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Shashanka

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Shashanka
Maharajadhiraja
Gaudeshwar
Map of Shashanka
A painting of Gaudeshwar Shashanka
King of Gauda
Reign590 CE – 625 CE[1]
PredecessorJayanaga
SuccessorManava
IssueManava
DynastyGauda Raaj
ReligionHinduism (Shaivism)

Shashanka (IAST: Śaśāṃka, Sanskrit: शशांक Bengali: শশাঙ্ক) was the first independent king of a unified polity in the Bengal region, called the Gauda Kingdom.[2] He reigned in the 7th century, some historians place his rule between circa 600 CE and 636/7 CE,[3] whereas other sources place his reign between 590 and 625 CE.[4]

Shashanka, is credited with creating the Bengali calendar.[5] The term Bangabda (Bangla year) is found too in two Shiva temples many centuries older than Akbar era, suggesting that a Bengali calendar existed long before Akbar's time.[6][7]

He is the contemporary of Harsha and of Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa. His capital was at Karnasuvarna, in present-day Murshidabad in West Bengal.

Contemporary sources

Map of the Shashankas or "Gauda Kingdom", circa 600 CE.[8]

There are several major contemporary sources of information on his life, including copperplates from his vassal Madhavavarma (king of Ganjam), copperplates of his rivals Harsha and Bhaskaravarman, the accounts of Banabhatta, who was a bard in the court of Harsha, and of the Chinese monk Xuanzang, and also coins minted in Shashanka's reign.

Early life

Not much is known about the early life of Shashanka. Historian D K Ganguly is reported to have concluded that he was a native of Magadha.[9]

The same source reports that the historian Padmanath Bhattacharya took Shashanka to be a son of Mahasenagupta. R D Banerji concluded that he was descended from the Magadha Guptas. These views are opposed by other historians like B. S. Sinha and John Middleton, citing lack of evidence.

Names and titles

Shashanka's name appears in multiple forms, including Śaśānka and Śaśānka-deva. The name is derived from Sanskrit, as another name for the Moon. Śaśānka-deva therefore loosely translates to Moon god. The Hindu god Shiva is also known as Shashank Sekhar as He holds the moon on his head.

The Chinese monk Xuanzang's writings, he is mentioned as She-Shang-Kia. He is also called Śaśānka Gaur, which initially lent credence to the claim that he was descended from the later Gaur.[10] In Sinha's Dynastic History of Magadha, the names 'Śaśānka' and 'Soma' are used interchangeably.

Rise to power

The Gupta Empire saw a series of weak kings after the death of Skandagupta in 467 C.E. On top of that, starting circa 480 C.E. Alchon Hun armies began attacking the declining empire from multiple sides. Defence of the vast empire put a strain on the royal treasury. Though the Huns were initially driven out, the protracted invasions quickened the downfall of the Gupta kings. It may be noted that Indian archeologist Shanker Sharma has argued that the empire's end was precipitated by a massive deluge around the middle of the sixth century C.E.[11]

Near the end of the sixth century, the empire was ruled over by a feeble ruler belonging to the Later Gupta dynasty, Mahasenagupta (r. c. 562-601 C.E.).[12] The decline of the Gupta empire had left the disintegrating empire in chaos. Numerous local kings and rulers like Yashodharman emerged, and started vying for control of the many pieces of the former empire. Shashanka emerged as one of these ambitious local rulers, aiming to seize control of Gauda and its surrounding region.

The Rohtasgarh Fort, built circa 7th century

The first mention of Shashanka is found in the 7th century hill fort Rohtasgarh in the small town of Rohtas in the kingdom of Magadha. The seal bore a curt inscription, "Mahasamanta Shashankadeva."

Some historians believe that Shashanka began his career as a feudatory chief (maha samanta) under Mahasenagupta, of the Later Gupta Dynasty.[13] And that after the death of Mahasenagupta, Shashanka drove the later Guptas and other prominent nobles out of the region and established his own kingdom with his capital at Karnasubarna. Other historians like Sailendra Nath Sen is of the opinion that Mahasenagupta - already under pressure from the Maukharis (for failing to provide adequate protection) - wouldn't have knowingly appointed Shashanka to such an important position. Middleton (2015) argues in a similar vein that Shashanka served as maha samanta to a Gauda king, possibly Jayanaga.[14]

Whether Shashanka was a feudatory under the Maukharis or the Guptas is not known. By 605 C.E. following Mahasenagupta's death, Shashanka had established what became known as the Gauda Kingdom. From there, he issued gold coins to celebrate his triumph, and came to be addressed as Maharajadhiraja (king of great kings).

