Antisemitism in the British Labour Party

Allegations of antisemitism in the UK Labour Party have been made since Jeremy Corbyn was first elected as Labour Party leader in September 2015, and after controversial comments by Naz Shah and Ken Livingstone under Corbyn's leadership of the party. Following their comments, both Livingstone and Shah were suspended pending investigation.

The controversy prompted Corbyn to establish the Chakrabarti Inquiry to investigate the allegations of antisemitism in the Labour Party. A number of party activists have either been expelled or suspended after allegations of antisemitism. While Labour Party investigations concluded that some had brought the party into disrepute, others were subsequently reinstated after disciplinary measures. One senior figure resigned from the party in 2018 after being suspended for two years. Corbyn himself was the subject of controversy in 2018 over his comments in 2012 concerning the removal of an allegedly antisemitic mural were brought to public notice and for being a member of three Facebook groups in which antisemitic content was posted.

However, claims of antisemitism being uniquely problematic in the Labour Party have been challenged. For example, in 2016, the all-party Home Affairs Select Committee held an inquiry into antisemitism in the United Kingdom. The committee found "no reliable, empirical evidence to support the notion that there is a higher prevalence of antisemitic attitudes within the Labour Party than any other political party.

In 2015, 2016 and 2017, the Campaign Against Antisemitism commissioned YouGov to carry out a survey into British attitudes towards Jews which found that Labour Party supporters were less likely to hold antisemitic views than supporters of the Conservative Party or the UK Independence Party (UKIP), and Liberal Democrats supporters were the least likely to hold antisemitic views. 32% of Labour supporters endorsed at least one antisemitic attitude, compared to 30% of Liberal Democrat supporters, 39% of UKIP supporters, and 40% of Conservative supporters. In 2017, a poll by The Jewish Chronicle of the Jewish population when asked to rank the degree of "antisemitism among the political party's members and elected representatives" between 1 (low) to 5 (high), Jews ranked Labour at 3.94, compared with 3.64 for UKIP, 2.7 for Liberal Democrats, and 1.96 for Conservatives. A Survation poll before the 2017 general election found 13% of Jews were planning to vote Labour in 2017, however, two years earlier, in the 2015 general election, 14% said they were supporting Labour when Ed Miliband was leader.

In 2018, Labour's National Executive Committee adopted a new code of conduct that defines antisemitism for the purposes of disciplinary cases brought before the National Constitutional Committee. It included the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) working definition, although it removed or amended four out of eleven examples of what allegedly constitutes antisemitism, added an additional three examples and amended points showing how criticising Israel can be antisemitic.

History

Keir Hardie, the founder of the Labour Party, expressed antisemitic views; in 1891, Hardie's Labour Leader asserted that "hook-nosed Rothschilds" plotted imperialist wars. Despite Hardie's views, British Jews have traditionally supported the labour movement and party, the Jewish Labour Movement, the UK arm of Poale Zion, supported the Labour Party, affiliating to the party in 1920. The Labour Party had a historical affinity for Israel both because the labour movement was part of a broad, political left that historically supported national movements, and because it felt an affinity for Labor Zionism, which was the dominant movement within pre-state political Zionism, and the political identity of the founding government of Israel in 1948 and Israeli government until the election of Menachem Begin in 1977.

Despite leaning towards Labour in the immediate postwar decades, along with most other immigrant communities, much of the Jewish population supported Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, especially in her own seat of Finchley. Many Jewish voters returned to Labour in the late 1990s, with polling generally showing Jews as evenly split between Labour and Conservatives, which remained the case in 2010.

1980s; proposed origin of new antisemitic attitudes

Main article: New antisemitism

Although antisemitic attitudes were rare in the Party in the 1980s, in his 2016 book, The Left's Jewish Problem, Dave Rich attributes what he believes to be the origin of new antisemitism in the Labour Party to attitudes that began to develop among young British political activists in the early 1970s. At that time, a coalition that included Peter Hain (later a Labour MP) and Louis Eaks of the Young Liberals "pioneered" the reframing of Zionism as an imperialist project imposing apartheid on an indigenous people.

James R. Vaughn traces the origin of new antisemitism within the Labour Party to the creation of the Labour Middle East Council in 1969 by Christopher Mayhew, laying a foundation of radical anti-Zionism that enabled the later growth of new antisemitism within the party. According to Vaughn, Mayhew's rhetoric from the 1960s onwards, "blurred the boundaries between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism". According to Rich, Mayhew founded the Council in order to change the "pro-Israel" position of the Labour Party.

Dave Rich credits the British Anti-Zionist Organization (BAZO), established in 1975 to focus on university students, with "show(ing) how a highly ideological anti-Zionism can ... incubate anti-Semitic campaigns". BAZO distributed antisemitic leaflets and argued that Zionists encourage antisemitism to benefit Israel, and that Zionists collaborated with the Nazi regime during the Second World War. According to the Labour MP Richard Burden, who was a member of the BAZO Executive in the 1970s, BAZO was funded by the government of Iraq. BAZO was banned by the National Union of Students by the early 1980s for distributing antisemitic material. Burden and George Galloway, then a Labour Party member, both first visited the Middle East on a 1977 tour sponsored by BAZO.

The Labour Committee on Palestine was formed in June 1982 to challenge the Labour Middle East Council, which supported a two-state solution, and to oppose the "Zionist state as racist, exclusivist, expansionist and a direct agency of imperialism." Labour politicians Ken Livingstone of the Greater London Council and Ted Knight of the Lambeth London Borough Council were early supporters; the chair was former BAZO activist Tony Greenstein. The new Committee backed a resolution at the party 1982 Party national conference to recognise the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people", which passed at conference, "embarrassing" the Party leadership. Knight and Livingstone established the Labour Herald newspaper with funding by the PLO and, in 1982, the Herald was accused by the Jewish Socialist Group of publishing a "blatantly anti-Semitic" book review. No apology was made.

According to June Edmunds, University Lecturer in Sociology of the University of Sussex, the party's leadership shifted to an anti-Israel attitude in the early 1980s, though the membership did not. Noting that "fringe" Palestinian groups began operating at Labour Party Conferences in the 1970s, Edmunds credits the shift to fading memories of the plight of Jews in the 1940s, together with agitation for party change by Arab and socialist groups. Paul Kelemen, in his 2012 book, The British Left and Zionism: History of a Divorce, explores the question of whether it was antisemitism, perhaps in a new form, that caused the Labour Party to move away from its historic support for Israel in the 1980s, and concludes that Labour's shift to support for the Palestinian cause was purely political.

