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2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

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2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Part of the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution
Map of protests by region, indicating severity of the unrest at its peak
Date23 February 2014–present
(10 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Eastern Ukraine
Southern Ukraine
Crimea
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
Parties
Casualties and losses

Since the end of February 2014, demonstrations by pro-Russian and anti-government groups have taken place in major cities across the south-eastern regions of Ukraine, in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution and the Euromaidan movement. Various Russian news media outlets have used the term Russian Spring (Template:Lang-ru) to describe the protests.[12] The protests have since escalated into an armed separatist insurgency.[13][14]

Background

Further information: Russians in Ukraine, Russia–Ukraine relations, Euromaidan, and 2014 Ukrainian revolution

Ukraine has been gripped by unrest since President Viktor Yanukovych refused to sign an association agreement with the European Union on 21 November 2013. A widespread movement known as 'Euromaidan' demanded closer ties with the European Union, and the ousting of President Yanukovych.[15] This movement was ultimately successful, culminating in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, which removed Yanukovych and his government.[16] Some people in largely Russophone Eastern and Southern Ukraine, the traditional bases of support for Yanukovych and his Party of the Regions, did not approve of the revolution, and began to protest in favour of closer ties with Russia.

Starting on 23 February 2014, various demonstrations were held in Crimea in favour of leaving Ukraine and accession to the Russian Federation, leading to the 2014 Crimean crisis.

On 1 March, regional state administration buildings (RSAs) in various eastern Ukrainian oblasts were briefly occupied by pro-Russian activists. By 11 March, all occupations had ended, after units of the local police and the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) re-took the buildings.[17] In Donetsk, protests have descended into violence on multiple occasions, including on 13 March where one pro-Kiev protester was stabbed to death.[18][19] In Kharkiv, Patriots of Ukraine members shot dead a pro-Russian protester and a passerby on the night of 15 March when pro-Russian protesters attacked the Right Sector headquarters.[8]

According to officials and pro-government eyewitness accounts not all attendees of the protests are Ukrainian nationals; a significant number of them are Russian citizens.[20][21] Pro-Russian activists, meanwhile, say that pro-Ukrainian counter-protesters consist of paid attendees and students who are under threat of expulsion from their universities (if they fail to attend the pro-Ukrainian rallies).[22] Donetsk oblast governor Serhiy Taruta alleges that rallies in Donetsk contain ex-convicts and others who traveled from Crimea.[23] Ukraine's security forces and border guards since 4 March have denied more than 8,200 Russians into the country as of 25 March. On 27 March, National Security and Defense Council Secretary Andriy Parubiy said that between 500 and 700 Russians were being denied entry daily.[24]

On April 17, during the 12th Direct Line with Vladimir Putin, the use of Russian armed forces along with Crimean self-defence troops was avowed by the Russian president,[25][26] but Vladimir Putin denied the claims by Ukraine, the European Union, and the United States that Russian special forces were fomenting unrest in eastern Ukraine.[27]

Public opinion

A poll conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology from 8–18 February 2014 assessed support for union with Russia throughout Ukraine. It found that, overall, 12% of those polled favoured union with Russia.[28] However, support for such a union was found to be much higher in certain areas:

In an opinion poll conducted from 14–26 March by the International Republican Institute, 26–27% of those polled in southern and eastern Ukraine viewed the Euromaidan protests as a coup d'etat.[29] Only 5% of respondents in eastern Ukraine felt that Russian-speakers were 'definitely' under pressure or threat. 43% of ethnic Russians ('definitely' or 'rather') supported the decision of the Russian Federation to send its military to protect Russian-speaking citizens of Ukraine.

