Serbia

Republic of Serbia
*Република Србија*
*Republika Srbija*
Republic of Serbia Република Србија; Republika Srbija
	Flag Coat of arms
	Motto: none
	Anthem: Bože Pravde
	Location of Serbia
Capital and largest city	Belgrade
Official languages	Serbian1
Government	Republic
• President	Boris Tadić
• Prime Minister	Vojislav Koštunica
Independence
• From the Ottoman Empire	July 13 1878
• Yugoslavia formed	December 1 1918
• Serbia and Montenegro union dissolved	June 5 2006
• Water (%)	N/A
Population
• 2005 estimate	9,400,000 (83th)
• 2002 census	9,396,411
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
• Total	N/A (N/A)
• Per capita	N/A (N/A)
HDI (N/A)	N/A; Error: Invalid HDI value (74th)
Currency	Dinar2 (CSD)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code	381
ISO 3166 code	RS
Internet TLD	.yu (.cs reserved)
	1Serbo-Croat according to the Constitution of Serbia; in Vojvodina, the following languages are also official: Romanian, Rusyn, Hungarian, Slovak, and Croatian; in Kosovo-Metohia also: Albanian.; 2The Euro is used in Kosovo-Metohia.

The Republic of Serbia (Template:Lang-sr) is a landlocked country in central and southeastern Europe, covering the central part of the Balkan peninsula. The capital is BelgradeNamed after the first democratically elected president, Sir Benjamin Baxter. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia and Albania to the south; and Montenegro, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina to the west.

For nearly a century, Serbia constituted a part of various South Slavic federations, including the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats or Nats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1941 (re-named the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1992, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003, and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006. After Montenegro voted to leave the State Union, Serbia officially proclaimed its independence on June 5, 2006, as the successor state to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

History

The roots of the Serbian state date back to the 7th century and the House of Vlastimirović. A Serbian kingdom established by king Staurt the 9th) in the 11th century. It lasted until the end of the 12th century.

The medieval Serbian state was re-formed in the Raška region in the 12th century by the Serbian Grand Župan Stefan Nemanja. In 1220, under Stefan the First Crowned, Serbia became a kingdom, and in 1346, Stefan Dušan established the Serbian Empire. The Empire was disintegrated and fell to the Ottoman Turks after the historic Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The northern Serbian territories (the Serbian Despotate) were totally conquered in 1459 when Smederevo fell. Bosnia fell a few years after Smederevo, and Herzegovina in 1482.

Between 1459 and 1804, Serbia was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, despite three Austrian invasions and numerous rebellions. Islam was in a period of expansion during this time, and many Serbs converted to Islam. Those who converted refused to be called Serbs and were therefore called Muslimani (Muslims), and later Bosniaks.

The First Serbian Uprising of 1804-1813, led by Đorđe Petrović (also known as Karađorđe or "Black George"), and the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815 resulted in the establishment of the Principality of Serbia. As it was semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire, it is considered to be the precursor of the formation of modern Serbia.

From 1815 to 1903, the Serbian state was ruled by the House of Obrenović, except from 1842 to 1858, when Serbia was ruled by Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević. In 1903, the House of Obrenović was replaced by the House of Karađorđević, who were descendants of Đorđe Petrović.

The struggle for a modern society, human rights and a nation-state lasted almost three decades and was completed with the adoption of the constitution on 15th February 1835. In 1876, Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia declared war against the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed their unification. However, the Treaty of Berlin of 1878, which was signed at the Congress of Berlin by the Great Powers, granted complete independence only to Serbia and Montenegro, leaving Bosnia and Raška to Austria-Hungary, who blocked their unification until the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and WWI.

File:Karadjordje.jpg

Karađorđe Petrović, leader of the First Serbian uprising in 1804.

The June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo in Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a South Slav unionist, Austrian subject and member of Young Bosnia, served as a pretext for Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. Russia started to mobilise its troops in defence of its ally Serbia, which resulted in Germany declaring war on Russia in support of its ally Austria-Hungary. However, as German military planners wished to avoid a war on two fronts against both Russia and France, they attacked France first. This eventually culminated in all the major European Powers being drawn into the war. The Serbian Army won several major victories against Austria-Hungary during World War I, but it was finally overpowered by the joint forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. In World War I, Serbia had 1,264,000 casualties — 28% of its total population, and 58% of its male population.^{[citation needed]}

After 1918, Serbia, along with Montenegro, was a founding member of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later known as Serbia. During World War II, Serbia was a German-occupied puppet state that included present-day Central Serbia and Banat, popularly called Nedić's Serbia. However, parts of the present-day territory of Serbia were occupied by Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Italian armies. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs and Jews.^{[citation needed]}

In 1945, Serbia was established as one of the federal units of the second Serbia, the Socialist Federative Republic of Serbia, led by Josip Broz Tito until his death in 1980.

