List of college bowl games
The following is a list of current, defunct, and proposed College football bowl games. Five bowl games are currently part of the Bowl Championship Series, a selection system that creates five bowl match-ups involving ten of the top ranked teams in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. There are also a number of other College football postseason invitationals, as well as several all-star games. The number of team-competitive (versus all-star) bowl games increased to 35 in 2010-11, allowing 70 teams to participate. The number of bowl games will increase to 39 in 2014-15, requiring an easing of bowl eligibility rules to include teams with losing seasons to ensure 78 teams can be deemed eligible for invitations. Community College Bowl games are also listed.
Bowl Championship Series games
From the 1998 season until the 2005 season, four BCS bowl games determined the BCS champion on a rotating basis. The other three games consisted of the champions of the 6 major conferences not playing in the championship game, as well as two at-large teams.
A change implemented before the beginning of the 2006 season allowed for the creation of a fifth BCS bowl, the BCS National Championship Game. The BCS National Championship Game is now played at the site of each of the four BCS bowls, but is played as a separate game one week after the regular BCS game. For example, in January 2007, Glendale hosted first the Fiesta Bowl, then the BCS National Championship Game a week later. The sponsor of the host game also sponsors the BCS National Championship Game (e.g., Tostitos will sponsor the game when in Glendale, Allstate will sponsor the game when in New Orleans, and so on).[1]
Note: For consistency (both internally and with the non-BCS bowl lists below), all years in this table are for the season after which each bowl is played. Except for certain games played in December before the BCS era, each BCS bowl is played in January of the following year. For example, the first separate BCS National Championship Game was played in January 2007 after the 2006 season.
| Name | Season Started | Venue (Permanent Seating) |
City | Most Recent Per Team Payout[2] |
Title Sponsor | Previous Name(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rose Bowl | 1901 | Rose Bowl 92,542 |
Pasadena, California (1941: Durham, North Carolina*) |
$17,000,000 | Vizio^ | Tournament East-West football game; Rose Bowl Game presented by: AT&T^, Sony PlayStation 2^, Citi^ |
| Orange Bowl | 1934 | Sun Life Stadium 75,540 |
Miami Gardens, Florida (1934-1995, 1998: Miami, Florida) |
$17,000,000 | Discover | FedEx Orange Bowl |
| Sugar Bowl | 1934 | Mercedes-Benz Superdome 73,208 |
New Orleans, Louisiana (2005: Atlanta, Georgia**) |
$17,000,000 | Allstate | USF&G Sugar Bowl, Nokia Sugar Bowl |
| Fiesta Bowl | 1971 | University of Phoenix Stadium 63,400 |
Glendale, Arizona (1971-2005: Tempe, Arizona) |
$17,000,000 | Tostitos | Sunkist Fiesta Bowl, IBM OS/2 Fiesta Bowl |
| BCS National Championship Game | 2006† | Rotates†† | Rotates†† | $18,000,000 | Rotates†† | Rotates†† |
^Since the 1998 season, the inaugural season of the BCS system, the Rose Bowl has only had a presenting sponsor after its title. Prior to that year, the Rose Bowl had no sponsor attached to its name.
*One-time move due to World War II travel restrictions after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
**One-time move due to damage to the Superdome from Hurricane Katrina.
†As a separate bowl. For the 1998 thru 2005 seasons, the other BCS bowls served as the BCS National Championship Game as follows: Fiesta Bowl (1998, 2002); Sugar Bowl (1999, 2003); Orange Bowl (2000, 2004); Rose Bowl Game (2001, 2005).
††For the 2006 thru 2013 seasons, the venue, city, and title sponsor of this bowl are the same as the BCS bowl hosting it. The rotation of host BCS bowls for each season is as follows: Fiesta Bowl (2006, 2010); Sugar Bowl (2007, 2011); Orange Bowl (2008, 2012); Rose Bowl Game (2009, 2013).
Other current bowl games
Besides BCS games, there are a number of other postseason invitationals. Generally, two conferences will agree to send teams of a particular standing to a game beforehand. For instance, the Rose Bowl traditionally features the Big Ten and Pac-12 conference champions. Generally, the payout to the participating teams in a Bowl Game is closely correlated to its prestige. For comparison, each of the BCS bowls (including the National Championship) has a payout of $18 million.
