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Directorate General of Forces Intelligence

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"DGFI" redirects here. Not to be confused with Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut.

Directorate General of Forces Intelligence
প্রতিরক্ষা গোয়েন্দা মহাপরিদপ্তর
Insignia of the DGFI
Flag of DGFI
Agency overview
Formed1977; 47 years ago (1977)[1]
Preceding agency
  • Directorate of Forces Intelligence (1972–1977)
HeadquartersDhaka Cantonment, Dhaka, Bangladesh
MottoWatch and Listen for the nation, to protect national security.
EmployeesClassified
Annual budgetClassified
Agency executive
Parent departmentBangladesh Armed Forces
Parent agencyMinistry of Defence
Child agencies

The Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (Bengali: প্রতিরক্ষা গোয়েন্দা মহাপরিদপ্তর), commonly known by its acronym DGFI, is the defense intelligence agency of the Bangladesh Armed Forces, tasked with collection, collation and evaluation of strategic and topographic information, primarily through human intelligence (HUMINT).[2] As one of the principal members of the Bangladesh intelligence community, the DGFI reports to the Director-General under the executive authority of the head of government, the Prime Minister, and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the Prime Minister, the Cabinet of Bangladesh, and the Armed Forces of Bangladesh.[3]

Formed in 1972 as Directorate of Forces Intelligence under the command and jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, it was organised as the principal intelligence arm of the nascent defense ministry of Bangladesh, limited to gathering critical information pertaining to the Armed Forces. The agency experienced dramatic reorganization and growth after the 1977 unrest and attempted coup, resulting from the hijacking of JAL flight 472 from Bombay, India to Dhaka International Airport, Tejgaon. In 1977, during reorganization the DFI was transferred temporarily from the Minister of Defense to the Director of Martial Law Control Communication and Control Center under the ZMLA, Dhaka, and officiated under the control of the Chief Executive, the President. The directorate was elevated to Directorate General with major increase in budget and logistics, with its headquarters relocated to Dhaka Cantonment. The agency transformed into the principal intelligence arm of the defense forces specializing in gathering of foreign military intelligence.[4] The agency officially adopted its current name in the same year. The DGFI officially consists primarily of military officers from the three service branches of the Bangladesh Armed Forces, while with an evolving role in the country's intelligence community, DGFI is also reported to have classified civilian employees. The stated priority mission of the DGFI is to provide timely, and accurate intelligence, and tactical support to Bangladesh Armed Forces commands. While the budget of DGFI is classified, it is reported to have the largest budget of the intelligence agencies.[5]

The DGFI has increasingly expanded its role throughout the years, including foreign intelligence gathering, counter-intelligence, covert operations, counter-proliferation, signals intelligence, cyber intelligence, and anti-terrorism.[6][7] The agency's elite counter-terrorism unit formed in 2006, CTIB, is responsible for gathering intelligence, infiltrating and neutralizing terrorist organizations that may pose a threat to national security.[8]

History

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The DGFI was originally formed as Directorate of Forces Intelligence (DFI) in 1972. A major impetus for the creation of the agency was to monitor unforeseen threats from neighboring and foreign armed forces, especially India and Pakistan. DFI was headquartered in Segunbagicha, Bailey Road, Dhaka. Upon its creation, the role of DFI was strictly limited to sharing intelligence it gathered with the armed forces. The nascent DFI achieved very little and was overshadowed by National Security Intelligence (NSI), Bangladesh's principal intelligence agency.[3]

In May 2014, a New Monogram of the DGFI was unveiled at its Headquarter. The Lily placed on the center of the monogram, The National Flower Lily expressing the ethnicity of independent sovereign Bangladesh. The eight light emission around the lotus expressing Patriotism, Loyalty, Discipline, Concentration, Alertness, Prudence, and Efficiency of the activities of the agency. At the bottom "Bangladesh" there are two stars at each side and a total of four stars representing the four fundamental principles of the constitution of Bangladesh, Nationalism, Secularism, Socialism and Democracy.[citation needed]