In the poll, 22% of southern Ukraine residents, and 26% of eastern Ukraine residents supported the idea of federalization of the country; 69% of southerners and 53% of easterners supported Ukraine remaining as a unitary state; and only 2% of Southern and 4% of Eastern supported separatism.[29] 59% of those polled in eastern Ukraine would like to join a Russian-led customs union, while 90% of those polled in the western Ukraine wanted to enter an economic union with Europe. 72% of people polled in eastern Ukraine thought that the country was going in the wrong direction, compared with only 36% in the western Ukraine.[29]

A poll conducted by the Institute of Social Research and Policy Analysis analyzed the identities of Donetsk inhabitants.[30] While support for separatism is low, just over a third of polled Donetsk inhabitants identified themselves as "citizens of Ukraine". More preferred "Russian-speaking residents of Ukraine" or "residents of Donbass".[30] The same poll determined that 66% of Donetsk residents that were polled support remaining in a unified Ukraine, while 18.2% support joining Russia and 4.7% support independence.[31] A second poll conducted 26–29 March showed that 77% of residents condemned the takeover of administrative buildings, while 16% support such actions. Furthermore, 40.8% of Donetsk citizens support rallies for Ukraine's unity, while 26.5% support rallies which are pro-Russia.[32]

See also: Titushky

During the Euromaidan revolution reports were widespread that pro-Yanukovych and pro-Russian 'anti-maidan' protesters were paid for their support.[33][34][35][36] Oleksiy Haran, a political scientist at Kyiv Mohyla Academy in Kiev has stated that: "People at Antimaidan stand for money only. The government uses these hirelings to provoke resistance. They won't be sacrificing anything".[37] Russian leader of the extremist Eurasian Youth Union Oleg Bakhtiyarov was arrested for, in part, recruiting rioters for $500 each to assist in the storming of government buildings.[24] On 13 April, the Interior Ministry reported that recruiters were found to be paying $500 USD to take part in the attacks, and roughly $40 USD to occupy buildings.[38]

The fact of paid protesters was confirmed by the Party of Regions member Volodymyr Landik,[39] the First Deputy Prime Minister Vitaliy Yarema,[40] journalist Serhiy Leshchenko.[41]

Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

Unrest by region

Crimea

Main article: 2014 Crimean crisis

Beginning on 26 February, pro-Russian forces, many of which were widely believed to be Russian military without insignias,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] began to gradually take control of the Crimean peninsula. During this time, the question of joining the Russian Federation was put to a referendum, which had an official turnout of 83 per cent and resulted in a 96% affirmative vote[51] but has been condemned by the EU, the USA, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar officials as contrary to Ukraine's constitution and to international law.[52][53][51][54] On 17 March, the Crimean Parliament declared independence from Ukraine and asked to join the Russian Federation.[55] On 18 March, Russia and Crimea signed a treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol into the Russian Federation.[56][57] On 21 March, the accession treaty was ratified and the establishment of two new constituent entities in the Russian Federation was marked by a 30 gun salute under an executive order of the Russian President.[58] The U.N. General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution that declared that the referendum was invalid, and the incorporation of Crimea into Russia as illegal.[59][60]

Donetsk Oblast

Main article: Donetsk People's Republic
Pro-Russian protesters occupying the Donetsk RSA building on 7 April 2014.

Pro-Russian protesters occupied the Donetsk regional state administration (RSA) building from 1 to 6 March, before being removed by the Security Service of Ukraine.[17][61]

On 16 March near 3000 gathered to support Crimean referendum and to demand the same.[62]

According to Ukrainian authorities the seizure of RSA's are part of "a script which has been written in the Russian Federation" to destabilize Ukraine and bring in Russian troops executed by "about 1,500 radicals in each region who spoke with clear Russian accents".[63]

On Sunday, 6 April, 1,000–2,000[64] pro-Russia protesters attended a rally in Donetsk pushing for a Crimea-style referendum on independence from Ukraine.[65] After which, 200 separatists (according to Igor Dyomin, a spokesman for Donetsk local police, about 1,000[64]) pro-Russian protesters stormed and took control of the first two floors of the building, breaking down doors and smashing windows. The administration headquarters were empty, with only guards inside, as government officials would not work there on Sundays.[65] The separatists demanded that if an extraordinary session was not held by officials, announcing a referendum to join Russia, they would declare unilateral control by forming a "People's Mandate" at noon on 7 April, and dismiss all elected council members and MPs.[66][67][68] The people who voted within the RSA were not elected to the positions they assumed.[69] According to the Russian ITAR-TASS the declaration was voted by some regional legislators, however there are claims that neither the Donetsk city council nor district councils of the city delegated any representatives to the session.[70][71]