- ^ The 2013 edition will be the last played in San Francisco. The game will move to the new Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California (capacity 68,500) starting in 2014.
Future (proposed) games
| Name | Year to start | Venue (permanent seating) |
City | Payout | Sponsor(s) | Previous name(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahamas Bowl[8] | 2014 | Thomas Robinson Stadium (15,023) |
Nassau, Bahamas | TBD | TBD | N/A |
| Boca Raton Bowl[9] | 2014 | FAU Stadium (29,419) |
Boca Raton, Florida | TBD | TBD | N/A |
| Camellia Bowl[10] | 2014 | Cramton Bowl (25,000) |
Montgomery, Alabama | TBD | TBD | N/A |
| Miami Beach Bowl[11][12] | 2014 | Marlins Park (36,742) |
Miami, Florida | TBD | TBD | N/A |
| Cure Bowl[13] | TBD | Bright House Networks Stadium (45,323) |
Orlando, Florida | TBD | TBD | None previous |
| Christmas Bowl Los Angeles[14][15][16] | TBD | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (93,607) |
Los Angeles, California | TBD | TBD | None previous |
| Unnamed Detroit bowl game[17] | TBD | Ford Field (65,000) |
Detroit, Michigan | TBD | TBD | None previous |
| Unnamed Dubai bowl game[16] | TBD | TBD | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | TBD | TBD | None previous |
| Unnamed Ireland bowl game[16] | TBD | TBD | Ireland | TBD | TBD | None previous |
| Unnamed Little Rock bowl game[16] | TBD | War Memorial Stadium (53,000) |
Little Rock, Arkansas | TBD | TBD | None previous |
| Unnamed Toronto bowl game[16] | TBD | Rogers Centre (54,000) |
Toronto, Ontario, Canada | TBD | TBD | International Bowl |
Note: The 'Christmas Bowl Los Angeles' would be a partial throwback to the one-time 1924 Los Angeles Christmas Festival Bowl Game.[18]
Two proposed games, the Cure Bowl and Christmas Bowl, were turned down by the NCAA for 2010. There are currently 35 licensed college bowls, which just about maxes out the possible eligible teams (the four-year average of bowl-eligible squads is 71.8).[19] If one of the current games folds or loses its certification, however, the Cure or Christmas Bowls could step in.
The planned Detroit game, to be operated by the NFL's Detroit Lions, would replace the current Little Caesars Pizza Bowl. The Lions' home of Ford Field, which hosts the current bowl game, would remain as host of the rebooted bowl. The Little Caesars Pizza Bowl has tie-ins with the Big Ten and Mid-American Conferences; however, a Big Ten team has not played in the bowl in most of its editions. The rebooted Detroit bowl would retain its Big Ten affiliation, but would no longer be tied in with the MAC. An ESPN report in May 2013 indicated that the most likely candidate for the second conference tie-in is the ACC.[17]
The BCS has announced that a four-team playoff, to be officially known as the College Football Playoff, will begin in the 2014 season. Teams in the past have been left out of the championship game causing some backlash toward the BCS. The BCS has also stated that it wishes to remove AQ conferences from its bowl games starting with the 2014 season. Over the past couple of years there have been some incidents in which AQ teams surpassed more worthy teams for bowl spots.