Military campaigns and warfare

Coinage of Sasanka Deva. Samatata type. Assam mint.

Not many historical references to the Gauda Army are available. Like its predecessor, the Late Gupta army, Shashanka's army had infantry and cavalry units. D. C. Sircar (1990) reports that the Gauda army also fielded a strong elephant corps in Kamarupa.[15]

Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman describes the Gauda army as fielding a strong naval force.[16]

Campaign against the Varmans of Kamarupa (Assam)

It appears that between 595 and 600 C.E. the Gauda army had carried out attacks against the Varman King Susthitavarman of Kamarupa (Assam). The Varman king died early in the war, and his two sons stepped up. The Doobi Copper Plate inscriptions tell us that the Gauda army fought and defeated the king, and princes Bhaskaravarma of kamrupa And Supratisthita[17] The princes are described as fighting a mighty elephantry force.

The princes were brought back to Gauda as prisoners but released shortly thereafter. They supposedly returned to their kingdom as feudatories under Shashanka. After the death of Shasanka the capital city Karnasuvarna passed in to the hands of Bhaskaravarman.[18] However Hiuen Tsang who travelled in Bengal about 638 A.D., shortly after the death of Shashanka, didn't mention the name of Karnasuvarna's ruler in his description.[18]

Campaign against the Maukharis of Kanyakubja (Kanauj)

Hans Bakker argues that the army that set out to attack the Maukharis in Kanyakubja was more of a "confederation of all those who held a grudge", and that it was led by Shashanka.[17]

Now because the ruling dynasties of Kanyakubja and Sthaniswara were related by matrimony, Thanesar king Rajyavardhana immediately set out with 10,000 cavalrymen to recapture Kanyakubja and avenge his sister Rajyashri. Rajyavardhana fought and killed Devagupta on the way. As he continued towards Kanyakubja, he came across Shashanka's army. Circa 606 C.E. Rajyavardhana was killed by Shashanka. No conclusive evidence exists but it is possible that Shashanka, who joined the battle as an ally of Devagupta, murdered him. The only source available in this matter is the Harshacharita by Bāṇabhaṭṭa, who was a childhood friend and constant companion of Harsha; neither of these men were present at the death.

War with Harsha of Sthanisvara (Thanesar)

Harsha succeeded his brother as ruler of Thanesar in 606 C.E. and he once again gathered the army and attacked Kannauj. Shashanka and his allies fought a major war with the then emperor of Thanesar, Harsha, and his allies. It is evident that Shashanka had to retreat from Kannauj. The result of the battle was inconclusive as Shashanka is documented to have retained dominion over his lands. Shashanka continued to rule Gauda with frequent attacks from Harsha, which he is known to have faced bravely.[19]

Siege of Karnasubarna

This is a part of Harsha's Invasion of Bengal, Shashanka marched towards Karnasubarna and sieged it,Harsha's general fled to the East Bengal from the battlefield and by this Harshavardhana got a heavy damage from the side of Gauda Kingdom.[20]

Extent of kingdom

Shashanka first established himself in Gauda and set his eyes on Magadha. Magadha at that time was under Maukhari rule, and Shashanka vowed to free it again.

Sen (1977) has shown that none other than Shashanka could have defeated the Maukhari rulers of Magadha.[21] Next, he focused on extending his kingdom to Odissa, parts of Central Provinces, and Bihar.

Though Shashanka remains known, and referred to, as the Lord of Gauda, his kingdom included more than just that region. By the end of his reign, his domain stretched from Vanga to Bhuvanesha while in the east, his kingdom bordered Kamarupa.[citation needed]

Rule and administration

Coin of Śaśānka-deva, king of Gauda, circa 600–630. Shiva seated facing on bull seated left / Lakshmi seated facing on lotus; being watered by small elephants at either side.[22]

Shashanka, at first glance, appears like a "warlike monarch."[23] His endless invasions and conquests tell of a king intent upon growing his kingdom. Sen describes Shashanka as a 'military adventurer', not unlike Yasodharman.[24] But for a pre-medieval Indian king, endless battles, regicide, revenge and intrigue are not uncommon.