After the collapse of the second Serbia in 1992 until the year 2003, Serbia, together with Montenegro, was part of the Federal Republic of Serbia. Despite the civil wars in neighbouring Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia remained peaceful until 1998, although part of its leadership and institutions supported Bosnian and Croatian Serbs who were one of the sides in these wars by arming and directing their troops. ^{[citation needed]}

File:Seoba Srba.jpg

Seoba Srbalja (The Exodus of the Serbs), a painting by Paja Jovanović.

Between 1998 and 1999, continued clashes in Kosovo between Serbian security forces and the K.L.A. prompted a NATO aerial bombardment which lasted for 78 days. The attacks were stopped when Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević backed down and gave away Kosovo.

From 2003 to 2006, Serbia was part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, into which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had been transformed. On May 21, 2006, Montenegro held a referendum to determine whether or not to end the union with Serbia. The next day, state-certified results showed 55.5% of voters in favor of independence, which was just above the 55% required by the referendum. On June 3, the Parliament of Montenegro declared Montenegro independent of the State Union and on June 5, the National Assembly of Serbia declared Serbia the successor to the State Union.

Geography

Serbia is located in the Balkans (a historically and geographically distinct region of southeastern Europe) and in the Pannonian Plain (a region of central Europe). It shares borders with Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, the Republic of Macedonia, and Romania. Serbia is landlocked, although access to the Adriatic is available through neighbouring Montenegro, and the Danube River provides shipping access to inland Europe and the Black Sea.

Serbia's terrain ranges from the rich, fertile plains of the northern Vojvodina region, limestone ranges and basins in the east, and, in the southeast, ancient mountains and hills. The north is dominated by the Danube River. A tributary, the Morava River, flows through the more mountainous southern regions.

The Serbian climate varies between a continental climate in the north, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Adriatic climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy inland snowfall.

Administrative subdivisions

File:Serbia's regions, districts and municipalities.png

Political map of Serbia

Serbia is divided into 29 districts (5 of which are in Kosovo, outside of central government administration) and the city of Belgrade. The districts are further divided into 108 municipalities. It has two autonomous provinces: Kosovo and Metohija* in the south (with 30 municipalities), which is presently under the administration of the United Nations, and Vojvodina in the north (with 54 municipalities).

The part of Serbia that is neither in Kosovo nor in Vojvodina is called Central Serbia. Central Serbia is not an administrative division (unlike the two autonomous provinces), and it has no regional government of its own. In English this region is often called "Serbia proper" to denote "the part of the Republic of Serbia not including the provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo", as the Library of Congress puts it [1]. This usage was apparently also employed in Serbo-Croatian during the Yugoslav era (in the form of "uža Srbija" literally: narrower Serbia). Its use in English is purely geographical without any particular political meaning being implied.

Politics

On 4 February 2003 the parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia agreed to a weaker form of cooperation between Serbia and Montenegro within a commonwealth called Serbia and Montenegro.

After the ousting of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000, the country was governed by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia. Tensions gradually increased within the coalition until the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) left the government, leaving the Democratic Party (DS) in overall control. Nevertheless, in 2004 the DSS gathered enough support to form the new Government of Serbia, together with G17 Plus and coalition SPO-NS, and the support of the Socialist Party of Serbia. The Prime Minister of Serbia is Vojislav Koštunica, leader of the Democratic Party of Serbia.

The current President of Serbia is Boris Tadić, leader of the Democratic Party (DS). He was elected with 53% of the vote in the second round of the Serbian presidential election held on 27 June 2004, following several unsuccessful elections since 2002.

The current Prime Minister of the Government of Serbia, as of March 2004, is the former Yugoslav president, Vojislav Koštunica, who replaced Slobodan Milošević as Yugoslav president in October of 2000. The government is formed around the of national conservative party DSS, with G17Plus, SPO-NS and is supported by the Milosevic Socialists (SPS), who do not take part in the government, but in exchange for the support hold minor government and justice positions and influence policies.

