Jump to content

October 1961

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Arcadia16 (talk | contribs) at 00:46, 20 June 2024 (Added 20px to illustration). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

<< October 1961 >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
08 09 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31  
October 27–28, 1961: U.S. tanks and Soviet tanks face off for 16 hours at the border between East and West Berlin

The following events occurred in October 1961:

October 1, 1961 (Sunday)

Maris

October 2, 1961 (Monday)

  • The ABC network medical drama Ben Casey, starring Vince Edwards in the title role, premiered in the evening, four days after the premiere of the NBC medical drama Dr. Kildare and began a run of five seasons. Comparing the two, Associated Press critic Cynthia Lowry noted that "While there's a marked family resemblance to NBC's new 'Dr. Kildare,' this one is more clinical, more pre-occupied with operating room scenes and medical procedures."[11]
  • French President Charles de Gaulle delivered a televised address in France and French Algeria, outlining his plans to allow Algerian residents to determine their own future, and pledged to work toward the creation of a "strictly Algerian" security force. He also stated that, if necessary, he would again invoke the national emergency powers that he had allowed to expire two days earlier.[12]
  • The Shipping Corporation of India, one of India's largest companies, was created by the merger of the Eastern Shipping Corporation and the Western Shipping Corporation.[13]
  • The television game show Password was first telecast, with Allen Ludden as its host.[14]
  • WETA-TV, the first public television station in Washington, D.C., went on air.

October 3, 1961 (Tuesday)

Laura, Rob and Richie of the Petrie family on The Dick Van Dyke Show

October 4, 1961 (Wednesday)

October 5, 1961 (Thursday)

October 6, 1961 (Friday)

  • The "Schiessbefehl" (literally, "order to shoot") was formally issued by General Heinz Hoffmann, the Minister of National Defense for East Germany, spelling out the rules for shooting anyone who attempted to escape from the German Democratic Republic. After a shouted warning and the firing of a warning shot, guards were ordered to fire their weapons at anyone clearly planning "to violate the state frontier".[26]
  • In leadership changes in the Lagting, Nils Hønsvald became President of the Lagting (composed of the senior one-fourth of the membership) and Per Borten became President of the Odelsting for the other three-fourths.

October 7, 1961 (Saturday)

October 8, 1961 (Sunday)

October 9, 1961 (Monday)

October 10, 1961 (Tuesday)

October 11, 1961 (Wednesday)

  • U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced the appointment of the President's Panel on Mental Retardation, stating "We as a nation have, for too long, postponed an intensive search for solutions to the problems of the mentally retarded. That failure should be corrected." The President's Panel would make 95 recommendations, many of which would be passed into law, bringing to an end the common practice of institutionalizing intellectually handicapped individuals.[43]
  • In a press conference at the Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, Alabama, Future Projects Office Director Heinz-Hermann Koelle delivered the Space Flight Report to the Nation, predicting that commercial spaceflights to and from the Moon could begin as early as 1975, with a permanent moonbase by 1970 and crewed expeditions to other planets beginning in 1972.[44]
  • Flying an X-15, USAF Major Robert Michael White set a record for highest flight by an airplane, reaching an altitude of 215,000 feet (66,000 m), more than 40 miles (64 km) above the Earth, 8 miles (13 km) higher than the previous record. On his descent, the outer windshield of the X-15 cracked, but White was unharmed.[45]
  • The United States increased its presence in South Vietnam as President Kennedy authorized the deployment of an entire U.S. Air Force unit, the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron, to fly combat missions from the Bien Hoa Air Base.[46]
  • After years of atmospheric tests, the Soviet Union conducted an underground nuclear explosion for the first time. Based on the success of the test, the Soviets joined other nuclear nations four months later in doing underground tests only.[47]
  • The Bob Newhart Show, a variety show not to be confused with a later sitcom of the same name, premiered on NBC.[48] It would run for one season.
  • The Cherry Hill Mall opened in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, near Philadelphia, as the first American indoor shopping mall east of the Mississippi River.[49]
  • Born: Steve Young, American football quarterback Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee, player in the NFL and USFL; in Salt Lake City
  • Died:

October 12, 1961 (Thursday)

  • The New Zealand House of Representatives voted 41–30 to amend the Crimes Bill of 1961 to abolish the death penalty for all crimes except for treason. Capital punishment for murder had been abolished in 1941 and then restored in 1950, and the last hanging was carried out in 1957. The maximum penalty for aggravated murder was set at life imprisonment.[50]
  • The National Bowling League, with 10 teams, made its debut as the Dallas Broncos defeated the visiting New York Gladiators, 22–2, before a crowd of 2,000.[51] The NBL folded two months after it crowned its first and only champion, the Detroit Thunderbirds, who beat the Twin Cities Skippers on May 6, 1962.[52]
  • The 1961 Coppa Italia motor race was won by Giancarlo Baghetti.
  • Died:

October 13, 1961 (Friday)

  • Marjorie Michelmore, a 26-year-old volunteer for the Peace Corps, caused an international incident when she accidentally dropped a postcard that she had intended to send to a friend back in the United States. The card, which read in part, "we were really not prepared for the squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions rampant both in the cities and the bush", was found by a student, mimeographed and distributed, and led to protests by university students against the presence of the Corps.[54] However, another volunteer recalled later, "A dialogue began between students and the Volunteers — more valuable than if the incident had not taken place."[55]
  • Prince Louis Rwagasore, the popular eldest son of King Mwambutasa who had been selected by the new legislature to be the first Prime Minister of Burundi in advance of the African nation's independence from Belgium, was assassinated. Rwagasaore was dining with his cabinet at a restaurant on Lake Tanganyika, when he was killed by a single shot fired by Jean Kageorgis, a Greek national.[56] "Perhaps no other event has weighed more heavily on the destinies of Burundi," noted one historian, adding that "many believe that if only fate had given him a chance, he might have spared his nation the traumas that would soon tear it apart."[57]
  • After three years as part of the United Arab Republic, the nation of Syria resumed its membership in the United Nations General Assembly as the Syrian Arab Republic.[58]
  • NASA Headquarters approved construction projects for what would become the Johnson Space Center installation in Texas at Clear Lake, southeast of Houston.[8]
  • HMS Leopard arrived at Tristan da Cunha to find a mound 250 ft (80 m) in height, emitting smoke and red-hot lava.[59]
  • Died:

October 14, 1961 (Saturday)

  • For twelve hours, all commercial flights in the United States and Canada were grounded[60] in order to conduct the NORAD exercise Operation Sky Shield II. Starting, as scheduled, at 1:00 p.m. Washington, D.C. time, civilian airline flights were halted and military planes conducted an exercise simulating a foreign bombing attack on North American targets. Commercial flights were allowed to take off again twelve hours later. It was the longest scheduled halt of air traffic in United States history, exceeded only by the emergency grounding following the September 11 attacks in 2001.[61]
  • The Broadway musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying was first performed, opening at the 46th Street Theatre and would run for 1,417 shows, winning a Pulitzer Prize and seven Tony Awards along the way.[62]
  • The Town of Seabrook, New Hampshire, which would later share its name with a nuclear power plant, was created, by a 198–13 vote of its residents.[63]
  • The Pittsburgh Hornets minor league ice hockey team returned to play after a five-year break, at the Civic Arena.
  • Paul Morris became public address announcer for the Toronto Maple Leafs, remaining in the post for 38 years.
  • Died:

October 15, 1961 (Sunday)

October 16, 1961 (Monday)

October 17, 1961 (Tuesday)

A memorial plaque for the Algerians killed in the massacre

October 18, 1961 (Wednesday)

October 19, 1961 (Thursday)

October 20, 1961 (Friday)

October 21, 1961 (Saturday)