On 6 April, the leaders of the separatist group Donetsk Republic announced that a referendum, on whether Donetsk Oblast should "join the Russian Federation", would take place "no later than 11 May 2014."[72][73] Additionally, the group's leaders have appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to send Russian peacekeeping forces to the region.[72][73][74] The group has been banned in Ukraine since 2007. The group's leader, Andrei Purgin, was arrested weeks prior on charges of separatism.[75] The political leader of the state is the self-declared People's Governor Pavel Gubarev,[76] a former member of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine.[77] who is also currently arrested on charges of separatism.[78][79]

In response to the actions, acting Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov vowed to launch a major counter-terrorism operation against separatist movements in the country's eastern regions.[80] Later that day, the SBU office in Donetsk was retaken by SBU Alpha Group.[81][82] Turchynov has offered amnesty to the separatists if they lay down their arms and surrender, and has also offered concessions that include potential devolution of power to regions, and the protection of the Russian language in law.[83][84] Many in Donetsk have expressed disapproval toward the actions of the separatists.[85]

Government building seizures

See also: 2014 Sloviansk standoff
Sloviansk city council under control of masked men armed with Kalashnikov assault rifles and rocket launchers

On 12 April, masked men in army fatigues and bulletproof vests, armed with Kalashnikov assault rifles captured the executive committee building, the police department and SBU office in Sloviansk, a city in the northern part of the Donetsk Oblast.[86] Ukrainian Interior Minister Arsen Avakov has labeled the gunmen as "terrorists", and swore to use the Ukrainian special forces to retake the building.[87][88]

Seizures of police stations and other government buildings by armed separatist groups also occurred in other cities in Donetsk Oblast, including Donetsk city proper, Kramatorsk, Druzhkovka, Horlivka, Mariupol and Yenakiyeve.[89][90][91] Ukrainian transitional president Oleksandr Turchynov launched a full-scale 'anti-terror' military operation to reclaim the buildings.[90]

Vitaliy Yarema, the Ukrainan vice prime minister for law enforcement, alleged that Russian Special Forces units, including the 45th Parachute Guards Regiment usually stationed near Moscow, are operating on Ukrainian territory in the cities of Kramatorsk and Sloviansk. On April 16, the alleged number of Russian special forces troops was 450.[92][93]

By 16 April, the 'anti-terror' operation being conducted by the Ukrainian government in Donetsk Oblast had hit some stumbling blocks.[94] Protesters seized Ukrainian armoured vehicles in Kramatorsk, and sent soldiers away in Sloviansk.[94]

During the night of 16 April, about 300 pro-Russian separatists attacked a Ukrainian military unit in Mariupol, throwing molotov cocktails.[95] Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said that troops were forced to open fire, resulting in the killing of three of the attackers.[95]

Attacks on journalists

There have been a number of attacks on members of the press by members of the pro-Russian separatist movement in Donetsk. On 10 April, protesters outside the Donetsk RSA attacked Belarusian journalists for speaking the Belarusian language, and not Russian; Ukrainian journalists were forced to speak Russian to avoid angering pro-Russian protesters. They also attacked reporters from RT, but RT did not carry the story.[96] Days later on 12 April, a group of 150 people supported the armed militants outside the police station in Sloviansk were hostile to journalists, telling them to "go back to Kiev."[86] After receiving a series of anonymous threats from separatists, an unknown man set the car of the editor-in-chief of the Donbass News on fire.[97] On 19 April, the offices of a local pro-Ukrainian newspaper "Pro Gorod" in Torez, 80 km south-east of Donetsk, were set on fire.[98]