Directorates

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The DGFI is headed by a Director-General, who is traditionally a serving Major-General (Two-star general) in the Bangladesh Army. One Deputy Director General and Nine Directors report directly to the Director-General with each deputy heading their assigned wings respectively:

  • Directorate of Operations (MI, AI, NI)
Provide Bangladesh Armed Forces with foreign intelligence on other nations' armed forces.
  • Directorate of Joint Intelligence
Works with National Security Intelligence (NSI), Special Branch, Detective Branch and Rapid Action Battalion to gather detective and anti-state intelligence.
  • Counter-Intelligence Bureau (CIB)
Information classified.
Elite covert intelligence unit of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence, tasked with combating terrorism, gathering intelligence on internal or external threat to Bangladesh and counter-attack.
  • Bureau X
Classified. Reported to be foreign intelligence and espionage unit consisting of highly-specialized spies.[9]
  • Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB)
Monitors national political and strategic affairs.
  • External Affairs and Liaison Bureau (EALB)
Monitors international political and strategic affairs.
Research and Development Bureau (RDB)
Conducting research activities in relevant fields and advice it to the Director General.
  • Cyber Intelligence Bureau
Provide national cyber security and monitor online platforms.
  • Signals Intelligence Bureau (SIB)
Monitors national telecommunication.
  • Press and Public Media Bureau (PPMB)
Monitors press/publications and media. Also acts as liaison to public.
Public Relations Monitoring Cell (PRMC)
Monitoring the public news papers, electronic media and social media activities
Administrative Bureau

Ensuring the Logistics and administrative activities as well as human resources management within DGFI.

Forces Foreign Liaison Bureau (FFLB)

Conducting liaison with foreign dignitaries, diplomats and Defence Attaché's.

Director-generals

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Main article: Director General of Forces Intelligence
# Rank Name Start of term End of term
Director - Directorate of Forces Intelligence
1 Brigadier Abdur Rauf 1972 1975
2 Brigadier Jamil Uddin Ahmad 1975 1975
3 Air Vice Marshal Aminul Islam Khan 1975 1977
Director - Martial Law Communication and Control Center, ZMLA, DHAKA
4 Wing Commander Muhammad Hamidullah Khan 1977 1978
Director General
5 Major General Mohabbat Jan Chowdhury 1979 1981
6 Mohammad Abdul Latif 1987 1990
17 A S M Nazrul Islam 1999 2001
18 Mohammad Abdul Halim 2001 2005
19 Rezzakul Haider Chowdhury 2005 2006
20 Sadik Hasan Rumi 2006 2007
21 ATM Amin 2007 2008
22 Brigadier General Chowdhury Fazlul Bari 2008 2008
23 Major General Golam Mohammad 2008 2009
24 Molla Fazle Akbar 2009 2011
25 Sheikh Mamun Khaled 2011 2013
26 Mohammad Akbar Hossain 2013 2017
27 Mohammad Saiful Abedin 2017 2020
28 Mohammad Saiful Alam 2020 2021
29 Ahmed Tabrez Shams Chowdhury 2021 2022
30 Hamidul Haque 2022 2024
31 Md. Faizur Rahman 2024 14 October, 2024
32 Jahangir Alam 14 October, 2024 Present

Organizational structure

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Twelve bureaus and nineteen detachments make up the primary structure of the organisation. The total manpower for DGFI is estimated to be around 12,000. The commanding post for DGFI is the DG followed by the DDG, director, senior additional director, additional director, deputy director and assistant director. Officers from armed forces posted here on deputation. Some civilian officer also works for DGFI recruited by Chief Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence, Bangladesh.[citation needed]

Counter-terrorism Unit

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Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau (CTIB), is an elite counter terrorism intelligence unit of DGFI.[10] The Bureau was established in 2006 from the counterterrorism wing of DGFI which was established in 2002.[11] The bureau was established along with the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), and the counter terrorism cell of National Security Intelligence (NSI). CTIB is responsible for collecting and analysing intelligence on internal threats and counterattacks. CTIB agents are recruited from the Armed Forces and are responsible for gathering intelligence and executing special operations.