  • In a speech to business executives in Hot Springs, Virginia, Assistant U.S. Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric revealed that there was no "missile gap" between the United States and the Soviet Union, and that the U.S. actually had the superior nuclear strike force. Gilpatric was authorized by President Kennedy to make the announcement, in response to Soviet Premier Khrushchev's statements four days earlier, stating in part, "we have a second strike capability which is at least as extensive as what the Soviets can deliver by striking first," adding "their Iron Curtain is not so impenetrable as to force us to accept at face value the Kremlin's boasts."[85][86] At the same time, Gilpatric's speech revealed to the Soviets that the U.S. intelligence had discovered the Soviet shortcomings, and "provoked an embarrassing defeat for Khrushchev's reform program".[87]
  • Project West Ford, a U.S. Air Force experiment in putting 480,000,000 copper dipoles into orbit around the Earth to facilitate communication, was carried out with the launch of the Midas 4 satellite. Each "needle" was 1.78 centimetres (0.70 in) long and 25.4 micrometers (or 1⁄1000 of an inch) thick. However, the payload failed to deploy. A second experiment, launched on May 9, 1963, would succeed in dispersing the "Westford Needles". "Due to the small overall mass involved," it has been noted, "and due to the high orbit altitudes in which they reside, the effects of Westford Needle clusters on the space debris environment are of minor importance."[88][89]
  • The U-1, first German submarine built since the end of World War II, and the first for the West German Navy, was launched from the Kiel shipyard.[90]
  • The Pervomayskaya Moscow Metro station opened.
  • Died:
    • John Peabody Harrington, 77, American linguist who gathered "the greatest collection of linguistic and ethnographic information about North American Indians ever compiled by one man."[91]
    • Karl Korsch, 75, German Marxist theorist

October 22, 1961 (Sunday)

  • The Berlin Crisis began with a minor matter, as E. Allan Lightner, Jr., Deputy Chief of the U.S. Mission in West Berlin, and his wife, were stopped when he tried to drive his car across the border into East Berlin. Lightner refused to produce identification while crossing at Checkpoint Charlie, to attend the opera in East Berlin. General Lucius Clay dispatched troops, backed up by several tanks and military vehicles, to the Checkpoint. The Lightners were escorted into East Berlin by eight U.S. military policemen. Over the next three days, what started as a trivial incident escalated into a confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.[92]
  • Presidential and legislative elections were allowed to take place in Haiti by dictator François Duvalier, but only Duvalier supporters were allowed to run for office. Duvalier had his name printed on each ballot paper, with the result that he was re-elected unanimously.[93]
  • Chubby Checker performed his 1960 #1 hit, "The Twist" on The Ed Sullivan Show, reigniting the popularity of both the dance and the record. The song returned to the Top 100 three weeks later, and became the first and only hit single to reach #1 twice.[94]
  • The Mizo National Front was founded in India by Pu Laldenga, converting from a famine relief organization to a political party advocating secession of the Mizo people from India.[95]
  • Died: Joseph Schenck, 84, Russian-born film studio executive who served as president of United Artists and later Twentieth Century Pictures, forerunner of 20th Century Fox.

October 23, 1961 (Monday)

  • China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai abruptly left Moscow, a week before the conclusion of the 22nd Communist Party Congress held in Moscow, four days after bitterly criticizing Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev over the issue of Albania. Zhou's departure was seen as a sign that the rift between the two Communist superpowers was widening, and the Soviets halted delivery of exports to China soon afterward.[96][97]
  • In a speech given in Bombay, India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru referred to increasing reports of "terror and torture" by the Portuguese authorities in Goa and declared that "the time has come for us to consider afresh what method should be adopted to free Goa from Portuguese rule."[98]
  • In New York, Thurgood Marshall, an African-American attorney who was the chief legal adviser to the NAACP, was sworn in as a federal judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He would become the first black U.S. Supreme Court justice in 1967.[99]
  • NASA presented Freedom 7, the first capsule to take an American astronaut into space, to the National Air Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.[8] Alan Shepard had been launched in the capsule on the Mercury 3 space mission on May 5, 1961.
  • Born: Laurie Halse Anderson, bestselling American young-adult novelist known for Speak; in Potsdam, New York

October 24, 1961 (Tuesday)