Luhansk Oblast

As a protest against cancelling the Legislation on languages in Ukraine, the Oblast council of Luhansk Oblast voted to demand giving Russian language the status of second official language, stopping persecution of Berkut fighters and disarming Maidan self-defense units. They also demanded banning a number of far-right political organizations like Svoboda and UNA-UNSO. In the event that the authorities failed to comply with the demands, the Oblast council reserved itself the "right to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation".[99]

The regional state administration building of Luhansk has been occupied multiple times. It was reoccupied on 6 April, along with the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) local headquarters, including the SBU's armoury of over 300 machine guns.[100] Pro-Russian activists declared that they would found a Lugansk Parliamentary Republic on 8 April 2014.[101] 1,500 were involved in the building's occupation.[102]

The mood remained tense in Luhansk on 14 April.[89] During the morning, up to 300 persons were observed at the entrance of the SBU building.[89]

Kharkiv Oblast

Pro-Russian protesters in Kharkiv, 8 April 2014

Protests have been ongoing in Kharkiv, and the regional state administration building there has been occupied multiple times.

Pro-Russian protesters occupying the Kharkiv regional state administration building unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the 'Kharkov People's Republic' on 7 April 2014.[103][104] By the next day, seventy protesters were arrested and the RSA building was retaken by Ukrainian special forces.[105]

1,000 pro-Russian separatists returned to the RSA building on 13 April, and rallied around it, with some making it inside.[106] These protesters then holed up inside the building with pro-separatist mayor Hennadiy Kernes. Later in the day, Kernes declared his support for a referendum and amnesty for the arrested Kharkiv separatists.[107] At least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters, who had been holding concurrent demonstrations, were severely beaten in attacks by pro-Russian protesters.[106][108] Gunshots and grenade explosions were heard. Videos showed three people covered with blood being held on the metro station stairs, and female pro-Russian activists coming up to them, kicking them and shouting “they are not humans!”[106]

According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe monitoring mission, no protesters have been seen in front of the RSA building since 13 April.[89]

Odessa Oblast

Pro-Russian demonstration in Odessa, 13 April 2014

Beginning on 1 March, demonstrations have been ongoing in Odessa Oblast. Police reported that 5,000 participated in a pro-Russian demonstration in the city of Odessa on that day.[109][110]

Rolling demonstrations continued, and on 3 March 2014, 200–500 demonstrators with Russian flags attempted to seize the Odessa Regional State Administration building.[111][112][113] They demanded that a referendum on the establishment of an "Odessa Autonomous Republic" be held.[112]

An 'Odessa People's Republic' was allegedly proclaimed by a pro-Russian internet group in Odessa Oblast on 16 April.[114] Members of the Odessa antimaidan protest group later swore that they made no such declaration, and the leaders of the group said they had only heard about it through the media.[115] The OSCE monitoring mission in Ukraine later confirmed that the situation in Odessa remained calm.[89]

Largest protests by date and attendance

The charts below show the locations, dates, and attendance rate of pro-Russian protests in Ukraine, and also of pro-Ukrainian counter-protests.

Pro-Russian protests

Protests by region City Peak attendees Date References
Sevastopol 2,000+ 23 Feb [116]
Kerch 200 24 Feb [117]
Simferopol 2,000+ 26 Feb [118]
Odessa 5,000 1 Mar [119]
Mariupol 2,000-5,000 1 Mar [120][121]
Dnipropetrovsk 1,000–3,000 1 Mar [122]
Mykolayiv 5,000–6,000 2 Mar [123][dead link‍]
Kherson 400 2 Mar [124]
Luhansk 10,000 9 Mar [125][neutrality is disputed]
Donetsk 2,000–15,000 6 Apr [126][127]
Kharkiv 2,000 6 Apr [128]
Zaporizhia 5,000 6 Apr [129]
Luhansk 1,000 6 Apr [130]