In June 2013, ESPN.com reported that the so-called "Group of Five" conferences—the American Athletic Conference, Conference USA, MAC, Mountain West Conference, and Sun Belt Conference—were considering adding one or more new bowl games once the NCAA's current moratorium on new bowls expires after the 2013 season. This move was driven by a trend for the "Power Five" conferences (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, and SEC) to play one another in bowl games. The 2013 season, the last of the current four-year bowl cycle, will have 16 bowls that involve two teams from "Power Five" leagues. The 2014 season, the first of a new six-year bowl cycle, will have at least 19, and possibly more, matchups of "Power Five" teams. The "Group of Five" was apparently concerned that this trend would mean that its teams might not have available bowl slots.[16]
According to the report, the aforementioned Christmas Bowl would involve a Mountain West team against an opponent from either the Pac-12 or The American. As for The American, it is seeking to start a bowl game, most likely at Marlins Park in Miami. Two other venues of "Group of Five" schools in Florida—Bright House Networks Stadium (UCF, Orlando) and FAU Stadium (Florida Atlantic, Boca Raton)—are being considered for other potential bowls. A possible bowl in Little Rock would pit C-USA and the Sun Belt. Finally, the director of the current Little Caesars Bowl indicated that he had been in contact with officials from all of the "Group of Five" about starting new bowl games in Ireland (most likely Dublin), Dubai, and either Toronto or Nassau.[16] Recently, though, reports have indicated the proposed games in Ireland and Dubai would be unworkable.[20]
The first new bowl to be confirmed for 2014 was the Camellia Bowl, a game created by ESPN that will be played in Montgomery, Alabama. It will have tie-ins with the MAC and Sun Belt, and the contract for the game will run through the 2019 season. ESPN was also reported to be in negotiations to take over ownership of the existing Heart of Dallas Bowl and establish a new bowl game in Boca Raton.[10]
Another ownership group interested in starting a Montgomery-based bowl at Alabama State's stadium has reportedly switched focus to Charleston, SC. That proposal faces obstacles related to a NCAA ban on playing postseason games at predetermined locations in South Carolina due to the Confederate battle flag being flown at a civil war monument on the State House grounds.[21]
Map of Bowl Games
Number of Current Bowl Games by State
*State also hosts BCS National Championship Game in rotation under current BCS format.
All-Star games
- Senior Bowl - Mobile, Alabama (1950–present)
- East-West Shrine Game - Orlando, Florida (1926–present)
- North-South Shrine Game - Miami, Florida (1948-1973)
- National Bowl Game - Miami, FL - (NCAA Division FCS/I-III) (2010–present)
- Cactus Bowl - Kingsville, Texas (NCAA Division II) (1994-2010)
- NFLPA Collegiate Bowl - Carson, California (2012–present)
- Texas vs The Nation - Allen, Texas (2007–2011, 2013–present)
- Casino del Sol College All-Star Game - Tucson, Arizona (2011–present)
- East Coast Bowl - Petersburg, Virginia (2001–present)
- Aztec Bowl - Mexico (1950–present)
- Blue-Gray Football Classic - Montgomery, Alabama (1938–2001, 2003)
- Hula Bowl - Honolulu, Hawaii (1946–2008)
- North-South All-Star Classic - Houston, Texas (2007)
- Las Vegas All-American Classic - Las Vegas, Nevada (2002–2006)
- Magnolia Gridiron All-Star Classic - Jackson, Mississippi (2005)
- The Silver and Gold Gridiron Classic - Atlanta, Georgia (2008)
- Chicago College All-Star Game (College All-Stars vs. NFL champions) - Chicago/Evanston, Illinois (1934-1976)
Regular season rivalries called bowls
- Empire State Bowl - Columbia and Cornell
- Shula Bowl - Florida International and Florida Atlantic
- Black and Blue Bowl - Memphis and Southern Miss
- Crab Bowl Classic - Maryland and Navy
- Egg Bowl - Mississippi and Mississippi State
- Friends of Coal Bowl - Marshall and West Virginia
- Iron Bowl - Alabama and Auburn
- Magnolia Bowl - LSU and Mississippi
- Palmetto Bowl – Clemson and South Carolina
- Textile Bowl - Clemson and North Carolina State
Games played outside of the US
- Bacardi Bowl - seven exhibition games played in Havana, Cuba from 1907-1946
- Emerald Isle Classic - regular season games played in Dublin, Ireland in 1988, 1989, 1996, and 2012, with another game set for 2014
- Mirage Bowl/Coca-Cola Classic - regular season games played annually in Tokyo, Japan from 1977-1993
- International Bowl - bowl game played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 2007-2010
Non-Division I FBS bowl games
Division I FCS
- Gridiron Classic - rotating campus sites (2006–2009)
Division II
- Mineral Water Bowl - Excelsior Springs, Missouri (1948–1951, 1954–1975, 1992–present)
- Dixie Rotary Bowl - Saint George, Utah (1986–2008)[22]
- Pioneer Bowl - Various locations (1997–2007, 2009–present)
- Kanza Bowl - Topeka, Kansas (2009–2012)
Division III
- Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl - Salem, Virginia (1973–present); Division III national championship game
- Aztec Bowl - Toluca, Mexico (1950–53, 1955, 1957, 1964–66, 1970–71, 1971–80, 1984, 1986–2007)
- Knute Rockne Bowl - Atlantic City, New Jersey (1969–1972; 1976–1977)
- Oyster Bowl – Hampton, Virginia (1999–present); regular season game, formerly a Division I event
Soup Bowl- Greensboro, North Carolina, Started in1994 between cross town rivals Greensboro College and Guilford College
NAIA bowl games
There is a large list of bowl games for NAIA available at [23] -- You can help Wikipedia by expanding this section.