Functions and activities

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The DGFI and its activities are highly classified and confidential to both the mass media and civilians. The functions and priorities of DGFI have changed throughout the years and vary with the country's political situations and foreign affairs. The primary function of the DGFI is the collection of foreign military intelligence, however during recent times, the agency has extended its role to economic, political and foreign intelligence. DGFI maintains active collaborations with very few other secret services around the world.

Military Experts have termed the subcontinent as a beehive of intelligence and counterintelligence activity and labelled the NSI, DGFI, ISI, CIA, FSB, R&AW, MSS, Mossad, and MI6 as the big players in the Asian intelligence Scene.

Notable foreign operations

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DGFI, like any other intelligence agency, collects information through human espionage. They have conducted numerous operations over the course of decades.

India

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  • A Bangladeshi DGFI agent concealed his nationality and joined R&AW where he was known as Diwan Chand Mallik. He was known to have obtained important intelligence which was damaging for India's national security. He joined the agency in 1999 and used to live in East Delhi. A case of cheating and forgery was filed against him at the Lodhi Colony police station on the basis of a complaint by a senior RAW official. No trace of him was found afterwards.[6]
  • Over the years, DGFI has been accused several times of aiding Indian separatists from North-East and Kashmir. Indian government and media have accused Bangladesh of involvement in the 2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata. They have also blamed DGFI and ISI for designing coordinated attacks on Assam, Tripura and Bihar.
  • Indian leading newspaper; DNA, published a report in 2008 claiming the presence of around one hundred DGFI operatives in East India. The newspaper further claimed that the agency had set up groups across India consisting seven to ten people, each headed by DGFI's highly sophisticated Bureau X. According to intelligence branch of West Bengal police, around fifteen Bureau X agents are active in West Bengal, each highly trained in handling sophisticated weapons and can effortlessly speak multiple languages and all the various dialects in the Indo-Bangladesh border districts.[9]
  • According to Indian Intelligence analysis, Operation Pin Code was launched by DGFI in 2004. The operation was intended to extend DGFI influence over West Bengal and Assam State Government. Several unreliable sources claimed that by 2008, DGFI successfully gained 70% control over West Bengal assembly. The agency was also blamed for rising terrorist threat in India, however, no evidence were presented by Indian agencies.[12]
  • Although, some Indian politicians and the news media made a number of allegations and conspiracy theories against the DGFI. There were some positive roles for which they were also praised by the Indian government officials. One of the most significant recent accomplishments was DGFI's direct role in preventing a terror attack in Kolkata scheduled to coincide with India's April - May elections. The DGFI has carried out a number of successful operations targeting Lashkar-e-Taiba and other individuals associated with transnational terrorist organization on a priority basis as it poses a security risk not only for India's national security but also for Bangladesh. Indian government officials have praised DGFI for their successful operation which led to the arrest of three cell members involved in planning the attack.
  • On 7 April 2020 one of the assassins of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Captain (Rtd.) Abdul Majed was arrested by Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime Unit of Bangladesh Police. According to Kolkata Police he was seen being followed by 4 well-built men on 22 February in the CCTV footage. With the help of cellphone location tracking, police guessed that Majed was taken to Malda, West Bengal from Howrah. Then he was taken to Shillong from Guwahati and made to cross the Dawki border illegally to enter Bangladesh. According to CBI it was probably a covert operation of DGFI.