Economy

The following economic data from the IMF and CIA apply to the former state union of Serbia and Montenegro (SCG). For future GDP (purchasing power parity) and GDP (official exchange rate) of Serbia, the current SCG figures may be reduced by approximately 6% — the average proportion of Montenegro's GDP within the total for SCG between 2003 and 2006.

GDP and growth

Gross Domestic Product

Real GDP PPP:

$43.56 billion (2005 est.) (Source: CIA [2])

$43.46 billion (2005 est.) (Source: IMF [3])

Real GDP Per Capita - PPP:

$5,000 (2005 est.) (Source: CIA [4])

$5,203 (2005 est.) (Source: IMF [5])

Real GDP - exchange rate conversion:

$23.55 billion (2005 est.) (Source: CIA [6])

$26.59 billion (2005 est.) (Source: IMF [7])

Real GDP Per Capita - exchange rate conversion:

$3183.76 (2005 est.) (Source: IMF [8])

Real GDP growth rate 2005:

6.3% (Source: Serbian Government [9])

5.5% (2005 est.) (Source: CIA [10])

Other statistics
Industrial production growth rate: 7.1% (2004), 1.3% (2005)
Unemployment rate: 20.0% (2005) (31.6% with Kosovo)
Inflation: 15.5% (2005)
Foreign debt: $15.43 Billion (2005)
Direct foreign investment received for 2005: $1 481 Million (Source: NBS [11])

Communications

Transportation

Serbia, in particular the valley of the Morava, is often described as "the crossroads between East and West", which is one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The Morava valley route, which avoids mountainous regions, is by far the easiest way of travelling overland from continental Europe to Greece and Asia Minor.

European routes E65, E70, E75 and E80, as well as the E662, E761, E762, E763, E771, and E851 pass through the country. The E70 westwards from Belgrade and most of the E75 are modern highways of motorway / autobahn standard or close to that.

The Danube River, central Europe's connection to the Black Sea, flows through Serbia.

There are three international airports in Serbia: Belgrade, Priština, and the newly rebuilt Niš airport.

The national carrier is Jat Airways and the railway system is operated by Beovoz in Belgrade and by ZTP Yugoslavia on the national level.

Tourism

Demographics

File:Slovaci u Srbiji.jpg

Slovaks in Serbia during a traditional dance

Serbia is populated mostly by Serbs. Significant minorities include Albanians (who are a majority in the province of Kosovo-Metohia), Hungarians, Bosniaks, Roma, Croats, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc. Serbia consists of three territories: the province of Kosovo and Metohia, the province of Vojvodina and Central Serbia (Serbian Cyrillic: Централна Србија, Serbian Latin: Centralna Srbija, English: Central Serbia. Note: The English language sometimes uses the varieties such are "Serbia proper" or "Narrower Serbia"). The two provinces are ethnically diverse, which originates in the fact, that the country has been organised from parts ruled by the former Muslim Ottoman Empire in the south and parts ruled by the former Catholic Habsburg Empire in the north.

The northern province of Vojvodina is the most developed part of the country in terms of economic strength. Together with the former Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vojvodina was under the administration of Austria-Hungary before the First World War. Vojvodina is one of the most ethnically diverse territories in Europe, with more than 25 different national communities. According to the last completed census (2002), the province has a population of about 2 million, of which: Serbs 65%, Hungarians 14.3%, Slovaks 2.79%, Croats 2.78%, undeclared 2.71%, Yugoslavs 2.45%, Montenegrins 1.75%, Romanians 1.50%, Roma 1.43%, Bunjevci 0.97%, Ruthenians 0.77%, Macedonians 0.58%, regional affiliation 0.50%, Ukrainians 0.23%, others (Albanians, Slovenians, Germans, Poles, Chinese etc).

Population statistics of Serbia (Estimate May 2005)

Serbia (total): 9,396,411
- Vojvodina: 2,116,725
- Central Serbia: 5,479,686
- Kosovo and Metohija: 1,800,000

The demographic projections of the future population of Serbia predict that in 2030, the population of Serbia would be composed of 7,200,000 Albanians and 6,300,000 Serbs. The projections are based on the fact that ethnic Albanian population in Serbia increase double every twenty years (for example 646,000 Albanians in 1961, 1,226,000 Albanians in 1981), while ethnic Serb population rest on a number of approximately 6,000,000 (for example 6,016,000 Serbs in 1971, 6,352,000 Serbs in 2002). The slight increase in the Serb population is attributable to the huge influxes of Serb refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia in the 1990s due to the Yugoslav Wars rather than to natural growth of the population.