Like many pre-medieval Indian kings, Shashanka is said to have grasped the importance of consolidating his position.[23] He formed astute political alliances, notably with the Malva king, Devagupta, to counteract the combined might of the Kanauj-Thaneshwar coalition.

As king, Shashanka continued many Gupta-era traditions, e.g., making land grants to Brahmins, as evidenced by the copperplate inscriptions from the era. Gold and silver coins, known as Dinars, issued by Shashanka have also been discovered.[citation needed] He vigorously propagated Hinduism, and had Sakadvipi Brahmins and Vedic Brahmins invited into his kingdom, presumably from Kanyakubja, among other places.[25]

Art and culture

Historians argue that the unique Gauda style of composition developed with the development of poetry in the courts of the princes of Bengal. These princes of Bengal are none other than the Lords of Gauda.[26][27]

To commemorate his coronation, he started the Bengali era called 'Bangabda' in accordance with earlier Hindu tradition of year counting,[28] which has now become a symbol of Bengal and Bengali cultural identity.[29]

Copperplate inscriptions

Three copperplate inscriptions issued by King Shashanka have been discovered. Two of these were issued in his 8th and 10th regnal years and discovered from Midnapore. The other, known as the Egra Copperplate,[30] was discovered near Kharagpur and bears no date.

Suppression of Buddhism

A 12th century text states that Shashanka destroyed the Buddhist stupas of Bengal and was an oppressor of Buddhism.[31] Shashanka is reputed to have cut the Bodhi tree where the Buddha found enlightenment, in the Mahabodhi Temple of Bodh Gaya.[32][33]

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar states that this account is doubtful because it was written 500 years after the alleged persecution,[34] and that it is "unsafe to accept the statements recorded in this book as historical".[35] Radhagovinda Basak states that there is no reason to believe that this 12th century Buddhist author had cherished any ill feeling about 7th century Shashanka, and he may have had reasons to describe the events as they occurred.[36]

Following his death, Shashanka was succeeded by his son, Manava, who ruled the kingdom for eight months. However, Gauda was soon divided amongst Harsha and Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa, the latter even managing to conquer Karnasuvarna.

Legacy

class=notpageimage|
Location of the Shahshankas and fragmented South Asian polities circa 600 CE, after the retreat of the Alchon Huns.[37]

Commenting on the symbolism of Gauda, Akshay Kumar Maitreya remarked, “The whole of Gauḍa was once known as Gauḍa Desh. The Bengali language only a few days ago was known as Gauḍiya Bhasha… Even now in many parts of India Bengalis are known as Gauḍiya. So, if one attempts to write our history, one must begin with Gaur.”[38]

King Shashanka's unification, and subsequent defence, of local, disparate kingdoms including Vanga, Samatata and Gauda, against the mighty king Harsha, is considered seminal in the formation of the idea, and the polity, of Bengal. Many historians and commentators argue that Shashanka was the first independent king of not only Gauda, but of Bengal. As such he is a symbolic figure in the region's aspirations for independence and self-rule.

Shashanka's feat in bringing the many tribes and kingdoms under a single flag becomes clear only after his death. Chaos broke out in Bengal with the demise of the Gauda Kingdom. In Pala inscriptions, this time is called Matsyanyayam, implying times of 'jungle rule' when big fish swallow up small fish.[39]

It is thought that the development of the Bengali calendar took place under Shashanka's reign.[40][41]

Sarasanka Dighi (folk legend)

Situated in present-day Midnapore, Sarasanka is a massive dighi (manmade lake) measuring over 140 acres.[42] That is nearly equal to the total area of 80 football fields. Its aesthetics show clear influences of the Hindu Vastu Shastra school of architecture, design and aesthetics.

According to Bengali folk lore and legends, the dighi was excavated at the behest of King Shashanka.[43]

Shashanka (popular culture)

Published in 1914, Shashanka is a historical novel penned by the famous Indian archaeologist Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay, who is best known for his discoveries in Mohenjo Daro. He found Shashanka to be a potent symbol of Bengal's glorious past and future political aspirations.[44]