Incidents in the 21st century

According to Baroness Deech "Too many Labour politicians cravenly adopted the anti-Semitic tropes and anti-Israel demonization they think will get them British Muslim votes, rather than standing up to the prejudice that exists in the community". Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld said that while not all of the most extreme antisemitic slurs were made by Muslim representatives of Labour, they represent a disproportionately large proportion of antisemitic perpetrators. According to Gerstenfeld, Labour's issue with antisemitism "demonstrate what happens when a party bends over backward to attract Muslim voters".

In the 21st century there have been several incidents which were subject to charges that they involved antisemitism. In 2003, Labour MP Tam Dalyell claimed that "there is far too much Jewish influence in the United States" and that "a cabal of Jewish advisers" was directing American and British policy on Iraq. In 2010, Labour MP Martin Linton said, "There are long tentacles of Israel in this country who are funding election campaigns and putting money into the British political system for their own ends." Community Security Trust spokesman Mark Gardner responded: "Anybody who understands antisemitism will recognise just how ugly and objectionable these quotes are, with their imagery of Jewish control and money power." Jewish Labour MP Gerald Kaufman said in 2015 that "Jewish money, Jewish donations to the Conservative Party ... [and] support from the Jewish Chronicle" had made the Conservatives more sympathetic to Israel; Corbyn condemned Kaufman's remarks at the time as "completely unacceptable".

Holocaust Memorial Day event

In 2010, during the Holocaust Memorial Week in the UK, Corbyn co-chaired a meeting in the House of Commons with the main talk by anti-Zionist Auschwitz survivor Hajo Meyer entitled "The Misuse of the Holocaust for Political Purposes". Jonathan Hoffman, a vice-chair of the Zionist Federation claimed that Meyer was "a raging anti-Semite. The fact that he was in Auschwitz for ten months is entirely irrelevant".

In August 2018, Henry Zeffman of The Times published an article about this meeting. Louise Ellman MP, of Labour Friends of Israel, had attended the meeting at the time but she now told the BBC that she was "absolutely appalled" at Corbyn for chairing Meyer's talk, which she argued was antisemitic. When he was asked about his involvement with the meeting, Corbyn apologised for any "concerns and anxiety caused" by his associations with regard to his support for the Palestinian people, saying that "Views were expressed at the meeting which I do not accept or condone. In the past, in pursuit of justice for the Palestinian people and peace in Israel/Palestine, I have on occasion appeared on platforms with people whose views I completely reject."

2015

On 14 August 2015, as Jeremy Corbyn emerged as a front-runner for the position of Party Leader in the Labour Party leadership election, The Jewish Chronicle devoted its "front page to seven questions regarding Corbyn's record on antisemitism" headlined: "The key questions Jeremy Corbyn must answer". The questions raised were about Corbyn's endorsements of individuals known for promoting antisemitic ideas; his relationship with Islamist organisations Hezbollah and Hamas, organisations that Corbyn called "friends" (although he has stated he disagrees with their views); and about his failure to object to many antisemitic banners and posters that "dominate" the London Quds Day rallies supported by the organisation, Stop the War Coalition of which Corbyn was national chair from 2011 to 2015.

MP Diane Abbott has defended Corbyn by calling his critics part of a "Westminster elite" afraid of Corbyn's anti-austerity agenda. MP Alan Johnson, a supporter of Palestinian statehood, published a letter criticising Corbyn's support for Hamas and Hezbollah, Stephen Sizer and Raed Salah, all alleged with antisemitic statements and policies. 47 prominent Jewish activists, including Laurence Dreyfus, Selma James, Miriam Margolyes, Ilan Pappé, Michael Rosen and Avi Shlaim were signatories to a letter criticising The Jewish Chronicle's reporting of Corbyn's association with alleged antisemites.

2016 inquiries

In April 2016, it was revealed that Labour MP for Bradford West Naz Shah, during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, had shared a graphic showing an image of Israel's geographic outline superimposed on a map of the U.S. under the headline "Solution for Israel-Palestine conflict – relocate Israel into United States", with the comment "problem solved". Ken Livingstone then appeared on BBC Radio London to defend Shah and said he had never heard anyone in the Labour Party say anything antisemitic. He then added: "When Hitler won his election in 1932 his policy then was that Jews should be moved to Israel. He was supporting Zionism before he went mad and ended up killing six million Jews."

On 29 April 2016, Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn launched an internal inquiry following the publication of comments made by Shah and Livingstone which were considered antisemitic, both of whom were suspended pending investigation. The report was described as a "whitewash for peerage scandal" by Board of Deputies of British Jews. Shami Chakrabarti led the inquiry and joined the Labour Party on the same day she was appointed to chair the investigation. The inquiry had two deputy chairs: Jan Royall, who was at the time holding an investigation into antisemitism at Oxford University Labour Club, and Director of the Pears Institute for the Study of Antisemitism David Feldman, whom Chakrabarti defended as a signatory to Independent Jewish Voices, which had claimed that some of the allegations of antisemitism within Labour were "baseless and disingenuous".

Livingstone was suspended for a year after a hearing over three days by the National Constitutional Committee, for breaching rule 2.1.8. Shah was reinstated after accepting a number of conditions (such as apologising for bringing the party into disrepute and to carry out engagement with the Jewish community).

British author Howard Jacobson called the internal inquiry "a brief and shoddy shuffling of superficies" that "spoke to very few of the people charging the party with anti-Semitism and understood even fewer of their arguments." Jacobson also suggested that Corbyn nominating Chakrabarti for a peerage was shown contempt for those who had raised issues over antisemitism in the party.

Following allegations of antisemitism from the Oxford University Labour Club, an inquiry was launched by Labour Students, chaired by Jan Royall. The party's National Executive Committee accepted the report in May 2016. Some of the report was published, but the full report was deemed confidential until Royall leaked it. The report found that whilst there was a "cultural problem" in which "behaviour and language that would once have been intolerable is now tolerated" leading to some antisemitic behaviour towards Jewish students there was also "no evidence the club is itself institutionally anti-Semitic".