Nepal

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  • According to several sources, Bureau 3 of the DGFI is tasked with handling affairs in Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan.
  • Several Indian news outlets claimed to have found the trace of DGFI involvement in 2008 Assam bombings. According to reports, The blueprint was created at a three-day conclave held at Dhulikhel, 30 km north of Kathmandu, between 15 and 17 October. The sources said Colonel Ahmed Sufi of DGFI constructed a detailed blueprint for targeting the north eastern Indian states. The ISI was represented at the meet by a lieutenant general-level official responsible for overseeing affairs in South Asia. The ISI official took a circuitous route from Pakistan to Dubai to Dhaka before reaching Kathmandu via Biman Bangladesh airlines in order to avoid any suspicion by Indian security agencies, the sources revealed.[13][14]
  • In 2014, DGFI tracked down Indian Mujahideen's top commander, Zia Ur Rehman in Nepal. The operation was executed after formal request from India's R&AW and Nepal's law enforcement agencies.[15]

United Kingdom

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  • According to several leading British newspapers, United Kingdom's Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, several high-level MI5 and MI6 officials flew to Dhaka for meeting with senior officials of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. She urged that DGFI investigate a number of British nationals whom the British security agencies found to be suspicious. As a result, A number of British suspects were taken to DGFI's secret interrogation centre, known as the Task Force for Interrogation cell (TFI). The British High Commission, Dhaka has rejected the allegations, stating that our security cooperation with other countries is consistent with our laws and with our values. High Commissioner Stephen Evans acknowledged that British and Bangladeshi intelligence agencies cooperated in certain areas, which includes sharing of information which may be relevant to the security of either country.[16]

Mass surveillance

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Bangladesh DGFI purchased[17] a mass surveillance system from Israel and turned the system against civilians who spoke against former prime minister Sheikh Hasina's regime.[18] This mass surveillance system was used to track Hasina's opponents and detain them in the infamous torture centre Ayanaghar.[19]

Extra-judicial killings

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Former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina used DGFI as a tool to silence dissidents who raised concerns about her autocratic rules.[20][21] DGFI, during Hasina's rule, were accused of detaining tens of thousands of opposition activists,[22] killing hundreds in extrajudicial encounters, and disappearing journalists and bloggers.[23][24][25][26]

Corruption

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DGFI has been involved in money laundering and corrupt practices through military-controlled Trust bank and VDP banks.[27] In 2012, Defense Adviser Major General (retired) Tarique Ahmed Siddique was involved in bribery of 70 lakh Bangladeshi currency carried by a government vehicle.[28] The Border Guard Bangladesh confiscated the car with the money.[29][30]