The Bengali movie Karnasubarner Guptodhon (2022) is an adventure thriller and the third film in the Sona Da franchise. The movie is based on the discovery of a riddle by the lead trio which leads to a hidden treasure of King Shashanka. It stars Abir Chatterjee, Arjun Chakrabarty and Ishaa Saha in lead roles. [45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Gauda Kingdom". Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  2. ^ For a map of the territory, see Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b). ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  3. ^ "Egra Copper Plate Inscription". Indian Museum (Kolkata). Indian Museum, Kolkata. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  4. ^ Jan Gyllenbok (2018). Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures. Vol. 1. Birkhäuser. p. 260. ISBN 978-3-319-57598-8. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  5. ^ Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
  6. ^ Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit–English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 353. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  7. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326–327
  8. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b). ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  9. ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha. India: Abhinav Publications. pp. 131–133. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  10. ^ "Indian Antiquary". Journal of Oriental Research (Ed. J.A.S. Burgess). VII. Popular Prakashan: 197. 1878. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  11. ^ Raj, Dev. "Deluge drowned mighty Guptas: Study". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  12. ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. India: Abhinav Publications. pp. 129–131. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  13. ^ Sen, N. S. (1999). Ancient Indian history and civilization (Second ed.). India: New Age International. ISBN 81-224-1198-3. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  14. ^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 330. ISBN 9781317451587. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  15. ^ Sircar, D C (1990). Political History, in Barpujari, H K (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam (Vol-1). Guwahati, India: Publication Board, Assam. pp. 94–171.
  16. ^ Sircar, Dineshchandra (1971) [First published 1960]. Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-208-0690-0. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  17. ^ a b Bakker, Hans (2014). The World of the Skandapurāṇa. BRILL. p. 90. ISBN 9789004277144.
  18. ^ a b "History of Bengal, Vol.1, by Majumdar R.C."
  19. ^ Shashanka - Vol.1 শশাঙ্ক - খন্ড ১.
  20. ^ Shashanka - Vol.1 শশাঙ্ক - খন্ড ১.
  21. ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. India: Abhinav Publications. pp. 129–131. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  22. ^ "CNG Coins". Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  23. ^ a b "Gauda Kingdom". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  24. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization (second ed.). India: New Age International (P) Limited. p. 276. ISBN 9788122411980. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Kulinism". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  26. ^ Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1993). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 60. ISBN 9788120811003. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  27. ^ Sircar, Dineshchandra (1971) [First published 1960]. Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-208-0690-0. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  28. ^ Roy, Ajit Nath (1995). Prosongo Bongabdo (in Bengali) (1st ed.). Kolkata.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ Bandyopadhyay, Sunil Kumar (1997). Bongabder Utsokotha (in Bengali) (1st ed.). Kolkata.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ Furui, Ryosuke (2011). "Panchrol (Egra) Copperplate Inscription of the Time of Śaśāṅka". Pratna Samiksha. 2: 119–30.
  31. ^ Basak, Radhagovinda (1967). The History of North-Eastern India Extending from the Foundation of the Gupta Empire to the Rise of the Pala Dynasty of Bengal (c. A.D. 320-760). Sambodhi Publications. p. 155.
  32. ^ Sharma, R. S. (2005). India's Ancient Past. Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-19-566714-1.
  33. ^ "The Wonder That Was India". 1967.
  34. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1943). History of Bengal. Dacca: University of Dacca. pp. 73–74.
  35. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1943). History of Bengal. Dacca: University of Dacca. p. 64.
  36. ^ Basak, Radhagovinda (1967). The History of North-Eastern India Extending from the Foundation of the Gupta Empire to the Rise of the Pala Dynasty of Bengal (c. A.D. 320-760). Sambodhi Publications. p. 134.
  37. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26,146. ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  38. ^ Ganesan, V. B. (27 January 2014). "Exploring Bengal's medieval history in the ruins of Gaur". The Hindu. N. Ravi. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  39. ^ "Matsyanyayam". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  40. ^ "Shashanka". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  41. ^ Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (1998), A History of India, Psychology Press, ISBN 0203443454, archived from the original on 18 January 2024, retrieved 3 October 2020
  42. ^ Maity, Atanunandan. "A Note on Sarasanka Dighi" (PDF). Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  43. ^ Nanda, J.N. (2005). Bengal: The Unique State. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180691492. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  44. ^ Bhattacharya, Asok K. (1999). Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay. Sahitya Akademi. p. 69. ISBN 8126008482. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  45. ^ Karnasubarner Guptodhon. IMDb.

Further reading

  • R. C. Majumdar, History of Bengal, Dacca, 1943, pp 58–68
  • Sudhir R Das, Rajbadidanga, Calcutta, 1962
  • P. K. Bhttacharyya, Two Interesting Coins of Shashanka, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, London, 2, 1979
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