  • As part of an X-ray astronomy experiment, the first attempt was made to detect non-solar X-ray radiation in outer space, with the launch of a rocket from White Sands by astronomer Riccardo Giacconi. The launch was successful, but no data was returned in attempting to detect X-rays reflecting from the Moon. Analogous to a lens cap remaining on a camera, the doors that protected the data recording equipment failed to open. A second attempt on June 18, 1962, proved that the Moon did not reflect X-rays.[100]
  • A group of prominent campaigners for the preservation of the Euston Arch, including James Maude Richards, went to see British prime minister Harold Macmillan to argue for it to be dismantled and rebuilt elsewhere. Their arguments were unsuccessful, and the arch was demolished two months later.
  • Construction work began on the Manic-2 dam over the Manicouagan River in Quebec, Canada.
  • Malta gained a new constitution to support its independence.[101]
  • Born: Susan Still-Kilrain, American astronaut and shuttle pilot of two missions for Columbia; in Augusta, Georgia
  • Died: Clem Stephenson, 71, English international footballer

October 25, 1961 (Wednesday)

October 26, 1961 (Thursday)

  • General Cemal Gürsel, who had led the military junta that had ruled since 1960, was elected in a joint session of the National Assembly and the Senate as the fourth President of Turkey, as that nation made its transition to civilian rule.[105]
  • Grégoire Kayibanda, leader of the Hutu majority party, became President of Rwanda, which would be granted full independence on July 1, 1962. During his presidency, repression against the Tutsi minority would continue.[106]
  • The Crucible, an English-language opera written by Robert Ward and based on the 1952 play by Arthur Miller, was given its first performance. It would win the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1962.[107]
  • On October 26 and 27, ship retrieval tests were conducted to establish procedures for recovery of a crewed Mercury spacecraft. No difficulties were encountered.[8]
  • Born:

October 27, 1961 (Friday)

  • The Space Task Group (STG), directed by Robert R. Gilruth, finished the Project Development Plan for U.S. human spaceflight for the years 1963 to 1965, after having initiated the task on August 14. The plan relied on extensive use of Mercury program technology and components for the Mark II Mercury spacecraft, a two-man version of the one-man Mercury spacecraft, to be lifted by a modified Titan II booster. Contracts were to be negotiated with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation for spacecraft design; with General Dynamics for Atlas launch vehicles; with Martin-Marietta Space Systems for the modified Titan II; and with Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for the Agena target vehicles. Staffing requirements were for 177 people for fiscal year 1962, and the estimated cost was $530,000,000. The Mark II program (soon to be renamed Project Gemini) was to immediately follow Project Mercury, using Mercury equipment and vehicles as much as possible. Mark II objectives were for flights longer than the Mercury limit of 18 orbits, and to achieve rendezvous in orbit between two vehicles. Twelve flights were planned, beginning with an uncrewed flight in May 1963, and succeeding flights at two-month intervals from July 1963 to March 1965.[108]
  • The eight-team American Basketball League, founded by Harlem Globetrotters owner Abe Saperstein after he was refused an NBA franchise, played its first game, as the San Francisco Saints defeated the visiting Los Angeles Jets, 99–96. The ABL was the first to use the three-point field goal, with baskets shot from further away than 25 feet (7.6 m) worth 3 points instead of 2. The ABL would fold partway through its second season, on December 31, 1962.[109] The first three-point goals were scored by Mike Farmer for the Saints, and George Yardley and Larry Friend for the Jets.[110]
  • The Berlin Crisis almost erupted into war. Five days after the initial standoff at the border between East and West Berlin, 33 Soviet tanks drove to the Brandenburg Gate to confront American tanks on the other side of the border. Ten of the tanks continued to Friedrichstraße, stopping 50 metres (160 ft) to 100 metres (330 ft) from the checkpoint on the Soviet side of the sector boundary. The standoff between the tanks of the two nations continued for 16 hours before both sides withdrew.[111][112]
  • At 10:06 a.m., the Saturn I rocket booster, essential for the Apollo missions to the Moon, was first tested. The 162-foot (49 m) high rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral and reached an altitude of 85 miles (137 km), proving that the "clustered engine concept" (with 8 large rocket engines) could be successful.[113][114]
  • Mongolia and Mauritania were admitted as the 102nd and 103rd members, respectively, of the United Nations, doubling the original membership of 51.[115]
  • An armistice between separatist rebels and U.N. Peacekeeping forces began in Katanga, which had seceded from the Congo.
  • Fahri Özdiilek became the acting Prime Minister of Turkey.