In 2016, the Home Affairs Select Committee held an inquiry into antisemitism in the United Kingdom. The committee found "no reliable, empirical evidence to support the notion that there is a higher prevalence of antisemitic attitudes within the Labour Party than any other political party". However, it was critical of Corbyn's response to antisemitic incidents against Labour MPs. The committee described the Chakrabarti inquiry as "ultimately compromised". The report also found that "the failure of the Labour Party to deal consistently and effectively with anti-Semitic incidents in recent years risks lending force to allegations that elements of the Labour movement are institutionally anti-Semitic".

In May 2016, American political scientist Norman Finkelstein (whose graphic was shared by MP Naz Shah) described the controversy as "obscene". Referring to those on the right of the Labour Party allegedly using the scandal as a means of undermining Corbyn, Finkelstein asked "What are they doing? Don't they have any respect for the dead? ... All these desiccated Labour apparatchiks, dragging the Nazi holocaust through the mud for the sake of their petty jostling for power and position. Have they no shame?"

In May 2016, the vice-chair of Momentum, Jackie Walker, was briefly suspended from Labour Party membership in spring 2016 for making comments on Facebook concerning the alleged role of Jewish people in the Atlantic slave trade. Jon Lansman, the chair of Momentum, defended her against these claims at the time, describing the media campaign against Walker as "a 'lynch mob' whose interest in combating racism is highly selective".

At the September 2016 Labour Party conference, Walker's comments about Holocaust Memorial Day led to renewed calls for her to be expelled from the Labour Party. Manuel Cortes, the general secretary of the TSSA union, said their Momentum funding would be reconsidered if Walker failed to be removed. She was suspended from party membership at the end of September. On 3 October 2016, the organisation's steering committee decided she should cease being vice-chair, but would remain a member of the committee. Lansman now wrote that they considered Walker's comments about Holocaust Memorial Day "to be ill-informed, ill-judged and offensive" but not antisemitic.

Walker, who is of mixed African and Jewish heritage, said that she "utterly condemn[s] antisemitism" and said that her words were taken out of context by the media. She further went on to say that "I would never play down the significance of the Shoah. Working with many Jewish comrades, I continue to seek to bring greater awareness of other genocides, which are too often forgotten or minimised. If offence has been caused, it is the last thing I would want to do and I apologise."

2017

Reported events

In April 2017, Ken Livingstone's suspension was extended for a further 12 months after a disciplinary panel of the Labour Party upheld three charges of breaching party rules against him. Jeremy Corbyn, Labour Party leader ordered a new inquiry into Livingstone's conduct, which did not take place for 10 months. In March 2018, Livingstone's suspension was extended indefinitely pending the outcome of an inquiry and May 2018, Livingstone announced that he would resign from the party. In a statement Livingstone said, "I do not accept the allegation that I have brought the Labour Party into disrepute – nor that I am in any way guilty of anti-Semitism. I abhor anti-Semitism, I have fought it all my life and will continue to do so."

In November 2017, a Labour Party member was suspended following the posting antisemitic comments. The party member was suspended after Labour councillor Adam Langleben reposted the material, saying that Labour had failed to take action prior to publication.

In another incident, a Labour council candidate was removed from the party's candidate list in Bradford after making antisemitic remarks such as "teachers are brainwashing us and our children into thinking the bad guy was Hitler" and "What have the Jews done good in this world?"

In December 2017, a Brighton and Hove Labour housing campaigner was suspended after posting a parody Hanukkah video featuring three dancing Orthodox Jews with the faces of local councillors superimposed on Facebook. The campaigner denied allegations of antisemitism, stating that he condemned "all forms of racism" and stated that the posts were meant to be "a bit of fun, not racist".

Election

During the 2017 general election campaign, Jeremy Newmark, the chairman of the Jewish Labour Movement, said that "Jeremy Corbyn appears to have failed to understand the nature of contemporary anti-Semitism in the same way that it's understood by most of its target group". Labour MP Wes Streeting also criticised the party's record on antisemitism, saying "I don't think many Jewish voters in my constituency have been very impressed with the way the Labour Party as a whole have responded", but denied that Corbyn was antisemitic.

In the Epilogue to his book Contemporary Left Antisemitism (2017), written after the general election, sociologist David Hirsh alleges Corbyn's "antisemitic... politics... did not seem to be an issue" with voters, with the possible exception of four constituencies with significant Jewish populations, and discusses the impact of the near win by a Labour Party, he says, is led by man who has a "decades-long association with antisemitic politics" who has "for his whole career, embraced or tolerated certain kinds of antisemitic... politics," and "long been connected to antisemitic ways of thinking and antisemitic movements".

Conference

During the 2017 Labour Party Conference, new rules were introduced to combat antisemitism or other "conduct prejudicial to the Party" by members. Some party activists made the accusation that Labour was policing "thought crime" and claimed that the rule was "an attempt to stifle criticism of Israel". 98% of members supported the change to the Labour Party Rule Book. Deputy leader Tom Watson promised there would be an investigation into how the party provided a platform at a conference fringe event to Israeli author and activist Miko Peled, who was criticised for saying that the Holocaust should be open to debate, saying "This is about free speech, the freedom to criticise and to discuss every issue, whether it's the Holocaust: yes or no, Palestine, the liberation, the whole spectrum." Watson responded that "it is nothing to do with the official Labour party conference. And if there was Holocaust denial there, these people have no right to be in the Labour party, and if they are they should be expelled". Delegates at the fringe event demanded that the Jewish Labour Movement be expelled from the party over their support for the state of Israel. In October 2017, Chair of Jewish Voice for Labour, Jenny Manson said, "Miko asked whether we [Jewish Voice for Labour] are Zionist or not, and I said we do not have a policy on that. We have members who are progressive Zionist, anti-Zionist, people for whom Israel is not their daily concern. We stand against racism in all forms and we have our definition of anti-semitism, which is hostility towards or abuse of Jews – so not a criticism of Israel in itself. There is no reason that we would condemn Zionism, or promote Zionism. Our members can decide..."

Working definition of antisemitism

Main article: Working Definition of Antisemitism

In May 2017, former Court of Appeal judge Stephen Sedley said: "Shorn of philosophical and political refinements, anti-Semitism is hostility towards Jews as Jews. Where it manifests itself in discriminatory acts or inflammatory speech it is generally illegal, lying beyond the bounds of freedom of speech and of action. By contrast, criticism (and equally defence) of Israel or of Zionism is not only generally lawful: it is affirmatively protected by law. Endeavours to conflate the two by characterising everything other than anodyne criticism of Israel as anti-Semitic are not new. What is new is the adoption by the UK government (and the Labour Party) of a definition of anti-Semitism which endorses the conflation."

The IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism was formally accepted by the Labour Party at its 2017 Conference. Jewish Voice for Labour (JVL) saw this as "attempts to widen the definition of antisemitism beyond its meaning of hostility towards, or discrimination against, Jews as Jews". JVL's information officer, Jonathan Rosenhead sees this definition as being intentionally "vague", allowing for "the protection of Israel" via "a side door" and thus "encouraging the presumption that criticism of Israel is likely to be antisemitic". The organisation sees the change to the Labour Party Rule Book as an "anti-democratic restriction on political debate". In May 2018, JVL, along with members of Free Speech on Israel, produced a definition of antisemitism as "Antisemitism is a form of racism: hatred, hostility, discrimination or prejudice against Jews because they are Jews. It may be manifested in violence; denial of rights; direct, indirect or institutional discrimination; prejudice-based behaviour; or verbal or written statements. Such manifestations draw on stereotypes – characteristics which all Jews are presumed to share."

In July, Labour's National Executive Committee adopted a new code of conduct that defines antisemitism for the purposes of disciplinary cases brought before the National Constitutional Committee, which was intended to help make the disciplinary process more efficient and transparent. The new code of conduct included the IHRA working definition on antisemitism, but it was accused of removing or amending four out of eleven of the IHRA's examples of what constitutes antisemitism, adding three examples and amending points showing how how criticising Israel can be antisemitic.</ref> In particular, the code describes "Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations" as wrong rather than antisemitic. It also omits a clause stating that it is antisemitic to claim that "the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor".

Jewish Voice for Labour said in a statement that the code of conduct "offers a constructive framework for moving forward in this difficult area." Palestine Solidarity Campaign director Ben Jamal said it was important that Labour had rejected the examples in the IHRA document which pro-Israel groups use to "assert that calling Israel an apartheid state or calling for peaceful action to respond to its human rights abuses via Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions are inherently anti-Semitic." This "not only demeans the struggle against anti-Semitism in which all should be involved but also prevents action to address the injustices perpetrated against Palestinian people." Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Jewish Leadership Council criticised Labour alleging that the new rules "only dilute the definition and further erode the existing lack of confidence that British Jews have in their sincerity to tackle anti-Semitism within the Labour movement."

According to Jennie Formby, General Secretary of the Labour Party, the code of conduct takes the IHRA working definition and supplements it "with additional examples and guidance", thus creating "the most thorough and expansive Code of Conduct on anti-Semitism introduced by any political party in the UK". Labour National Executive Committee member Jon Lansman called the code of conduct "the new gold standard" for political parties, "stronger than anything of its kind adopted by any political party in this country". He said, it "fully adopts the IHRA definition, and covers the same ground as the IHRA examples". He added, "Conflating legitimate criticism of Israel with antisemitism is dangerous and undermines the fight against antisemitism. Clear and detailed guidelines are essential to ensure that antisemitism isn't tolerated, while protecting free speech on Israel's conduct within a respectful and civil environment. This is what Labour's code of conduct provides." Following the adoption of the new code of conduct on antisemitism, Labour MP Margaret Hodge accused Corbyn of being "an anti-Semitic racist".

The code was also accused by law lecturer Tom Frost of failing to apply the Macpherson Principle which says "A racist incident is any incident which is perceived to be racist by the victim or any other person." Former Court of Appeal judge Stephen Sedley said: "...Sir William Macpherson did not advise that everything perceived as racist was ipso facto racist. He advised that reported incidents that were perceived by the victim as racist should be recorded and investigated as such. His purpose was to reverse the dismissive culture that characterised the reporting and policing of racial incidents. To derive from this fallacy a proposition that anything perceived by one or more Jewish people as antisemitic is legally an act of racism is not only absurd: it overlooks another aspect of legality, the right of free expression contained in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and now embodied in our law by the Human Rights Act. It is a right that may be qualified by proportionate legal restrictions necessary for protecting the rights of others: hence the legal bar on hate speech." He later added: "These supposed examples of antisemitism are at the heart of the debate... They point to the underlying purpose of the text: to neutralise serious criticism of Israel by stigmatising it as a form of antisemitism." Writer and scholar of antisemitism Antony Lerman said: "... Jewish leaders have, in their uncompromising reaction to the NEC's new code, responded by doubling down on the sanctity of the IHRA definition. They claim exclusive rights to determine what is antisemitism, potentially putting Jewish sentiment, and unwittingly the sentiment of any minority group, above the law of the land." Philosopher and scholar of antisemitism Brian Klug said: "...it is not true to say that the NEC rejects the IHRA 'working definition'. On the contrary, it endorses it and incorporates it – prominently – in its Code. It does, however, depart from the IHRA document in certain other respects, including the 'examples' it gives." He added: "...the IHRA intends its examples as mere indications of what "might" and "could" manifest antisemitism, whereas Labour's code says its examples are "likely" to be deemed antisemitic. This shift – from mere possibility to likelihood – strengthens the role of the examples and makes them easier to apply as guidelines." He concluded: "It is a working definition with working examples. It is a living document, subject to revision and constantly needing to be adapted to the different contexts in which people apply its definition. This is the spirit in which the drafters of Labour's code have approached their task.... But people of goodwill who genuinely want to solve the conundrum – combating antisemitism while protecting free political speech – should welcome the code as a constructive initiative, and criticise it constructively." Human rights solicitor Geoffrey Bindman said: "The Labour party's new code of conduct on antisemitism does not set out all the IHRA examples as if they were rules set in stone (as they were never meant to be). The code seeks to establish that antisemitism cannot be used as a pretext for censorship without evidence of antisemitic intent. This is entirely in line with the recommendations of the all-party Commons home affairs select committee in October 2016 that the IHRA definition should only be adopted if qualified by caveats making clear that it is not antisemitic to criticise the Israeli government without additional evidence to suggest antisemitic intent... Far from watering down or weakening it, Labour's code strengthens it by addressing forms of discrimination that the IHRA overlooked... The attacks on the new code, including those by some Labour MPs and a number of rabbis, are baffling. One has to wonder if all these people have read the code or indeed the IHRA press release. This omission only serves to protect Israel from legitimate criticism."