Allegations of human rights violation

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Main article: Aynaghor
  • In 2008, Tasneem Khalil, a CNN news representative accused DGFI of arresting, and torturing him for twenty-two hours for criticizing the military for using the interim government as a cover for de facto army rule.[31] Though Khalil is a controversial journalist and according to most of the influential journalists of Bangladesh, Khalil's allegations are questionable in terms of its credibility.[32] Human Rights Watch published a report and supporting evidence to show Bangladeshi activist Tasneem Khalil was tortured at detention cell controlled by Bangladesh Director General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI).[32][33][34]
  • In 2008, several leading Indian newspaper accused DGFI of operating in north-east India. Several Indian politicians accused DGFI of backing ULFA with training and financing. No evidences were found to establish the allegations. Journalist Bertil Lintner's book "Great Game East", recounts his meeting with ULFA military wing chief Paresh Barua in a DGFI safehouse in Dhaka on 29 April 1996.[13][35][36][37][38]
  • In 2009, in the aftermath of Bangladesh Rifles revolt, security forces of Bangladesh detained more than 6,000 Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) members. At least 47 detained BDR members reportedly died in custody.[39] DGFI was accused of torturing them to death.[40] DGFI allegedly ran torture cells in many rooms of its headquarters building located in Kachukhet, Dhaka Cantonment.[41]
  • In 2011, British newspaper The Guardian accused DGFI of torturing several British citizens in an unknown torture cell. Among the alleged victims, Jamil Rahman, a British national accused DGFI of repeatedly torturing him for over two years. He also accused British intelligence unit MI5 of working with DGFI. No evidences were found to support the allegations.[42][43]
  • In 2015, DGFI was accused of blocking major companies from advertising in two major newspapers in Bangladesh; the daily Prothom Alo and the Daily Star, causing a loss of $2 million during the first month. Telenor, which owns a 55% stake in Grameenphone admitted that top-level officers from DGFI forced them to stop advertising in these two newspapers. However, other large corporations refused to comment on the issue. "We were informed by our clients that due to unavoidable circumstances, we should stop all advertisements in Prothom Alo and the Daily Star," Alam said. "We initially continued to advertise in the magazine supplements, but that was also stopped."[44]
  • In 2018, Bangladesh's Chief Justice Surendra Kumar Sinha accused DGFI of forcing him to resign by threatening 'serious consequences' if he refuse to do so. In a controversial book "A Broken Dream: Rule of Law, Human Rights & Democracy", he describes DGFI treatment as so cruel that it could be compared with none other than the Gestapo force of Hitler. Sinha's allegations are refuted by several high level legal officers, including the attorney general Mahbubey Alam, who said, Justice SK Sinha has written the book basing on his wild imagination, not on facts. There is no need to take this book seriously.[45]
  • In 2020, an investigative report by Al Jazeera accused DGFI of purchasing Israeli-made mass surveillance equipment. The report claims of classified meeting between a team of DGFI officers and Mossad operatives in Hungary. Bangladesh has no diplomatic relations with Israel and trade with Israel is prohibited.[46] Bangladesh Army denied these allegations in an official statement.[47]
  • In 2022, German broadcaster DW reported that Bangladesh Director General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI) operates illegal secret detention and torture cells in the capital city Dhaka, Bangladesh.[48] The government of Bangladesh didn't publish an exact number of detainees.[49] Still, the photograph revealed by the voice of America and DW Bangla news[50] shows numerous solitary confinement cells in an unknown location in Dhaka.[51] It was reported that detainees were from the opposition party Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), and ordinary citizens who had criticised the Awami League-led government of Bangladesh.[52] According to the report, the Dhaka cantonment[43] is one of the places where detainees were kept blindfolded.[53]
  • On 12 September 2024, Bangladesh's interim government sent three former directors and Generals, Lt Gen Md Saiful Alam, Lt Gen Ahmed Tabrez Shams Chowdhury, and Major Gen Hamidul Haque, into early retirement for their involvement in human rights violations.[54][55]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীন সংস্থা ও দপ্তরসমূহ [Agencies under the Ministry of Defence]. Ministry of Defence (in Bengali). Government of Bangladesh. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Bangladesh intelligence team to go India". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b "History". Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI). Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  4. ^ "Intelligence reform in Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Changes in top army positions". The Daily Star. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Bangladeshi worked for R&AW for 6 years". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Assam: The Bangla hand". Rediff.com. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  8. ^ "PM wants DGFI ready". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  9. ^ a b Chaudhuri, Sumanta Ray (19 November 2013). "Bangla intelligence making rapid inroads into Bengal". DNA. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  10. ^ "ICAB gets new secretary". The Daily Star. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  11. ^ "Intelligence reform in Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  12. ^ "India Accuses Pakistan, Bangladesh of Launching 'Operation Pin Code'". antisystemic.org. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b "ULFA, Bangladesh's DGFI join hands to wreak havoc". News18. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  14. ^ "Motivations and Methods of India's United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)". Jamestown. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  15. ^ "Bangladesh, Nepal helped India nab IM top guns". Hindustan Times. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  16. ^ Cobain, Ian; Karim, Fariha (17 January 2011). "UK linked to notorious Bangladesh torture centre". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  17. ^ GDC (18 February 2021). "Bangladesh DGFI Bought Mass Surveillance Systems From Israel". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  18. ^ "Sheikh Hasina: Bangladesh's pro-democracy icon who became an autocrat". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  19. ^ AFP (15 August 2024). "Bangladeshi lawyer recounts Sheikh Hasina's 'secret jail' where he spent eight years". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  20. ^ "Hasina and hubris: How a classic Greek tragedy unfolded in Bangladesh". India Today. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  21. ^ "How Investigative Site Netra News, Banned in Bangladesh, Is Reporting on the Country from the Outside". gijn.org. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  22. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Rahman, Shaikh Azizur (10 November 2023). "Full prisons and false charges: Bangladesh opposition faces pre-election crackdown". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  23. ^ "Bangladesh frees Hasina rival Khaleda Zia from house arrest". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  24. ^ "Thousands of opposition activists languish in prison as Bangladesh gears up for national election". AP News. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  25. ^ GDC (22 January 2021). "Bangladesh DGFI And NSI: Mass Murderers And Oppressor Of Freedom". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  26. ^ "Bangladesh: Tortured Journalist Describes Surviving Military Beatings | Human Rights Watch". 14 February 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  27. ^ GDC (10 June 2020). "Bangladesh DGFI: A Symbol of Abuse, Corruptions and Impunity". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  28. ^ "Investigative documentary blows the lid off corruption at the heart of Bangladesh government". Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  29. ^ GDC (6 June 2021). "Bangladesh's Former Chief of Army Staff General Moeen Uddin Ahmed Accused Of Sigficant Corruption Fraudulent Businesses, And Torture Of Political Prisoners". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  30. ^ "The Trouble With Bangladesh's Military". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  31. ^ "The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power under the State of Emergency: IV. A Midnight Arrest, 22 Hours of Torture". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  32. ^ a b "The Torture of Tasneem Khalil". Human Rights Watch. 13 February 2008.
  33. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power under the State of Emergency". Refworld. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  34. ^ Ganguly, Meenakshi; Alffram, Henrik; Human Rights Watch (Organization) (2008). The torture of Tasneem Khalil: how the Bangladesh military abuses its power under the state of emergency. New York: Human Rights Watch. OCLC 213352451.
  35. ^ "Ulfa leadership working closely with ISI, DGFI". The Economic Times. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  36. ^ "'ULFA has links with ISI, B'desh spy agency'". Hindustan Times. 6 February 2009.
  37. ^ "Assam: The Bangla hand". Rediff.com. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  38. ^ "Paresh Barua was 'in DGFI safehouse'". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Stop mass trial of BDR mutiny". The Daily Star. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  40. ^ "The Fear Never Leaves Me". Human Rights Watch. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  41. ^ "Ignoring Executions and Torture". Human Rights Watch. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  42. ^ Khalil, Tasneem (2 March 2008). "Surviving torture in Bangladesh". The New York Times (Opinion). Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  43. ^ a b Cobain, Ian; Karim, Fariha (17 January 2011). "Bangladesh interrogation centre where Britons were taken to be tortured". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  44. ^ Bergman, David. "Bangladeshi spies accused of blocking media adverts". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  45. ^ "Bangladesh: Ex-chief justice alleges he was 'forced' to resign'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  46. ^ "Bangladesh bought spyware from Israeli surveillance company". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  47. ^ "Bangladesh Army denies procuring Mobile Interceptor Device from Israel". Dhaka Tribune. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  48. ^ "Secret prisoners of Dhaka". Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  49. ^ "Former detainee talks about Bangladesh's secret prisons". Former detainee talks about Bangladesh's secret prisons. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  50. ^ ডিজিএফআই-এর আয়নাঘর, 19 August 2022, retrieved 22 August 2022
  51. ^ GDC (22 August 2022). "Bangladesh DGFI Operates Uyghur-style Secret Detention And Solitary Confinement Facilities In Dhaka". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  52. ^ "The Fulcrum of Eastern Evil". www.asthabharati.org. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  53. ^ Nitya, Ramakrishnan (2013). In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia (First ed.). Amazon: Sage LAW. p. 240. ISBN 978-8132109464.
  54. ^ "3 ex-DGs of DGFI sent into forced retirement". The Daily Star. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  55. ^ "Three army officers sent into forced retirement, one dismissed". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 13 September 2024.

Further reading

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