October 28, 1961 (Saturday)

October 29, 1961 (Sunday)

October 30, 1961 (Monday)

October 30, 1961: 50-megaton Tsar Bomba, largest ever, tested
  • The Soviet Union detonated a 50-megaton yield hydrogen bomb known as Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya, in the largest man-made explosion ever. Too large to be fit inside even the largest available warplane,[118] the weapon was suspended from a Tupolev Tu-95 piloted by A.E. Durnovtsev, a Hero of the Soviet Union.[119] A parachute slowed the bomb's descent so that the airplane could have time to climb away from the fireball, and at an altitude of four kilometers, was exploded at 8:33 a.m. GMT.[120] Although the news drew protests around the world, the event was not reported in the Soviet press.[121]
  • Died:

October 31, 1961 (Tuesday)

References

  1. ^ "'I'm The Only Man To Hit 61 Homers!'". Miami News. October 2, 1961. p. 1C.
  2. ^ "Kid Who Caught It To Pay Folks' Debt". Miami News. October 2, 1961. p. 1C.
  3. ^ "TV Weekly". Ottawa Citizen. September 30, 1961. p. 4.
  4. ^ Nolan, Michael (2001). CTV, the Network that Means Business. University of Alberta. p. 5.
  5. ^ Marley, David John (2007). Pat Robertson: An American Life. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23.
  6. ^ "Inventory of the Lester Wunderman Papers, 1946-2010 and undated". Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University.
  7. ^ Bishop, Stephen L. (2008). Legal Oppositional Narrative: A Case Study in Cameroon. Lexington Books. p. xvi.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART III (A) Operational Phase of Project Mercury May 5, 1961 through May 1962". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  9. ^ Defense Intelligence Agency 35 Years: A Brief History. DIA History Office. 1996. p. 5.
  10. ^ "Verwoerd's Assailant A Suicide". Miami News. October 2, 1961. p. 6A.
  11. ^ "Ben Casey Not Recommended For Average Hypochondriac", by Cynthia Lowry, AP critic, in Arizona Daily Sun (Flagstaff AZ), October 3, 1961, p.4
  12. ^ "De Gaulle Plans Plea For Unity", Toledo Blade, October 2, 1961, p1
  13. ^ Barun Kumar De, Public System Management (New Age International, 2007) p125
  14. ^ Betty White, Here We Go Again: My Life in Television (Simon and Schuster, 2010) p132
  15. ^ James W. Roman, From Daytime to Primetime: the History of American Television Programs (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005)
  16. ^ James D. Woods, The Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics (Columbia University Press, 1999) p292
  17. ^ Townsend Davis, Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999); "Police Arrest 116 Students", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, October 5, 1961, p1
  18. ^ "Election Ends Fianna Fail's Dail Majority", Chicago Tribune, October 7, 1961, pB9
  19. ^ Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-1538103739.
  20. ^ "Duel Art, Kazuki Takahashi Yu-Gi-Oh! Illustrations". Internet Archive (in Japanese). Shueisha. December 21, 2011. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  21. ^ USCode.House.gov
  22. ^ "Curfew Is Imposed on Paris Algerians". The New York Times. October 6, 1961. p. 11.
  23. ^ Ross, Kristin (2002). May 1968 and Its Afterlives. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–54.
  24. ^ Cheng, Chia-Jui (1990). Basic Documents on International Trade Law. BRILL. p. 15.
  25. ^ Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes. Princeton University Press. p. 91.
  26. ^ "The Two Germanies", by C.G. Schweitzer, in Politics and Government in Germany, 1944-1994: Basic Documents (Berghahn Books, 1995) p74
  27. ^ "No Sign Of Survivors In French Air Crash", Miami News, October 8, 1961, p1
  28. ^ Taylor, Frederick (2008). The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961-1989. HarperCollins. p. 303.
  29. ^ White, Theodore H. (1965). The Making of the President 1964. Atheneum Publishers. p. 96.