More than 60 British rabbis from across the Jewish religious spectrum wrote a joint letter to The Guardian, saying that Labour had "chosen to ignore the Jewish community". The signatories included Harvey Belovski, Laura Janner-Klausner, Danny Rich and Jonathan Wittenberg. The letter said that it was "not the Labour party's place to rewrite a definition of antisemitism" and noted that the full IHRA definition had been accepted by the Crown Prosecution Service, the Scottish parliament, the Welsh assembly and 124 local authorities. On 17 July, a statement signed by 39 left-wing Jewish organisations in 15 countries, including six based in the UK, was released criticising the IHRA definition, declaring that it was "worded in such a way as to be easily adopted or considered by western governments to intentionally equate legitimate criticisms of Israel and advocacy for Palestinian rights with antisemitism, as a means to suppress the former" and that "this conflation undermines both the Palestinian struggle for freedom, justice and equality and the global struggle against antisemitism. It also serves to shield Israel from being held accountable to universal standards of human rights and international law." The statement went on to urge governments, municipalities, universities and other institutions to reject the IHRA definition.

Public perceptions

A Survation poll before the 2017 general election found 13% of Jews were planning to vote Labour in 2017, however, two years earlier, in the 2015 general election, 14% said they were supporting Labour when Ed Miliband was leader.

According to a poll of 1,864 British Jewish adults in 2017, a majority believed that the Labour Party was too tolerant of antisemitism. Of those surveyed, 83% (in 2016 this was 87%) stated that racist sentiments were not adequately challenged by Labour members of parliament, party members, or supporters. The poll was held for the group Campaign Against Antisemitism who said of the poll "It is important to note that there is no evidence that parties' supporters favour a soft approach to antisemitism. The failure to deal robustly with antisemitism is more likely to be a result of a failure to recognize and understand the many guises of modern antisemitism", and followed increasing criticism of Corbyn's attempts to fight anti-Jewish sentiment within the party. A poll by The Jewish Chronicle prior to the 2017 election found that just 13% of Jews intended to vote for Labour, and that when asked to rank the degree of "antisemitism among the political party's members and elected representatives" between 1 (low) to 5 (high), Jews ranked Labour at 3.94, compared with 3.64 for UKIP, 2.7 for Liberal Democrates, and 1.96 for Conservatives.

According to journalist Stephan Daisley, the Labour Party had previously been quick to take a stance against groups where racism, sexism, and homophobia had been tolerated. However, according to Daisley, antisemitism is now routine within the party and that, by its own definition, the party is now "institutionally anti-Semitic".

Corbyn and Labour MP Gerald Kaufman have attended events of "Deir Yassin Remembered", founded by Holocaust denier Paul Eisen. However, Corbyn has said that this had taken place before Eisen had made his views known. In 2012, Corbyn praised Raed Salah, leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel, who had been found guilty of using the antisemitic trope of the blood libel in a speech in 2007. In Freedland's view, while under Corbyn the Labour party is increasing its membership, it is attracting those on the left who would previously have rejected the party, or would not have been accepted by it. A party spokesman said, "Jeremy has consistently spoken out against all forms of antisemitism and condemned Holocaust denial as vile and wrong." Corbyn said had he known of Eisen's Holocaust denial, he would have had nothing to do with the group.

In November 2017, leading British authors Howard Jacobson, Simon Schama, and Simon Sebag Montefiore condemned Labour's failure to address anti-semitism in a letter to The Times saying "We are alarmed that during the past few years, constructive criticism of Israeli governments has morphed into something closer to antisemitism under the cloak of so-called anti-Zionism", further stating "Although anti-Zionists claim innocence of any antisemitic intent, anti-Zionism frequently borrows the libels of classical Jew-hating," and adding "Accusations of international Jewish conspiracy and control of the media have resurfaced to support false equations of Zionism with colonialism and imperialism, and the promotion of vicious, fictitious parallels with genocide and Nazism".

In December 2017, Likud member of the Knesset and senior Israeli minister, Gilad Erdan, said that "We recognise and we see that there are antisemitic views in many of the leadership of the current Labour party". A Labour Party spokesperson said in response "Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour party campaign against and condemn all forms of antisemitism and the Labour party conference recently adopted new tough rules on antisemitism."

In a December 2017 Jewish Labour Movement Chanukah party, after Jeremy Corbyn said that the Labour party has "zero tolerance" for antisemitism within the party, Corbyn was heckled by a crowd member who shouted "Corbyn, you're a liar", and "What about Ken?" She was subsequently ejected from the event.

2018

Facebook groups about Palestine containing antisemitic content

In March 2018, a dossier was published by David Collier exposing the actions of Labour Party members, including Corbyn, some of his office staff and MPs, who all belonged to a private Facebook group where antisemitic tropes and comments were freely made. Corbyn left the group at some point in 2015. Soon after the dossier was published the Labour Party made a statement saying that a full investigation will be undertaken and appropriate action will be taken against any Labour member found to be involved.

Corbyn's office issued a statement not denying his involvement in the group but saying that he had no knowledge of what was being discussed in the group. There was no suggestion that Mr Corbyn was aware of any extremism on the Forum. Collier writing: "There is no suggestion Jeremy Corbyn shares the views of many inside the group, what this provides is evidence he knows he is a member". The dossier shows Corbyn responding to and commenting on various posts including those that contravene the guidelines set by the Chakrabarti Report. He left the group after becoming Labour leader in 2015. According to the HuffPost he was enrolled by someone else in 2014 and had only made a small number of posts. A fortnight later, Corbyn's membership of a second Facebook group 'History of Palestine', which featured antisemitic comments, became known. He then left the group to which he had been added around 2014. Corbyn's spokesman said "he was added to this group without his knowledge". Later in March, it was reported that Corbyn was a member of a third group containing antisemitic content. Corbyn left the group following the reports and a spokesman said that he was not an active member.

However, these allegations have been dismissed as an association fallacy by journalist Simon Jenkins and Tom Peck of The Independent.

Corbyn and an allegedly antisemitic mural

Later in March 2018, a spokesman for the Labour leader admitted Corbyn had posted a comment on Facebook in 2012 questioning the removal of the mural Freedom For Humanity by Mear One which was condemned as having antisemitic tropes. The mural, painted on private property in the East End of London, had been the subject of complaints from residents and was removed by the local council.