- College Fanz First Down Classic, 2007–2011
- NAIA national football championship (1956–present); previously called Aluminum Bowl (1956), Holiday Bowl (1957–1960), Camellia Bowl (1961–1963), Championship Bowl (1964-1976 Division I), Apple Bowl (1977 Division I), Palm Bowl (1978-1979 Division I), and Championship Bowl (1980-1996 Division I)
Junior College bowl games
- Also, on the internet, see each Community College football program websites for game details.
- Robert A. Bothman Bulldog Bowl, College of San Mateo - San Mateo, California
- Brazos Valley Bowl - Bryan, Texas
- Carrier Dome Bowl - Syracuse, New York
- C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl - Copperas Cove, Texas
- Citizens Bank Bowl
- El Toro Bowl - Yuma, Arizona
- Football Capital of Kansas Bowl - Pittsburg, Kansas
- The Graphic Edge Bowl - Cedar Falls, Iowa (formerly Coca-Cola Bowl, Like Cola Bowl, Royal Crown Bowl, Pepsi-Cola/Sigler Printing Bowl, North Star Bowl)
- Garland Shrine Bowl
- Garland Texas Bowl - Garland, Texas
- Hospitality Bowl
- Jayhawk Bowl Classic - Coffeyville, Kansas
- Industrial Bowl
- Junior Rose Bowl
- Little Oil Bowl
- Midwest Bowl - Chicago, Illinois
- NJCAA Shrine Bowl
- Pilgrim's Pride Bowl Classic
- Real Dairy Bowl
- Red River Bowl - Bedford, Texas
- Roaring Ranger Bowl - Ranger, Texas
- Salt City Bowl - Hutchinson, Kansas
- Silver Bowl - Sterling, Kansas
- Texas Juco Shrine Bowl
- Top of the Mountains Bowl - Sandy, Utah
- Valley of the Sun Bowl - Scottsdale, Arizona
- Wool Bowl - Roswell, New Mexico
NCCAA bowl games
- Victory Bowl, NCCAA Championship Game, 1997–present
Defunct bowl games
| Name | Seasons Active | City | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alamo Bowl | 1947 | San Antonio, Texas | Not to be confused with the modern Alamo Bowl |
| All-American Bowl | 1977–1990 | Birmingham, Alabama | [24] |
| Aloha Bowl | 1982–2000 | Honolulu, Hawaii | |
| Aviation Bowl | 1961 | Dayton, Ohio | |
| Bacardi Bowl | 1907, 1909, 1911–1912, 1921, 1936, 1946 | Havana, Cuba | Last game in 1946, Southern Mississippi defeated Havana University, 55-0 |
| Bluebonnet Bowl | 1959–1987 | Houston, Texas | |
| Bluegrass Bowl | 1958 | Louisville, Kentucky | |
| Boardwalk Bowl | 1961–1973 | Atlantic City, New Jersey | Since 1981, the NCAA Division I FCS Playoff East Regional Championship (National Quarterfinal) is commonly referred to as the Boardwalk Bowl in honor of its College Division heritage. |
| Boot Hill Bowl | 1970–1980 | Dodge City, Kansas | |
| California Bowl | 1981–1991 | Fresno, California | |
| Camellia Bowl | 1948, 1961–1980 | Lafayette, Louisiana, Sacramento, California | One year in Lafayette, 19 in Sacramento; Since 1981, the NCAA Division I FCS Playoff West Regional Championship (National Quarterfinal) is commonly referred to as the Camellia Bowl in honor of its College Division heritage. |
| Charity Bowl | 1937 | Los Angeles, California | |
| Cherry Bowl | 1984–1985 | Pontiac, Michigan | |
| Cigar Bowl | 1946–1954 | Tampa, Florida | |
| College All-Star Game | 1934–1976 | Chicago, Illinois | Preseason game matching the previous year's NFL champion (Super Bowl Champion starting with the 1967 game) against an all-star squad of the previous year's college seniors |
| Cosmopolitan Bowl | 1951 | Alexandria, Louisiana | |
| Delta Bowl | 1947–1948 | Memphis, Tennessee | |
| Dixie Bowl | 1947–1948 | Birmingham, Alabama | |
| Dixie Classic | 1921, 1924, 1933 | Dallas, Texas | |
| Epson Ivy Bowl | 1988–1996 | Japan | |
| Festival of Palms Bowl | 1932–1933 | Miami, Florida | Would become the Orange Bowl for the 1934 season[25] |