Pro-Ukraine counter protests

Protests by region City Peak attendees Date References
Kharkiv 30,000 22 Feb [131]
Simferopol 10,000 26 Feb [132]
Dnipropetrovsk 10,000 2 Mar [133]
Sumy 10,000+ 2 Mar [134][135][136]
Mykolayiv 5,000–10,000 2 Mar [137]
Kiev 8,000 2 Mar [137]
Zaporizhia 5,000+ 2 Mar [138][139]
Chernihiv 2,000+ 2 Mar [136]
Zhytomyr 2,000 2 Mar [136]
Cherkassy 1,000+ 2 Mar [140]
Poltava 1,000+ 2 Mar [135]
Kirovohrad 100 9 Mar [141]
Kherson 3,000 22 Mar [142][143]
Odessa 10,000–15,000 30 Mar [144]
Kramatorsk 200 30 Mar [145]
Luhansk 1,000 13 Apr [146]
Donetsk 5,000-7,000 17 Apr [147][148]
Kramatorsk 1,000 17 Apr [149]
Kryvyi Rih 10,000+ 19 Apr [150]

Reactions

Crimea

Main article: International reactions to the 2014 Crimean crisis

Eastern and Southern Ukraine

Various international entities have warned all sides to reduce tensions in Eastern and Southern Ukraine.

  •  United Nations — UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemned the violence that occurred in Eastern Ukraine over the weekend of 14–16 March and urged all parties "to refrain from violence and to commit themselves to de-escalation and inclusive national dialogue in the pursuit of a political and diplomatic solution."[151]
  •  Russian Federation — Russia's Foreign Ministry stated in a 8 April 2014 statement on its official website ""We are calling for the immediate cessation of any military preparations, which could lead to civil war".[152] The ministry alleged that what it called "American experts from the private military organization Greystone" disguised as soldiers, as well as militants from the Ukrainian far-right group Right Sector, had joined Ukrainian forces preparing for the crackdown in eastern Ukraine.[152] In an 7 April opinion piece in The Guardian Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov wrote it was the EU and US, and not Russia, that was guilty of destabilising Ukraine ("the EU and US have been trying to compel Ukraine to make a painful choice between east and west, further aggravating internal differences") and that "Russia is doing all it can to promote early stabilisation in Ukraine".[153][154][155]
  •  United States — US Secretary of State John Kerry claimed (on 7 April 2014) the conflict in Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, and Mariupol a carefully orchestrated campaign with Russian support.[69][156] Assistant U.S. Secretary of State Victoria Nuland said that the United States has no doubt that Russians were behind the takeovers of government buildings in eastern Ukraine.[157] US-Ukraine ambassador Geoffrey R. Pyatt characterized the pro-Russian militants as terrorists.[158]

Attempts at resolution

On 10 April 2014, Russia, Ukraine, the United States and the European Union agreed to a 17 April 2014 quadrilateral meeting in Geneva to try to negotiate an end to the crisis in Ukraine.[159] The outcome of this meeting was that all sides agreed to steps to "de-escalate" the crisis.[160] All four parties agreed that all "illegal military formations in Ukraine" must be dissolved, and that everyone occupying buildings must be disarmed and leave but that there would be an amnesty for all anti-government protesters under the agreement.[160] These steps will be overseen by monitors from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).[160] The sides also agreed that the Constitution of Ukraine is also to be revised in a process that is "inclusive, transparent and accountable".[161] The agreement put on hold additional economic sanctions against Russia by the United States and the European Union.[161]

Notable arrests

Pro-Russian activists arrested

The Donetsk People's Republic officials claim that the Ukrainian authorities hold their peaceful activists hostage.[162]

On 3 April, one man was arrested and eight more were put under house arrest on suspicion of involvement in the riots in Donetsk on 13 March, which led to the murder of Dmitry Cherniavsky.[169]

On 5 April, the SBU arrested a group of 15 people in Luhansk, along with 300 machine guns, one anti-tank grenade launcher, five pistols, Molotov cocktails and a large amount of smooth-bore guns and other weapons. "The group planned to carry out an armed seizure of power in Luhansk region on April 10 through intimidation of civilians using weapons and explosives," the SBU press center told Interfax-Ukraine.[170]