Labour MP Luciana Berger tweeted about the issue in March 2018 asking Corbyn why he defended the mural. Corbyn's spokesman issued a statement later in the day: "Jeremy was responding to concerns about the removal of public art on grounds of freedom of speech. However, the mural was offensive, used antisemitic imagery, which has no place in our society, and it is right that it was removed". Berger said the response was "wholly inadequate". In his own statement, Corbyn said: "I sincerely regret that I did not look more closely at the image I was commenting on, the contents of which are deeply disturbing and antisemitic," he said. "The defence of free speech cannot be used as a justification for the promotion of antisemitism in any form. That is a view I've always held." Karen Pollock of the Holocaust Educational Trust said: "If as he says, Mr Corbyn is against all forms of racism, why does his stance on anti-Semitism always fall short?"

However, it has been argued that this accusation is based on a logical fallacy. Jeremy Gilbert, Professor of Cultural and Political Theory at the University of East London, has pointed out that the allegation "amounts to a mere argument from resemblance: because anti-capitalist discourse and anti-Semitic discourse share some structural features, they are fundamentally the same". For example, both anti-capitalist discourse and antisemitic discourse are often conspiratorial in nature; but similarity does not denote the same motive or intent.

The coverage over the mural was followed by an open letter from the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Jewish Leadership Council stating that Corbyn was "repeatedly found alongside people with blatantly anti-Semitic views", concluding that Corbyn "cannot seriously contemplate anti-Semitism, because he is so ideologically fixed within a far-left worldview that is instinctively hostile to mainstream Jewish communities".

Following the open letter's publication accusing Corbyn of siding with antisemites "again and again", hundreds of people outside Parliament Square gathered to protest 'Enough is Enough' against antisemitism in the Labour Party, demanding that Corbyn does more to tackle anti-Jewish feeling in Labour Party ranks. Jewish Voice for Labour organised a smaller counter-demonstration. A Jewish Voice for Labour spokesman said after the event: "There is a massive difference between saying that more needs to be done within the party and a demonstration like this which is implicitly trying to force him [Corbyn] out... This protest is unnecessary, inflammatory and politicised." The organisation said in a statement that it was "appalled" by the Board of Deputies' letter. "They do not represent us or the great majority of Jews in the party who share Jeremy Corbyn's vision for social justice and fairness. Jeremy's consistent commitment to anti-racism is all the more needed now." Jewish Voice for Labour's Chair Jenny Manson defended Corbyn on Daily Politics, saying he had taken "enormously strong action" to deal with the issue in his party. Corbyn has said of Jewish Voice for Labour, they are "committed to fighting anti-Semitism and making sure there is a Jewish voice in the party. We already have the Jewish Labour Movement. JVL was established last year and I think it is good that we have organisations within the party that are giving that voice to people."

Resignation of Christine Shawcroft

In late March, Christine Shawcroft the recently appointed head of the Labour Party's disputes panel resigned from the panel after it emerged she had opposed the suspension of a Peterborough council candidate who was accused of Holocaust denial. In the leaked email, Shawcroft said she was "concerned" to hear about the suspension of Alan Bull for "a Facebook post taken completely out of context and alleged to show anti-Semitism". However, she later said that she had not seen the "abhorrent" Facebook post which led to his suspension. Subsequently, a group of 39 Labour politicians, both MPs and peers in an open letter called on Corbyn to suspend her from Labour's National Executive Committee. Two days later, on 1 April, she resigned from the committee.

Pro-Corbyn Facebook groups containing antisemitic content

At the beginning of April 2018, The Sunday Times reported that it had uncovered over 2,000 examples of antisemitic, racist, violent threats and abusive content in non-public Corbyn-supporting Facebook groups, including frequent attacks on Jews and Holocaust denying material. The 20 largest pro-Corbyn Facebook groups, which have a combined membership of over 400,000, were reported to have as members 12 senior staff who work for Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell. The messages repeatedly targeted Labour MP Luciana Berger and Jonathan Arkush, president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. A Labour Party spokesperson said the groups "are not officially connected to the party in any way". However, Labour MPs urged Corbyn to instruct his supporters to shut down abusive groups. Subsequently, Corbyn deleted his own personal Facebook account that he had set up before becoming Labour leader although his official page remained.

Jewdas Passover event

In April, Corbyn attended a "third night" Passover Seder celebration held by the radical Jewish group Jewdas, which has suggested that allegations of antisemitism within Labour are a political plot aimed at discrediting the party as well as tweeting that Israel is "a steaming pile of sewage which needs to be properly disposed of." Jewdas stated that "Jeremy Corbyn accepted our invitation to join the Jewdas community Seder. Jeremy was a 10/10 guest and provided delicious maror from his allotment." Corbyn was criticised by the Jewish Leadership Council for attending the event. The president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, Jonathan Arkush, said: "If Jeremy Corbyn goes to their event, how can we take his stated commitment to be an ally against anti-Semitism seriously?" A number of Labour MPs criticised his decision to attend.

Charlotte Nichols, Women's Officer of Young Labour and member of Jewdas, wrote in Labour List: "It is not for non-Jewish people, in criticising Corbyn's attendance, to determine what is and isn't a legitimate expression of the Jewish faith. Many of the criticisms I've seen are themselves anti-Semitic. For those in the community who want to paint Jeremy's attendance as an act of provocation, rather than an attempt to listen, engage, and share our festival with us, it's actually just alienating many young Jewish people further and validating Jewdas' very existence."

Actor and comedian David Schneider pointed out that "the same people who had been shouting that if Corbyn was serious about tackling anti-Semitism, he had to get out there and meet Jews were suddenly shouting: 'Hold on! Not those Jews!'" Schneider tweeted "'Boo! Corbyn needs to get out and meet some Jews!' (Corbyn spends Passover with some Jews at Jewdas) 'Boo! Not those Jews!'". Comedian David Baddiel said that "They are just Jews who disagree with other Jews. Which means: Jews ... To make out that it's somehow antisemitic for him to spend Seder with them just because they're far left is balls".

Other incidents and suspensions

In April 2018, Roy Smart was suspended from the party and dropped as a local council candidate for the St James' ward on Tunbridge Wells Borough Council in the May 2018 local elections, after it was discovered that in 2015 he had shared posts on social media which urged followers to "question the Holocaust" and linking to a "Holocaust deprogramming course" website. He had also shared several conspiracy theories, including that the "Rothschilds Jewish mafia" was being behind the September 11 attacks, that "Jewish money" was running the British government.

In the same month, Rossendale Councillor Pam Bromley was suspended over alleged antisemitic posts on Facebook dating back to April 2016, though she denies being antisemitic, saying that "The allegation that I am anti-Semitic, based on a tiny sample of Facebook posts taken out of context and dating back up to 12 months, is absolutely ridiculous." She added that she welcomed the investigation. In May 2016, two fellow councillors had been suspended but reinstated following an investigation that cleared them.