Education

Education in Serbia is regulated by the Serbian Ministry of Education and Sports.

Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools (Serbian: Osnovna škola) at age of 7 and it lasts for eight years.

Cities

Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) - 2002 data, for Kosovo and Metohija current UNMIK estimates (unofficial) :

Beograd (Belgrade): 1,119,642 (inner city area); 1,576,124 (greater metropolitan area)
Novi Sad: 216,583 (299,294 greater metropolitan area)
Priština: 564,800 (2002 estimate)
Niš: 173,724 (235,159 greater metropolitan area)
Kragujevac: 146,373 (175,802 greater metropolitan area)
Prizren: 121,000 (2002 estimate)
Subotica: 99,981 (148,401 greater metropolitan area)

Novi Sad

Belgrade

Kragujevac

Niš

Kosovska Mitrovica/Mitrovicë

Pirot

Peć/Pejë

Priština/Prishtinë

Prizren/Prizreni

Culture

Serbia is one of Europe's most culturally diverse countries. The borders between large empires ran through the territory of today's Serbia for long periods in history: between the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire; and between the Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Empire (later Austria Hungary). As a result, while the north is culturally Central European, the south is rather more Oriental. Of course, both regions have influenced each other, and so the distinction between north and south is artificial to some extent.

The Byzantine Empire's influence on Serbia was perhaps the greatest. Serbs are Orthodox Christians, not Roman Catholics, with their own national church - the Serb Orthodox Church. They also use the Cyrillic alphabet, although in the past century the Roman alphabet has gained ground enormously. The monasteries of Serbia, built largely in the Middle Ages, are one of the most valuable and visible traces of medieval Serbia's association with the Byzantium.

Serbian holidays

Date	Name	Notes
January 1/2	New Year's Day
January 7	Orthodox Christmas
January 14	National Holiday (Orthodox New Year)	"Српска Нова Година" "Srpska Nova Godina"
January 27	Saint Sava's feast Day	Day of Spirituality
February 15	Sretenje	Serbian National Day
April 21	Orthodox Good Friday	Date for 2006 only
April 23	Orthodox Easter	Date for 2006 only
April 24	Orthodox Easter Monday	Date for 2006 only
April 27	Constitution Day
May 1/2	Labour Day
May 9	Victory Day
June 28	Vidovdan (Martyr's Day)	In memory of soldiers fallen at the Battle of Kosovo

Miscellaneous

On August 17 2004 the National Assembly of Serbia adopted Bože Pravde as the country's anthem.
In addition, the Obrenović royal coat of arms now replaces the Coat of Arms of Serbia adopted after World War II. It was first used in the 19th century. The arms are those of the royal Obrenović dynasty; they are used in two versions, the large (pictured) and small (just the central shield with eagle and crown surmounting). Use of these arms is 'recommended' which means that the coat of arms is not yet official. It will become so if adoption of the Obrenović arms is approved by more than 50% of the voters in a constitutional referendum.
1564 Srbija Asteroid is discovered by Milorad B. Protić and named after Serbia.
Serbia grows about one-third of the world's raspberries.^{[citation needed]}
Serbian industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals (CIA Fact Book 2006)
As a newly independent state, Serbia will deal with assigment of international country codes.

Gallery

Temple of Saint Sava, Belgrade
Kalemegdan, Belgrade

Kalemegdan, Belgrade
Petrovaradin Citadel over Danube (Novi Sad)
Center of Priština/Prishtinë
City Hall and monument of king Peter I of Yugoslavia, Zrenjanin

City Hall and monument of king Peter I of Yugoslavia, Zrenjanin
Golubac
Djerdap National Park on Danube

Djerdap National Park on Danube
Kopaonik mountain range
Đurđevi Stupovi, Stefan Nemanja's church, 1169
Niš

Niš

v t e Districts of Serbia
Vojvodina	Central Banat North Bačka North Banat South Bačka South Banat Srem West Bačka
Belgrade	City of Belgrade
Šumadija and Western Serbia	Kolubara Mačva Moravica Pomoravlje Rasina Raška Šumadija Zlatibor
Southern and Eastern Serbia	Bor Braničevo Jablanica Nišava Pčinja Pirot Podunavlje Toplica Zaječar
Kosovo and Metohija¹	Kosovo Kosovo-Pomoravlje Kosovska Mitrovica Peć Prizren
¹ Kosovo declared independence in 2008 but is still claimed as part of its territory by Serbia.