "۶۵ درصد جمعیت استان اصفهان بیمه تأمین اجتماعی دارند". web.archive.org. 29 August 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  151. ^ "اصفهان پایتخت بیماری ام اس دنیا". web.archive.org. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  152. ^ "افسردگی 15 درصد اصفهانی‌ها با خشکی زاینده رود | سایت انتخاب". web.archive.org. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  153. ^ "صفحه اصلی - سرکنسولگری فدراسیون روسیه در شهر اصفهان". isfahan.mid.ru. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  154. ^ 10 (18 May 2019). "China to open consulate in Isfahan diplomatic zone: Mayor". IRNA English. Retrieved 26 September 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
  155. ^ "شهرهای خواهر". isfahan.ir (in Persian). Isfahan. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  156. ^ "Àsia-Pacífic" (in Catalan). Barcelona. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  157. ^ "Sister Cities". Gyeongju. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  158. ^ Book Arts of Isfahan: Diversity and Identity in Seventeenth-Century Persia. ISBN 978-0892363629.
  159. ^ Hossein, Saraei Mohammad; Fariba, Bahrami; Shirin, Mohrehkesh (1 January 2012). "THE IDENTITY COMPONENTS FOR HISTORIC QUARTER OF CITY SURROUNDING CONTEXT OF JAME MOSQUE OF ISFAHAN". 2 (8): 0–0. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  160. ^ "From Pahlavi Isfahan to Pacific Shangri La: Revivıng, Restoring, and Reinventing Safavid Aesthetıcs, ca. 1920–40". The University of Chiacgo Press Journals.

Sources

See also: Bibliography of the history of Isfahan
  • Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
  • Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1845117450. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Isfahan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isfahan.
Preceded by Capital of Seljuq Empire (Persia)
1051–1118 		Succeeded by
Hamadan (Western capital)
Merv (Eastern capital)
Preceded by Capital of Iran (Persia)
1598–1736 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Capital of Safavid dynasty
1598–1722 		Succeeded by
-
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isfahan&oldid=980758772"