| Fort Worth Classic | 1920 | Fort Worth, Texas | |
| Freedom Bowl | 1984–1994 | Anaheim, California | |
| Garden State Bowl | 1978–1981 | East Rutherford, New Jersey | |
| Glasnost Bowl | Never Played | Moscow, USSR | An attempt to stage an American college football game in the USSR at the beginning of the 1989 season. The game was named after the policy of glasnost ("openness") introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. Scheduled for the Dynamo Stadium, the game was similar to the Mirage Bowl, a college football game played annually in Tokyo, Japan, with plans to have it be an annual contest with different participants each year. Organized by Raycom Sports, the game was scheduled between the University of Southern California Trojans and the University of Illinois Fighting Illini to open their regular seasons. Arrangements were made for a network telecast back to the United States, and airplanes were chartered for fans to fly to the Soviet Union. However, due to complications, the game was cancelled and rescheduled for Los Angeles, California as a USC home game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum instead. |
| Glass Bowl | 1946–1949 | Toledo, Ohio | |
| Gotham Bowl | 1961–1962 | New York City | |
| Great Lakes Bowl | 1947 | Cleveland, Ohio | |
| Gridiron Classic | 1998–2004 | Orlando, Florida | Revived in 2006 as a Division I FCS game |
| Harbor Bowl | 1946–1948 | San Diego, California | |
| Haka Bowl | Never played | Auckland, New Zealand | Was to start in 1996, but NCAA revoked certification before first game |
| Heritage Bowl | 1991–1999 | Atlanta, Georgia | |
| Houston Bowl | 2000–2005 | Houston, Texas | Called the galleryfurniture.com Bowl in 2000-2001 |
| International Bowl | 2006–2009 | Toronto, Ontario | |
| Los Angeles Christmas Festival | 1924 | Los Angeles, California | |
| Mercy Bowl | 1961, 1971 | Los Angeles, California | |
| Mirage Bowl | 1976–1993 | Tokyo, Japan | A regular season matchup, originally at Korakuen Stadium, later at Olympic Stadium, and finally at the Tokyo Dome |
| Missouri-Kansas Bowl | 1948 | Kansas City, Missouri | |
| North-South Shrine Game | 1948–1973 | Miami, Florida | Post season all star game similar to the East-West Shrine Game |
| Oahu Bowl | 1998–2000 | Honolulu, Hawaii | |
| Oil Bowl | 1943, 1945–1946 | Houston, Texas | |
| Orange Blossom Classic | 1933–1978 | Miami, Florida | The name is now used for an occasional regular season game |
| Oyster Bowl | 1948–1995 | Norfolk, Virginia | A regular season game called a "bowl", now a Division III game |
| Pasadena Bowl | 1967–1971 | Pasadena, California | |
| Patriot Bowl | 2007–2009 | Cleveland, Ohio | A regular season game called a "bowl" that featured a team from the Mid-American Conference and (originally) a United States service academy |
| Pecan Bowl | 1964–1970 | Abilene, Arlington, Texas |
First 4 seasons in Abilene, last 2 in Arlington. Since 1981, the NCAA Division I FCS Playoff Midwest Regional Championship (National Quarterfinal) is commonly referred to as the Pecan Bowl in honor of its College Division heritage |
| Pelican Bowl | 1972, 1974–1975 | Durham, North Carolina New Orleans, Louisiana |
First game in Durham, last 2 in New Orleans. |
| Pineapple Bowl | 1939–1951 | Honolulu, Hawaii | |
| Poi Bowl | 1935–1938 | Honolulu, Hawaii | |
| Presidential Cup Bowl | 1950 | College Park, Maryland | |
| Refrigerator Bowl | 1948–1956 | Evansville, Indiana | |
| Raisin Bowl | 1945–1949 | Fresno, California | |
| Salad Bowl | 1947–1951 | Phoenix, Arizona | Precursor to current Fiesta Bowl |