Israeli Labor party cut ties with Corbyn

In April 2018, the Israeli Labor Party led by Avi Gabbay announced it would cut ties with Corbyn and his office due to their handling of antisemitism, but still retain ties with the UK Labour Party as a whole. In a letter to Corbyn, Gabbay wrote "my responsibility to acknowledge the hostility that you have shown to the Jewish community and the antisemitic statements and actions you have allowed".

Meeting with the Jewish Leadership Council and the Board of Deputies

In April 2018, Corbyn met with Jewish community leaders to discuss antisemitism in the Labour Party. Following the meeting, the Jewish Leadership Council and the Board of Deputies issued a statement saying "We are disappointed that Mr Corbyn's proposals fell short of the minimum level of action which our letter suggested. In particular, they did not agree in the meeting with our proposals that there should be a fixed timetable to deal with antisemitism cases; that they should expedite the long-standing cases involving Ken Livingstone and Jackie Walker; that no MP should share a platform with somebody expelled or suspended for antisemitism; that they adopt the full International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism with all its examples and clauses; that there should be transparent oversight of their disciplinary process." Corbyn however described the meeting as "positive and constructive" and re-iterated that he was "absolutely committed" to rooting out antisemitism in the Labour Party.

Denunciation by leading Jewish newspapers

In a move which they described as unprecedented, the three most prominent UK Jewish newspapers (The Jewish Chronicle, Jewish News and Jewish Telegraph) all carried the same front page commentary in a joint editorial, claiming that a Labour government under Corbyn's leadership would prove an "existential threat to Jewish life" in the UK. A spokesman for Labour said a Labour government posed "no threat of any kind whatsoever to Jewish people".

In an interview with The Canary on 6 August, the Foreign Editor of Jewish News Stephen Oryszczuk described his newspaper's coverage of anti-Semitism in the Labour Party as "repulsive" and in reference to Jeremy Corbyn said "This is a dedicated anti-racist we're trashing." Following his comments he was understood to have taken personal leave from the newspaper.

Interview with Jewish News and Guardian piece

During an interview with Jewish News, in response to claims that he may be seen as antisemitic, Corbyn stated, "I'm not an anti-Semite in any form" and that he challenges "anti-Semitism whenever it arises and no anti-Semitic remarks are done in my name or would ever be done in my name". He later told The Guardian that he acknowledged there were antisemitism was a "problem that Labour is working to overcome", acknowledged that some criticism of Israel may stray into antisemitism at times but denied that all forms of anti-Zionism were inherently racist, and pledged to "root out antisemitism" within the party, which he described as a "poison".

Rebuttals

In September 2017, general secretary of Unite the Union, Len McCluskey said that the antisemitism row was nothing more than an attempt to undermine Corbyn by his political opponents saying "No, I've never recognised that. I believe it was mood music that was created by people who were trying to undermine Jeremy Corbyn". He stated that in 47 years as a Labour member he had never heard any antisemitic language at any meeting he had attended. Adding "Unfortunately at the time there were lots of people playing games, everybody wanted to create this image that Jeremy Corbyn's leadership had become misogynist, had become racist, had become anti-Semitic and it was wrong".

Later in the month, 82 "Jewish members and supporters of the Labour party and of Jeremy Corbyn's leadership" wrote an open letter to The Guardian stating that they "do not accept that antisemitism is 'rife' in the Labour party" and that "these accusations are part of a wider campaign against the Labour leadership, and they have been timed particularly to do damage to the Labour party and its prospects in elections in the coming week." The Jewish members and supporters included Miriam David, Ivor Dembina, Professor Stephen Deutsch, Selma James, Miriam Margolyes, Stephen Marks, Charles Shaar Murray, Ian Saville and Lynne Segal.

In April 2016, independent researcher Jamie Stern-Weiner's review of the cases of antisemiticism suggests, even some of these examples were tendentiously represented in the national media, so that in some cases at worst crude or tone-deaf comments about "Zionists" were treated as equivalent to antisemitic conspiracy theory and Holocaust denial. As of May 2016, just 0.4% of the parliamentary party, 0.07% of the councillors, and 0.012% of the membership had been suspended for antisemitism, which was a total of 56 just people.

In December 2017, Momentum founder Jon Lansman said that he believed that antisemitism in the Conservative Party is as widespread as in the Labour party. According to Lansman, antisemitism in Labour falls into three categories: petty xenophobic remarks, old school blood libel type antisemitism, and antisemitism that arises from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. According to Lansman, the latter cause, Israeli-Palestinian conflict related antisemitism, is the main source of antisemitism in the Labour party.

In the same month, Jewdas suggested that allegations of antisemitism within Labour are a political plot aimed at discrediting the party and called the recent reaction to allegations of antisemitism in the Labour Party a "bout of faux-outrage is greased with hypocrisy and opportunism" saying it was "the work of cynical manipulations by people whose express loyalty is to the Conservative Party and the right wing of the Labour Party."

In April 2018, 42 senior academics wrote an open letter to The Guardian condemning what they viewed as an anti-Corbyn bias in media coverage of the antisemitism debate, they suggested that "Dominant sections of the media have framed the story in such a way as to suggest that antisemitism is a problem mostly to do with Labour and that Corbyn is personally responsible for failing to deal with it. The coverage has relied on a handful of sources such as the Board of Deputies, the Jewish Leadership Council and well-known political opponents of Corbyn himself." They continued: "It is not 'whataboutery' to suggest that the debate on antisemitism has been framed in such a way as to mystify the real sources of anti-Jewish bigotry and instead to weaponise it against a single political figure just ahead of important elections. We condemn antisemitism wherever it exists. We also condemn journalism that so blatantly lacks context, perspective and a meaningful range of voices in its determination to condemn Jeremy Corbyn." The academics included Lynne Segal, Annabelle Sreberny, Beverley Skeggs, Gary Hall, Neve Gordon, Margaret Gallagher, Maria Chatzichristodoulou, Jill Daniels and Ruth Catlow. Jane Dipple, one of the signatories to the letter, was investigated for sharing antisemitic posts on social media.