  30. ^ "Ireland Wins US Grand Prix". Montreal Gazette. October 9, 1961. p. 20.
  31. ^ "Sidelines for Phil Hill; Champion Driver to Be Official Sunday". The New York Times. October 4, 1961. p. 57.
  32. ^ Klara, Robert (Jan 12, 2023). "How a New York Tabloid Captured the First Photo of an Execution by the Electric Chair". Smithsonian(Magazine). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved Jan 1, 2024.
  33. ^ Who's Who, Israel. P. Mamut. 1961. p. 563.
  34. ^ "Reds Will Refuse Order To Register". Miami News. October 10, 1961. p. 3A.
  35. ^ "YANKEES WIN THE SERIES BY SMASHING REDS, 13-5". Miami News. October 9, 1961. p. 1.
  36. ^ Samuels, Norman (1963). "Experiences Of A Medical Officer On Tristan Da Cunha, June-October, 1961". The British Medical Journal. 2 (5364): 1013–1017. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5364.1013. JSTOR 25396038. PMC 1873161. PMID 14059407.
  37. ^ "Volcano Rips Island". Miami News. October 11, 1961. p. 1.
  38. ^ "Martin, Marietta Approve Merger". Milwaukee Sentinel. October 9, 1961. pp. 2–8.
  39. ^ Thompson, Kenneth W. (1992). The Structure and Functions of Governance: Its National and International Setting. University Press of America. p. 76.
  40. ^ Ludlow, N. Piers (1997). Dealing with Britain: The Six and the First UK Application to the EEC. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
  41. ^ Saunders, Robert A.; Strukov, Vlad (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. Scarecrow Press. p. 584.
  42. ^ "Jodi Benson". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  43. ^ Albrecht, Gary L.; et al. (2001). Handbook of Disability Studies. SAGE. p. 46.
  44. ^ "You May Travel To Moon By '75". Miami News. October 11, 1961. p. 3A.
  45. ^ "X-15 Cracks Its Windshield 40 Miles Up". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. October 12, 1961. p. 1.
  46. ^ Relyea, Harold C.; Halchin, L. Elaine (2003). Informing Congress: The Role of the Executive Branch in Times of War. Nova Publishers. p. 28.
  47. ^ Bukharin, Oleg; et al. (2004). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press. p. 463.
  48. ^ "Bob Newhart Offers Sharp Wit". Gadsden Times. Gadsden, Alabama. October 12, 1961. p. 12.
  49. ^ Lurie, Maxine N.; Mappen, Marc (2004). Encyclopedia of New Jersey. Rutgers University Press. p. 741.
  50. ^ "Death Penalty Abolished in New Zealand", Glasgow Herald, October 13, 1961, p13
  51. ^ "Bowling Pros Start 1st Season", St. Joseph (MO) News-Press, October 13, 1961, p15
  52. ^ "Detroit Bowlers Take National League Title", New York Times, May 7, 1962
  53. ^ Laurentin, René; Debroise, François-Michel (2012). Indagine su Maria: Le Rivelazioni dei Mistici sulla Vita della Madonna (in Italian). Mondadori. Chap. 12. ISBN 978-8804615880.
  54. ^ "Peace Corps Incident in Nigeria". Glasgow Herald. October 17, 1961. p. 9.
  55. ^ "The infamous Peace Corps postcard". PeaceCorpsWriters.org.
  56. ^ "The Premier Of Urundi Is Killed From Ambush". Miami News. October 14, 1961. p. 1.
  57. ^ Lemarchand, René (1996). Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
  58. ^ "Syria Gets UN Seat". Ottawa Citizen. October 14, 1961. p. 18.
  59. ^ "Tristan da Cunha Recent History". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012.
  60. ^ Civil Planes Grounded in Defense Alert, 1961/10/16 (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1961. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  61. ^ "Air Line Flights Halt Today For Sky Shield Test", Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1961, p1; "Mock Bomber Attack Over U.S., Canada Set for Weekend", Saskatoon (Sask.) Star-Phoenix, October 10, 1961, p7; "'This Is Only a Test'", by Roger A. Mola, Air & Space Magazine (March 2002)
  62. ^ Robert Emmet Long, Broadway, the Golden Years: Jerome Robbins and the Great Choreographer-Directors, 1940 to the Present (Continuum International, 2003) p158
