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Nicosia

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Coordinates: 35°10′N 33°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367
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For the Italian town, see: Nicosia, Sicily. Also see: Nicosia (disambiguation).
Nicosia
Λευκωσία (Greek) Lefkoşa (Turkish)
Country Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
DistrictNicosia District
Government
 • MayorCyprus Eleni Mavrou
Northern Cyprus Cemal Metin Bulutoğluları
Elevation
220 m (720 ft)
Population
 (2009)(Southern part only)[citation needed]
 • Total313,400
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
WebsiteCyprus Nicosia Municipality
Northern Cyprus Lefkoşa Municipality
The Republic of Cyprus claims De jure sovereignty over North and South Nicosia, while the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has De facto control over Northern Nicosia

Nicosia (IPA: /ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə) from French: Nicosie, known locally as Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία, Turkish: Lefkoşa), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Cyprus. It is also the capital of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state only recognised by Turkey. Located on the River Pedieos and situated almost in the centre of the island, it is the seat of government as well as the main business centre. Nicosia is the capital of the Nicosia District. Nicosia is designated a Beta World City - by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.

According to the constitution Nicosia Turkish Municipality (founded in 1958) was recognised in 1960, in addition to the Nicosia Municipality.[1] Following the intercommunal violence of the 1960s, the capital was divided between the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in the south and north by the Green Line in 1964. An attempted coup to unite the island with Greece in 1974 led to a Turkish invasion, with Turkish Cypriots claiming the north as the capital of their own state, Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (recognised only by Turkey). On 3 April 2008, as part of efforts to reunify the island, a symbolic wall dividing the two communities at Ledra Street was opened. Nicosia is among the world's few divided capitals, including to some extent Sarajevo, Brussels, and Jerusalem.[2]

South of the Green Line, the population of the city is 313,400[citation needed] (late 2009), while a further 84,893 live in the north.[3] Nicosia is important commercially with many shops, two modern shopping malls, restaurants and entertainment. The city is a trade centre and manufactures textiles, leather, pottery, plastic, and other products. Copper mines are nearby. Nicosia is the seat of the University of Cyprus (UCY) and four other universities.

History

Map of Nicosia in Cyprus, created in 1597
Old Nicosia aqueduct
Old part of Nicosia

Nicosia was a city-state known as Ledra or Ledrae in ancient times. The king of Ledra, Onasagoras, was recorded as paying tribute to Esarhaddon of Assyria in 672 BC. Rebuilt by Lefkos, son of Ptolemy I around 300 BC, Ledra in Hellenic and Roman times was a small, unimportant town, also known as Lefkothea. By the time it received its first Christian bishop, Trifillios, in 348, the town was called Lefkousia or Ledra.

Still known as Lefkosia, the city became the island's capital around the 10th century. It had grown in importance because of threats to the coastal cities Paphos and Salamis, which made many people flee to the centrally located Lefkosia.

The seat of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus since 1192, it became a Venetian possession in 1489, and fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1571. Ledra is now the actual name of the most popular commercial street.

The exonym "Nicosia" appeared with the arrival of the Lusignans. The French-speaking Crusaders either could not, or did not care to, pronounce the name Lefkosia, and tended to say "Nicosie" translated into Italian and then internationally known as "Nicosia". In this era of the Franks, the city expanded culturally, and in the 13th and 15th centuries, saw the erection of a number of palaces, mansions, churches and monasteries.

Some 20,000 residents died as a result of the Ottoman siege of 1570. Man-made and natural disasters further struck the city during the 19th century. The Turks crushed the 1821 anti-Ottoman revolt in blood.

Cholera hit the city in 1835, and fire destroyed large parts of Nicosia in 1857. The British Empire gained control over the island in 1878, with Nicosia serving as the capital of the new British possession.

Nicosia was the scene of extreme violence in the period just prior to Cypriot independence in 1960. Since the Greek supported coup and Turkish conqueror which followed it in 1974, part of the Turkish occupied city has been inside the boundary of a United Nations Buffer Zone.

