National Intelligence Coordinating Agency
| Pambansang Ahensiya sa Ugnayang Intelihensiya[1] | |
.svg) Official Seal | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | July 10, 1949 |
| Preceding agencies |
|
| Jurisdiction | Government of the Philippines |
| Headquarters | Quezon City, Philippines |
| Motto | Kaalaman ay Kaligtasan (Intelligence is Security) |
| Annual budget | ₱1.46 billion (2022)[2] |
| Agency executive |
|
| Parent agency | Office of the President of the Philippines |
| Website | https://www.nica.gov.ph |
The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) is the primary intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the Philippine government, in charge of carrying out overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence programs. The NICA cooperates with friendly countries and government agencies in and out of the country by posting agents as liaison officers.[3]
The NICA is led by a Director-General, who reports directly to the President of the Philippines, and is assisted by a Deputy Director-General.[4] Its headquarters is located in Quezon City.[5]
The National Intelligence Committee, chaired by the Director-General, serves as the advisory body of NICA.[4][6][7]
History
Founded in 1949, the NICA was created by President Elpidio Quirino under the authority of Executive Order No. 235. In 1954, the Government Survey and Reorganization Commission ordered the expansion of the powers of NICA.[6] The agency was reorganized in 1958 under Executive Order No. 291 by President Carlos P. Garcia.[8]
The NICA was abolished on September 16, 1972, by President Ferdinand Marcos under Presidential Decree No. 51, and was replaced by the National Intelligence and Security Authority (NISA), which was designated as the principal intelligence agency, and the Civil Intelligence and Security Agency (CISA), which was tasked with counterintelligence and supervision of all civil security units in Philippine government offices.[6] The NISA was then headed by Gen. Fabian Ver and was alleged to be responsible for various human rights abuses, primarily during the martial law period. The regime of President Marcos, through Gen. Ver, was believed to have used NISA to spy on, abduct and eliminate persons opposing the autocracy of President Marcos in the 1970s and the 1980s.[9]
In 1987, shortly after the People Power Revolution which had led to a peaceful removal of President Marcos from office, his successor President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 246 which abolished NISA and CISA and reestablished NICA.[4] The NICA then refocused its priorities in tackling the communist insurgency in the Philippines.[9]
In 1990, the National Security Advisor was given responsibility to oversee management and control of NICA to be responsive to the needs of the President and the National Security Council.[9][10]
NICA agents were responsible for the arrest of several Abu Sayyaf members, including Al Qaeda-linked bomber Abdulmukim Edris.[11]
In 2005, the agency established two directorates to conduct economic intelligence and counterintelligence activities.[12]
On February 1, 2006, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 492, which ordered the NICA to activate the National Maritime Aerial Reconnaissance and Surveillance Center (NMARSC). The NMARSC was designated as the primary imagery intelligence provider for the Philippine intelligence community and was tasked to operate unmanned aerial vehicles under the supervision and oversight of the National Security Adviser.[3]
On March 6, 2007, President Arroyo signed Republic Act No. 9372, also known as the Human Security Act of 2007, which designates the NICA as the Secretariat of the Anti-Terrorism Council (ATC).[13][14]
In 2018, House of Representatives Majority Leader Rodolfo Fariñas filed House Bill No. 7111, also known as the Foreign Electronic Surveillance Act. The bill would have allowed NICA agents to covertly conduct electronic surveillance operations against foreign countries, terrorists and private groups without the need of having a warrant or a court order in an emergency situation.[15] A warrantless operation outside the Philippine territory would also need the approval by the Director-General of the NICA and the Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ).[15] However, by the close of the 17th Congress in 2019, the bill had still been pending in the House of Representatives Committee on National Defense and Security.
On June 3, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11479, also known as the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, which repealed the Human Security Act of 2007. Pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, the NICA remains as the Secretariat of the ATC. However, NICA has also now been tasked to provide its recommendation on an application for proscription seeking to declare any individual or group as a terrorist before the Court of Appeals. Such application for proscription may only be filed by the DOJ, subject to the authority of the ATC.
Mandate
The NICA is mandated to:[16]
- conduct and coordinate national intelligence activities;
- fulfill strategic intelligence needs of the Government;
- provide relevant intelligence information, the National Intelligence Estimate, for national security policymaking;
- lead counterintelligence activities;
- serve as the Secretariat of the Anti-Terrorism Council (ATC); and
- act as the head of NTF-ELCAC Situational Awareness and Knowledge Management (SAKM) Cluster.
Organization
The NICA is organized into the following divisions and directorates:[17]
- Office of the Director-General – led by the Director-General
- Directorate of Operations – led by the Assistant Director-General for Operations
- Directorate of Production – led by the Assistant Director-General for Production
- Directorate of Administration – led by the Assistant Director-General for Administration
- Management and Planning Office
- Office of the Comptroller
- Various field stations in various regions – led by its respective Regional Directors[18]
Notable Directors-General
- Gen. Fabian Ver was believed by human rights groups to have used the NICA's precedessor, the National Intelligence and Security Authority (NISA), as the secret police of the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, leading to various human rights abuses committed against persons opposing the autocracy of President Marcos in the 1970s and the 1980s.
- Col. Vicente S. Yumul and Gen. Jose T. Almonte held office as the Directors-General of NICA under President Corazon Aquino.
- Alfredo Filler, the former Vice Chief-of-Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), also served as the Director-General of NICA under President Fidel V. Ramos.[19]
References
- ^ Mga Pangalan ng Tanggapan ng Pamahalaan sa Filipino (PDF) (2013 ed.). Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. p. 6. ISBN 978-971-0197-22-4.
- ^ "Summary of Fiscal Year 2022 New Appropriations" (PDF). Official Gazette. January 3, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
- ^ a b "State of Surveillance in the Philippines". March 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c PROVIDING FOR THE CREATION OF THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY. Retrieved on July 24, 2007
- ^ "Directory of Department and Agencies – GOV.PH".
- ^ a b c "History of NICA". Archived from the original on June 2, 2003. Retrieved June 2, 2003.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved on December 27, 2007. - ^ "Administrative Order No. 7" (PDF). Official Gazette. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
- ^ "Executive Order No. 291, s. 1958 | GOVPH".
- ^ a b c "Comparative Criminology – Asia – Philippines". SDSU.edu. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "Evolving security threats". The Philippine STAR.
- ^ "CNN – Breaking News, Latest News and Videos". CNN.com. November 14, 2002. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "Committee News – House of Representatives of the Philippines". Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). senate.gov.ph. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "National Intelligence Coordinating Agency". Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
- ^ a b "Fariñas seeks gov't power to spy on foreign entities | Inquirer News". Archived from the original on June 26, 2018.
- ^ "Mandate - National Intelligence Coordinating Agency". National Intelligence Coordinating Agency. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
- ^ "Executive Order No. 292 [BOOK IV/Title VIII/Subtitle I/Chapter 3-National Intelligence Coordinating Agency] | GOVPH".
- ^ "NICA briefs government communicators on whole-of-nation approach". Philippine Information Agency.
- ^ "List of Foreign Participants". satp.org. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
External links