  63. ^ Ruth Burke and Don Holbrook, Images of America: Seabrook (Arcadia Publishing, 2010) p73
  64. ^ "Search Ends For Missing Air Force Jet", The News and Courier (Charleston SC), October 20, 1961, p10-B
  65. ^ Gian J. Quasar, Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth behind the World's Greatest Mystery (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005) p26, Bermuda-Triangle.org
  66. ^ John Clearwater, U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Canada (Dundurn Press Ltd., 1999) p119
  67. ^ "Democracy in Turkey", by Bernard Lewis, in The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics (Routledge, 2003) p233
  68. ^ Chen, Wai-Fah; Duan, Lian (2013-10-11). Handbook of International Bridge Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439810293.
  69. ^ Julia Child and Alex Prud'Homme, My Life in France (Random House Digital, Inc., 2006) p308
  70. ^ "Cork Airport History". Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  71. ^ Rauch Klotman, Phyllis; Gibson, Gloria J. (1997). Frame by Frame II: A Filmography of the African American Image, 1978-1994. Indiana University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780253211200.
  72. ^ Robert Gildea, France since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 1996) p
  73. ^ Susan Peterson, Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Conflict (University of Michigan Press, 1996) p182; "Russia Offers To Drop German Treaty Deadline If West Will Negotiate", Toledo Blade, October 17, 1961, p1
  74. ^ Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Cornell University Press, 2002) p72 "Khrushchev's Bomb Boast Spreads Dismay In West", Tuscaloosa News, October 18, 1961, p1
  75. ^ "Albania gets spanking from Khrushchev", Long Beach (CA) Press-Courier, October 18, 1961, p26
  76. ^ "NIKITA BOASTS OF 1980 UTOPIA", Pittsburgh Press, October 18, 1961, p1
  77. ^ "K. Assails Former Soviet Leaders As Rebels", Tuscaloosa News, October 17, 1961, p1
  78. ^ Kynaston, David (2014). Modernity Britain: A Shake of the Dice, 1959–62. London: Bloomsbury. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-4088-4439-7.
  79. ^ "White Vote Strengthens Verwoerd", Ottawa Citizen, October 20, 1961, p17
  80. ^ Walter Mirisch, I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History (University of Wisconsin Press, 2008) p128
  81. ^ Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat, Human Rights Worldwide: A Reference Handbook (ABC-CLIO, 2006) p194
  82. ^ Wanamaker, Marc (2011). Images of America: San Fernando Valley. Arcadia Publishing. p. 79.
  83. ^ Arthur Lall, Modern International Negotiation: Principles and Practice (Columbia University Press, 1966) p167
  84. ^ Polmar, Norman; White, Michael (2010). Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129. Naval Institute Press. p. 21.
  85. ^ "U.S. Can Destroy Soviet Even If Attacked First, Top Pentagon Aid Says". Toledo Blade. October 22, 1961. p. 1.
  86. ^ Haslam, Jonathan (2011). Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall. Yale University Press. p. 197.
  87. ^ Maddock, Shane J. (2010). Nuclear Apartheid: the Quest for American Atomic Supremacy from World War II to the Present. UNC Press Books.
  88. ^ "Band Of Needles Put In Orbit In U.S. Radio Test". Toledo Blade. October 22, 1961.
  89. ^ Klinkrad, Heiner (2006). Space Debris: Models and Risk Analysis. Birkhäuser. pp. 86–87.
  90. ^ "U-Boat Launched by West Germans". The New York Times. October 22, 1961. p. 1.
  91. ^ Blackburn, Thomas C. (1980). December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives. University of California Press. p. 5.
  92. ^ "GIs Crack Berlin Barrier", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 23, 1961, p1; Michael Burgan, The Berlin Wall: Barrier to Freedom (Compass Point Books, 2008) pp65-66