The tombs of the Lusignan kings are in the former Cathedral of St. Sophia, now a mosque in the northern area occupied by Turkish troops.

The core of the city also has well-preserved Venetian fortifications, built in the 16th century, which encircle the old, medieval part of the city.

Climate

Nicosia has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh)[4] with long, hot and dry summers with relatively wet and mild winters.

Climate data for Athalassa, Nicosia, elevation: 162 m (Satellite view)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		34.3
(93.7) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.9
(98.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		26.2
(79.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.3
(61.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		19.7
(67.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		13.2
(55.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54.7
(2.15) 		41.6
(1.64) 		28.3
(1.11) 		19.9
(0.78) 		23.5
(0.93) 		17.6
(0.69) 		5.80
(0.23) 		1.30
(0.05) 		11.7
(0.46) 		17.4
(0.69) 		54.6
(2.15) 		65.8
(2.59) 		342.2
(13.47)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 7.3 6.5 5.4 3.5 2.7 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.6 2.8 4.7 7.7 43.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 182.9 200.1 238.7 267.0 331.7 369.0 387.5 365.8 312.0 275.9 213.0 170.5 3,314.1
Source: Meteorological Service (Cyprus)[5]

Government

File:Nicosia makariou avenue.jpg
Nicosia makariou avenue

Nicosia International Airport has not been used since 1974 as it lies within the U.N. Buffer Zone separating the two parts of Nicosia. The nearest airport in the area controlled by the Cyprus government is Larnaca International Airport near the coastal city of Larnaca.

As the capital of the republic, Nicosia is Cyprus's political, economic and cultural centre. Greater Nicosia is subdivided into seven municipalities, but the metropolitan authority is the Municipality of Nicosia itself – within whose boundaries the Constitution states that the main government buildings and headquarters must be situated. The other municipalities in the city are Strovolos, Lakatamia, Latsia, Aglandjia, Engomi and Agios Dhometios. According to the constitution of Cyprus Nicosia Municipality was divided into a Greek and Turkish sector with two Mayors: a representative of the Greek community which was the majority, and a second one representing the Turkish community. The Mayors and the members of the Council were appointed by the President of the Republic. Since 1986, the Mayors and members of the Council are elected. The Mayor and the Municipal Councillors are elected by direct popular suffrage but into separate ballots – one for the Mayor and the other for all the Councillors. Municipal elections are held every five years.

Themistokli Dervi Avenue

The Municipality of Nicosia is now headed by the Mayor, who is Eleni Mavrou (former lagilator of the communist party AKEL, supported by her own political party, socialist party EDEK and the Democratic Party and the council composed of 26 councilors, one of who is Deputy Mayor. The Northern Sector has its own de facto municipality, but that municipality is not internationally recognised because it is part of the non-recognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

The Mayor and the Councillors exercise all the powers vested in them by the Municipal Corporation Law. Sub-committees consisting of members of the Municipal Council act only on an advisory level and according to the procedures and regulations issued by the Council.

The Mayor is the executive authority of the Municipality, exercising overall control and managing the Municipal Council. The Council is responsible for appointing personnel employed by the Municipality. All municipalities in the Republic of Cyprus are members of the Union of Cyprus Municipalities. The executive Committee is the governing organ of the Union. This Committee is appointed from among the representatives of the Municipalities for a term of two and a half years. The Mayor of Nicosia is the President of the Union and the Chairman of the Executive Committee.

Nicosia Turkish Municipality governs North Nicosia, since 1974. It is recognized by the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus.[1] The current mayor is Cemal Metin Bulutoğluları from National Unity Party (UBP).

Landmarks

Venetican walls of Nicosia
File:Mnimio stin eleftheria.jpg
Eleftheria (Liberty) Monument, Nicosia
Nicosia old city houses have a characteristic architecture, Leventio Museum

Although the city has been destroyed more than once by conquerors, there are still enough leftovers to enjoy the past. History is most strikingly experienced at the Venetian city wall, which was constructed between 1567 and 1570. The 4,5 metres thick wall used to have three gates. The Famagusta gate is now used as a cultural centre. Some other parts of the wall contain administrative offices. The historical centre is clearly present inside the walls, but the modern city has grown beyond.The Venetian Stone is also located inside the old city.