In Kharkiv Antimaidan activist Igor Kromskoho (nicknamed "Topaz") was placed under house arrest on 29 March for his alleged involvement in the 1 March raid on the Kharkiv Regional State Administration building.[171] On 7 April, Topaz fled house arrest, cutting off his monitoring bracelet.[172] Topaz has since given interviews with the Russian channel LifeNews, and spoken about the current 'guerrilla struggle' and need to use firearms to capture buildings.[173]

On 12 April another saboteur was arrested by the SBU in Kharkiv, known as "K", who was tasked with organizing riots and capturing administrative buildings.[174] Later, 70 were arrested between the border of Poltava and Kharkiv. The men were travelling on a bus and found in possession of explosives, molotov cocktails, bats, shields, helmets, knives, and other weapons.[175]

Russian citizens

Former Putin adviser Andrey Illarionov says at least 2000 Russian intelligence officials are operating in eastern Ukraine.[176] As of 19 April, the SBU has arrested 117 Russian extremists, all citizens of Russia.[177]

  • V. Makarov, an alleged spy from GRU was arrested in Chernihiv on 20 March 2014.[178]
  • Anton Rayevsky, a member of the Russian neo-Nazi group Black Hundreds, was arrested in Odessa and then deported for inciting ethnic hatred and violence.[179]
  • Roman Bannykh, a military intelligence agent of the Russian GRU, was detained on 5 April 2014.[180]
  • Negrienko was arrested earlier in March 2014 for attempting to recruit Ukrainian police officers.[180]
  • Oleg Bakhtiyarov, a psychologist and a leader of the extremist Eurasian Youth Union, for allegedly planning to storm the Ukraine's parliament and Cabinet of Ministers buildings in Kiev by force. Bakhtiyarov, working under the guise of a civil society activist in Kiev, had recruited some 200 people for payment of $500 each to assist in storming the buildings and had stockpiled Molotov cocktails and various tools to carry out the provocation.[24] The mastermind also arranged, with some Russian TV channels, to film the incident, which would then be blamed on Ukrainian radicals.[181] Russian writer and the founder of the banned National Bolshevik Party, Eduard Limonov described Bakhtiyarov as: "a good guy, a psychiatrist, a commando, a vet of the War of Transnistria and a participant of in the city hall seizure".[181]
  • Dmitry Kolesnikov, a member of The Other Russia was arrested.[182]
  • Two Russian citizens (born in 1986 and 1987) were arrested in Lviv oblast on 2 April 2014, suspected of plotting to take several Ukrainians hostage, including a presidential candidate. In one of the suspect's cars was found a 200-gram TNT block, detonator, and 16 9×18mm Makarov rounds. Also found was a notebook with details of cars used by the presidential candidate and a timetable of his movements, a tablet with images of the targeted politician, as well as members of Lviv Regional Council, one former MP, photos of houses belonging to them, and plans for gaining access to them.[183]
  • Mariya Koleda, born 1991, arrested on 9 April 2014. Koleda is a Russian citizen who performed intelligence agencies' tasks to destabilize the situation in the southern regions of Ukraine. On 7 April, she took part in fights at the Mykolaiv Oblast Regional State Administration building using a firearm. She confessed to shooting and wounding three people. "She also reported on the preparation of two subversive groups (7 persons from Kherson and 6 people from Nova Kakhovka) to participate in riots in Donetsk," reports the SSU. Koleda is an active member of the pro-Putin "Russia molodaya" (aka "Rosmol"), appears to have worked at some point for Russia's Emergency Services Ministry, also appears to be closely connected to ultranationalist groups. Photos uploaded in 2012 show her training in hand-to-hand combat with Dmitry Dyomushkin, the leader of a neo-Nazi organization Slavic Union.[184][185][186]
  • On 13 April, Ukraine arrested a Russian GRU operative.[187]