  93. ^ Martin Munro, Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature (Liverpool University Press, 2007) p141
  94. ^ Fred Bronson, The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits (Random House, 2003) p74
  95. ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky and Roger D. Long, eds., India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p473
  96. ^ "Chou Russia Exit Hints Wider Rift". Pittsburgh Press. October 24, 1961. p. 1.
  97. ^ Reardon, Lawrence C. (2002). The Reluctant Dragon: Crisis Cycles in Chinese Foreign Economic Policy. University of Washington Press. p. 109.
  98. ^ "Nehru Warns Lisbon". The New York Times. October 24, 1961. p. 3.
  99. ^ Williams, Juan (2000). Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. Random House.
  100. ^ Richard F. Hirsh, Glimpsing an Invisible Universe: The Emergence of X-ray Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, 1983) p42-43
  101. ^ Supplement of the Government Gazette 31 October 1961 No. 11,346
  102. ^ Wellens, Karel C., ed. (1990). Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council: (1946 - 1989). Martinus Nijhoff. p. 596.
  103. ^ Brenchley, Frank (1989). Britain and the Middle East: Economic History, 1945-87. I.B. Tauris. p. 155.
  104. ^ Apter, Jeff (2009). Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120656. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  105. ^ "Turkey's New President". Ottawa Citizen. October 26, 1961. p. 59.
  106. ^ Othman, Mohamed C. (2005). Accountability for International Humanitarian Law Violations: The Case of Rwanda and East Timor. Birkhäuser. p. 8.
  107. ^ Kabatchnik, Amnon (2011). Blood on the Stage, 1950-1975: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery and Detection. Scarecrow Press. p. 98.
  108. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  109. ^ Grasso, John (2010). Historical Dictionary of Basketball. Scarecrow Press. p. 34.
  110. ^ "ABL Opens Amid Rules Confusion". Miami News. October 28, 1961. p. 2B.
  111. ^ "Soviet Tanks in E. Berlin! U.S. Armor Faces Reds at Border". Milwaukee Sentinel. October 27, 1961. p. 1.
  112. ^ "Muscle at Checkpoint Charlie". TIME. November 3, 1961. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008.
  113. ^ "U.S. Strides Toward Moon". Milwaukee Sentinel. October 28, 1961. p. 1.
  114. ^ Evans, Ben (2010). Foothold in the Heavens: The Seventies. Springer. p. 70.
  115. ^ "OK Outer Mongolia, Mauritania". Milwaukee Sentinel. October 28, 1961. p. 3.
  116. ^ Clogg, Richard (1987). Parties and Elections in Greece: the Search for Legitimacy. Duke University Press. p. 41.
  117. ^ "Randy Jackson". biography.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  118. ^ Michael Kort and Cathal J Nolan, Weapons of Mass Destruction (Infobase Publishing, 2010) pp77-78
  119. ^ "The Khariton Version", by Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May 1993) p30
  120. ^ The Miami News, ed. (October 30, 1961). "Two Big Russian Explosions Nikita Fires Super Bomb". Associated Press.
  121. ^ Lawrence S. Wittner, Resisting the Bomb: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1954-1970 (Stanford University Press, 1997) p340
  122. ^ Thomas Reed, At the Abyss: An Insider's History of the Cold War (Random House, 2005) p29
  123. ^ CNN Interactive – Almanac – October 31, CNN, (October 31) 1961, Russia's de-Stalinization program reached a climax when his body was removed from the mausoleum in Red Square and re-buried.
  124. ^ " Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie" Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, Belize National Emergency Management Organization
  125. ^ Country Demographic Profiles: Indonesia (United States Bureau of the Census, 1979).
  126. ^ Colombaro, Sherry. "Larry Mullen Jr. profile at atu2.com". U2 Online. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=October_1961&oldid=1230005704"