The heart of the city is Eleftheria (Freedom) Square, with the city hall, the post office and the library. Adjacent Ledra street leads to the most lively part of the old city with narrow streets, boutiques, and cafés. Panagia Fanomereni is a church built in 1872, constructed with the remains of La Cava castle and a convent. Here rest the Archbishop and the other Bishops who were killed by the Turks during the 1821 revolt. The Palace of the Archbishop can be found at Arkhiepiskopos Kyprianos Square. Although it seems very old, it's a wonderful imitation of typical Venetian style, built in 1956. Next to the palace is the late Gothic Saint John cathedral (1665) with picturesque frescos.

Nicosia is also known for its fine museums. The Archbishop's Palace contains a Byzantine museum where you can admire the largest collection of religious icons on the island. Leventis Municipal Museum is the only historical museum of Nicosia and revives the old ways of life in the capital from ancient times up to our days. Other interesting museums include the Folk Art Museum, National Struggle Museum (witnessing the rebellion against the British administration in the 1950s), Cyprus Ethnological Museum (House of Dragoman Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios) and the Handicrafts Centre.

In Nicosia, there are also mosques, like the Selimiye Mosque. This ancient church is the chief mosque in the Turkish occupied part of Nicosia, and the great festivals of Bayram and other Moslem gatherings are conducted here. It was formerly the cathedral of St. Sophia which was built in the period from 1209 to 1228 AD, over the ruins of a previous building. Other famous mosques are Haydarpasha Mosque and Arabahmet Mosque.

Mayors of Nicosia (southern partition only after 1974)

Pre-Independence (1882-1959)

  • Christodoulos Severis, 15 November 1882–31 July 1888.
  • Achilleas Liassides, 1 August 1888–10 April 1906.
  • Antonios Theodotou, 8 January 1888–10 April 1906.
  • Mehmet Şevket Bey, 11 April 1908–31 March 1911.
  • Antonios Theodotou, 1924–1926
  • George Markides, 6 April 1926–31 March 1929.
  • Themistoclis Dervis, 5 April 1929–28 September 1946.
  • Ioannis Clerides, 1 June 1946–31 May 1949 (Last elected Mayor until 1986).
  • Themistoclis Dervis, 1 June 1949–18 December 1959.

Post-Independence (1959-Present)

Culture

File:Aphroditi Soloi.jpg
Famous statue of Aphrodite at Cyprus Archeological Museum

The Cyprus Museum in Nicosia is the biggest archaeological museum in the country. It is home to the richest and largest collection of Cypriot antiques in the world. These consist exclusively of objects discovered on the island. The exhibits have been stored in the same building outside the city walls of Nicosia ever since the establishment of the museum in 1882 by the British administration reigning the island at that time. Ethnographic Museum of Nicosia hosts the largest collection of ethnographic artifacts in the country which includes costumes, pottery, lace, metalwork, woodcarving and paintings. Nicosia hosts a number of art galleries. The Nicosia Municipal Arts Centre associated with the Pierides Museum of Contemporary Art was opened in January 1994 and is situated at the Old Electric House building generously donated to the Nicosia Municipality by the Cyprus Electricity Authority. The city hosted the competition of Miss Universe 2000 in the Eleftheria Indoor Hall.

Economy

Nicosia is important commercially, with many shops, three modern shopping malls, restaurants and entertainment. Nicosia was internationally ranked as the wealthiest per capita city of the Eastern Mediterranean and the tenth richest city in the world by purchasing power.[6]

The city hosts the headquarters of 5 Cypriot banks. There are over 15 hotels in Nicosia district. The city is currently ranked 185th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live, out of 300 international locations. The city is a trade centre and manufactures textiles, leather, pottery, plastic, and other products. Copper mines are nearby. Nicosia is the seat of the University of Cyprus (UCY) and four other universities.[7] Cyprus Airways has its head office in the city.[8]

Professional sport

Clubs

Football

File:APOEL FC-Chelsea FC.jpg
GSP Stadium is the largest football stadium in Nicosia

Football is the most popular sport in Cyprus, and Nicosia is home of three major teams of the island; APOEL, Omonia and Olympiakos. APOEL and Omonia dominate Cypriot football. There are also many other football clubs in Nicosia and the suburbs.