| San Diego East-West Christmas Classic | 1921–1922 | San Diego, California | |
| Seattle Bowl | 2001–2002 | Seattle, Washington | |
| Shrine Bowl | 1948–1949 | Little Rock, Arkansas | |
| Silicon Valley Football Classic | 2000–2004 | San Jose, California | |
| Sunflower Bowl | 1982–1986 | Winfield, Kansas | |
| Tobacco Bowl | 1935–1941, 1948–1984 | South Boston, Virginia, Richmond, Virginia | |
| Vulcan Bowl | 1941–1948, 1951 | Birmingham, Alabama | |
| Wheat Bowl | 1995–2006 | Ellinwood, Kansas, Great Bend, Kansas | Pre-season NAIA bowl,[26] |
References
- ^ "BCS History". Retrieved 7 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b "2012-2013 College Football Bowl Game Schedule". CollegeFooballPoll.com. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ |http://www.gatorbowl.com/images/_pdfs/GBA_12_14_10.pdf
- ^ "Chick-fil-A Bowl Volunteers - Chairs & Vice Chairs". Chick-fil-abowl.com. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ Valero Energy Corporation Alamo Bowl press release
- ^ Gabe DeArmondPowerMizzou.com Publisher (2009-12-07). "PowerMizzou.com - Behind the bowl snub". Missouri.rivals.com. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ Bowl Game at Yankee Stadium
- ^ "MAC Announces Creation of the Bahamas Bowl in 2014". MAC-sports.com.
- ^ "MAC Announces The Creation Of The Boca Raton Bowl". MAC-sports.com.
- ^ a b McMurphy, Brett (August 19, 2013). "Bowl created for MAC, Sun Belt". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
- ^ "AAC sets up bowl in Miami". espn.com.
- ^ "American Athletic Conference Introduces The Miami Beach Bowl". American Athletic Conference.
- ^ "Orlando, Florida :: Be Part of The History :: Be Part of The Game :: Be Part of The Cure". The Cure Bowl. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ http://www.christmasbowl.org/
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d e f g McMurphy, Brett (June 11, 2013). "'Group of Five' look to add bowls". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b McMurphy, Brett (May 21, 2013). "Sources: Ford Field eyed for bowl". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Keeley, Sean (2010-04-23). "What The Hell Was The Cure Bowl & The Christmas Bowl? - Troy Nunes Is An Absolute Magician". Nunesmagician.com. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ "NCAA approves a record 35 bowl games | UTSanDiego.com". Signonsandiego.com. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ Fowler, Jimmy (August 13, 2013). "Careful, bowl games: You could be without a team". CBS Sports. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
- ^ Hartsell, Jeff (August 10, 2013). "New effort to bring bowl game to Charleston faces familiar obstacles: Confederate flag, NAACP, NCAA". Charleston Post & Courier. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
- ^ cstv.com - August 24, 2009
- ^ "College Division/Minor Bowl Games". Cfbdatawarehouse.com. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ There were two separate games played in Birmingham during this time. The original game, the Hall of Fame Bowl, moved to Tampa, Florida, effective with the 1986 game, and several years later changed its name to the Outback Bowl. A second game known as the All-American Bowl was then organized, and was played from 1986 to 1990.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ The Nation's Home for NAIA Football
Further reading
- Oriard, Michael (2009). Bowled Over: Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3329-2.
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