Latvian citizen arrested

Alexander Dugin

On 29 March, Russian political scientist Aleksandr Dugin, one of the founders of the National Bolshevik Party and known for his ties to Vladimir Putin, appeared in a leaked Skype video conference with Kateryna Gubareva, the wife of Donetsk-based separatist Pavel Gubarev. In the call, he reassured her of Moscow's support and further actions that should be taken by the movement. He also stated all presidential nominees should be considered 'traitors' with only Yanukovych considered legitimate. He also said that separatists should "act in a radical way" and Moscow will later support civil war in Ukraine, saying "The Kremlin is determined to fight for the independence of South-east Ukraine."[190][191] Following the video's release, a member of Dugin's Eurasian Youth Union (Oleg Bakhtiyarov) was arrested on 31 March for planning terrorist acts in Ukraine.[24]

Bounty

Ukrainian-Israeli billionaire and governor of Dnipropetrovsk Igor Kolomoisky issued a $10,000 bounty for the apprehension of Russian agents. He also offered rewards for handing in weapons belonging to insurgents: $1,000 for each machine gun turned in to the authorities, $1,500 for every heavy machine gun and $2,000 for a grenade launcher.[192] On 19 April he issued his first $10,000 payout for the capture of a Russian saboteur.[193]

  • Pro-Russian demonstration in Donetsk, 1 March 2014.
    Pro-Russian demonstration in Donetsk, 1 March 2014.
  • Protesters in Donetsk, 1 March 2014.
    Protesters in Donetsk, 1 March 2014.
  • Protesters in Donetsk, 1 March 2014.
  • Protesters in Luhansk, 1 March 2014.
    Protesters in Luhansk, 1 March 2014.
  • Protesters in Odessa, 10 April 2014.
    Protesters in Odessa, 10 April 2014.
  • Protesters burn literature from far right groups in Kharkiv, 1 March 2014.
    Protesters burn literature from far right groups in Kharkiv, 1 March 2014.
  • Pro-Russian protesters in Donetsk, 8 March 2014
    Pro-Russian protesters in Donetsk, 8 March 2014
  • Pro-Russian protesters in Donetsk, 5 April 2014
    Pro-Russian protesters in Donetsk, 5 April 2014

See also

References

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  120. ^ Мариупольцы поддерживают Севастополь Template:Ref-ru
  121. ^ Сегодня в Мариуполе состоялся многотысячный митинг
  122. ^ В Днепропетровске состоялись два митинга: за и против новой власти Template:Ref-ru
  123. ^ В Николаеве на месте памятника Ленину установили российский флаг и флаг города Template:Ref-ru
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  129. ^ На Марш вежливых запорожцев вышли свыше 5 тысяч горожан!
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  135. ^ a b В Кривом Роге, Сумах и Полтаве также проходят многотысячные митинги против российской агрессии – Новости / ФРАЗА
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  139. ^ В Запорожье прошел митинг против вмешательства России. ФОТОрепортаж – Запорожье, Крым, ОГА, Россия, Украина, Агрессия России против Украины (02.03.14 18:29) « Политика Украины...
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  143. ^ У Херсоні сепаратистів зібралося вдесятеро менше, ніж противників референдуму | Українська правда
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  145. ^ Митинги в Краматорске: "унитарии" создали живой коридор, а "федералисты" сожгли флаг Евросоюза (фото, видео) | Восточный проект – новости Краматорска
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  163. ^ Pro-Moscow protest leader arrested in Ukraine's Donetsk | Reuters
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  169. ^ Арестован подозреваемый в убийстве на митинге в Донецке 13 марта – Донецк.comments.ua
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  171. ^ Template:Uk icon "Topaz" was put under house arrest, Ukrayinska Pravda (29 March 2014)
  172. ^ Топаз сбежал из-под домашнего ареста : Новости УНИАН
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  178. ^ SBU detained a Russian spy Ukrayinska Pravda. 20 March 2014
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