Other sports

Nicosia is also the home for many clubs for basketball, handball and other sports. APOEL and Omonia have basketball and volleyball sections and Keravnos is one of the major basketball teams of the island. The Gymnastic Club Pancypria (GSP), the owner of the Neo GSP Stadium, is one of the major athletics clubs of the island. Also, all teams in the Futsal First Division are from Nicosia.

Venues

Main articles: Neo GSP Stadium, Makario Stadium, Eleftheria Indoor Hall, and Lefkotheo

Nicosia has some of the biggest venues in the island; The Neo GSP Stadium, the biggest in Cyprus, with capacity of 23,400 is the home for the national team, APOEL, Olympiakos and Omonia. The other big football stadium in Nicosia is Makario Stadium with capacity of 16,000. The Eleftheria Indoor Hall is the biggest basketball stadium in Cyprus, with capacity of 6,500 seats and is the home for the national team, APOEL and Omonia. The Lefkotheo indoor arena is the volleyball stadium for APOEL and Omonia.

International and European events

Nicosia hosted the 2000 ISSF World Cup Final shooting events for the shotgun. Also the city hosted two basketball events; the European Saporta Cup in 1997 and the 2005 FIBA Europe All Star Game in the Eleftheria Indoor Hall. Another event which was hosted in Nicosia were the Games of the Small States of Europe in 1989 and 2009.

Transportation

Interior of public buses
Blue public buses.
Round about leading to A1 motorway (Cyprus)

Motorways link Nicosia with other major urban areas in Cyprus. The A1 connects it with Limassol in the south with the A6 going from Limassol onto Paphos. The A2 links Nicosia with the south eastern city of Larnaca with the A3 going from Larnaca to Ayia Napa. The A9 is currently under construction and would connect Nicosia to the Troodos mountains.

There are many taxi companies in Nicosia. Besides the taxi companies, there is a taxi rank at the Eleftheria square(City Center), where you can find taxis twenty-four hours a day. Taxi fares are regulated by law and taxi drivers are obliged to use a taximeter.

Public transport within the city is served by a bus network subsidised by the European Union.[9] For information about bus routes in Nicosia refer to http://www.cyprusbybus.com/routes.aspx?sid=6. There is no train or metro system.

Between 1905 and 1951, Nicosia was a prominent station of the Cyprus Government Railway.

It was announced that a new metro system will start, to be installed in 2012. The project will be paid for by the EU and the Cypriot Government. It is expected that the new metro system will reduce the traffic in some major streets and avenues.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Twinnings with South Nicosia controlled by the Republic of Cyprus

Twinnings with Nicosia Turkish Municipality

Collaborations

Famous Nicosians

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b The Constitution - Appendix D: Part 12 - Miscellaneous Provisions
  2. ^ Wolf, Sonia (Mon Oct 26, 2009). "20 years after Berlin Wall fell, Nicosia remains divided". Google news. AFP. Retrieved 2009-10-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ The press statement of Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer on the tentative results of 2006 population and housing census (5 May 2006) 88.8 KiB Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı
  4. ^ Map
  5. ^ "Meteorological Service - Climatological and Meteorological Reports".
  6. ^ "[1]", Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  7. ^ "Xpatulator.com", Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  8. ^ "Addresses." Cyprus Airways. Retrieved on 6 November 2009.
  9. ^ CyprusByBus.com
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicosia.

Documentaries

  • Echoes Across the Divide (2008) is a documentary film about an attempt to bridge the Green Line with a bicommunal music project performed from the rooftops of Old Nicosia

35°10′N 33°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367

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