In the same month, Israeli historian Ilan Pappé stated that "Corbyn is not an anti-Semite and the Labour Party, until his election, was a pro-Israeli bastion..." and "...there is anti-Semitism among all British parties – and much more on the right than on the left..." He continued: "It is not the Labour Party that is infested with anti-Semitism; it is the British media and political systems that are plagued by hypocrisy, paralysed by intimidation and ridden with hidden layers of Islamophobia and new chauvinism in the wake of Brexit."

Later in the same month, Jenny Manson, Chair of Jewish Voice for Labour, on BBC Radio 4's Today programme in reference to the survey conducted by Campaign Against Antisemitism said: "Evidence including very recent evidence commissioned by a Jewish body suggests the very worst antisemitism is still on the right, on the far right and always has been." Ian Saville, magician, Labour Party member and Jewish Voice for Labour committee member, wrote in Labour List: "A myth seems to have grown that we do not recognise that there is antisemitism in the Labour Party. Of course we recognise that there have been, and are, antisemites in our party. We challenge the 'Rothschild' libellers and the conspiracy theorists wherever we see them. All antisemitism is incompatible with the principles of socialism on which the Labour Party rests. If it has gone unchallenged in the past, then that was an egregious mistake, and we will hold the party to its clear commitment to root out such ideas in the future."

In May, the Palestinian-Israeli Socialist Struggle Movement issued a statement on the issues of antisemitism and Jeremy Corbyn stating that they "view Corbyn as a strong opponent of antisemitism and see the attacks being made on him for what they are: attempts to discredit a left-wing politician who has put forward a manifesto seen by capitalists as too radical in favour of working class interests... The smear campaign against Corbyn is a dangerous attempt to sabotage the struggle for left and socialist solutions..."

Later in the month, Stephen Sedley, a former Court of Appeal judge, wrote in London Review of Books dismissing the charge that the Labour Party is "institutionally" or "culturally" antisemitic. He wrote that "an undeclared war is going on inside the party, with pro-Israeli groups such as the Jewish Labour Movement seeking to drive out pro-Palestinian groups like the Jewish Voice for Labour by stigmatising them, and Corbyn with them, as anti-Semitic." He believes that outside bodies like the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Jewish Leadership Council – "neither noted for balanced criticism of Israel" – weigh in, aided by "generous media coverage".

In July 2018, philosopher and scholar of antisemitism Brian Klug said: "It's paradoxical if, at the moment Labour wakes up to the necessity of combating antisemitism in its ranks, it is shouted down because of its failure to deal with it in the past." Writer and scholar of antisemitism Antony Lerman said: "It's hard to believe, after the battering Labour has experienced over the issue of antisemitism in the party since Jeremy Corbyn was elected leader and the fact nothing the party has done has succeeded in fully placating its critics, that officials expected anything approximating universal approbation. But the new code had barely seen the light of day before it was being condemned in the harshest terms by all and sundry..."

Survey evidence

Campaign Against Antisemitism survey

In 2015, 2016 and 2017, the Campaign Against Antisemitism commissioned the polling firm YouGov to carry out a survey into the British population's attitudes towards Jews.

The survey found that supporters of the Labour Party were less likely to hold antisemitic views than supporters of the Conservative Party or the UK Independence Party (UKIP), and supporters of the Liberal Democrats were the least likely to hold antisemitic views. 32% of Labour supporters endorsed at least one antisemitic attitude, compared to 30% of Liberal Democrat supporters, 39% of UKIP supporters, and 40% of Conservative supporters.

Institute for Jewish Policy Research survey

A major study into contemporary antisemitism in Britain was published by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) in September 2017. The study found that those on the political left were no more likely than average to hold antisemitic attitudes, but were more likely than average to hold anti-Israel attitudes, especially those on the far-left.

The study stated that in general "levels of antisemitism in Great Britain are among the lowest in the world." However, it noted that among British adults a "relatively small group of about 5% of the general population can justifiably be described as antisemites: people who hold a wide range of negative attitudes towards Jews." while a larger group comprising about 30% of the population agreed with at least one antisemitic attitude. However, the study noted that this "does not mean that 30% of the population of Great Britain is antisemitic. A majority of people who agreed with just one negative statement about Jews in this survey also agreed with one or more positive statements about Jews, suggesting that the existence of one antisemitic or stereotypical belief in a person's thinking need not indicate a broader, deeper prejudice towards Jews."

When discussing the link between political views and antisemitism, the study found that "Levels of antisemitism among those on the left-wing of the political spectrum, including the far-left, are indistinguishable from those found in the general population. Yet, all parts of those on the left of the political spectrum – including the 'slightly left-of-centre,' the 'fairly left-wing' and the 'very left-wing' – exhibit higher levels of anti Israelism than average. The most antisemitic group on the political spectrum consists of those who identify as very right-wing: the presence of antisemitic attitudes in this group is 2 to 4 times higher compared to the general population."

Later it continued: "When it comes to antisemitism, the very right-wing lead: 52% (46–58%) in this group hold at least one antisemitic attitude, in contrast to 30% in the general population; and 13% (10–17%) of the very right-wing hold 5–8 antisemitic attitudes, in contrast to 3.6% in the general population. Among those who identify as fairly right-wing or slightly right-of-centre, the maximal diffusion of antisemitic attitudes (the percentage of people with at least one attitude) is slightly elevated but not the stronger forms of antisemitism. The very left-wing is indistinguishable from the general population and from the political centre in this regard. In general, it should be said that, with the exception of the very right-wing, there is little differentiation across the political spectrum in relation to the prevalence of antisemitic attitudes. However, in relation to anti-Israel attitudes, the very left-wing lead: 78% (75–82%) in this group endorse at least one anti-Israel attitude, in contrast to 56% in the general population, and 23% (19–26%) hold 6–9 attitudes, in contrast to 9% in the general population. Elevated levels of anti-Israel attitudes are also observed in other groups on the political left: the fairly left-wing and those slightly left-of-centre. The lowest level of anti-Israel attitudes is observed in the political centre and among those who are slightly right-of-centre or fairly right-wing." The report however found that "....anti-Israel attitudes are not, as a general rule, antisemitic; but the stronger a person's anti-Israel views, the more likely they are to hold antisemitic attitudes. A majority of those who hold anti-Israel attitudes do not espouse any antisemitic attitudes, but a significant minority of those who hold anti-Israel attitudes hold them alongside antisemitic attitudes. Therefore, antisemitism and anti-Israel attitudes exist both separately and together."

See also

• Antisemitism in the United Kingdom

Bibliography

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Further reading

• Alan Johnson, Antisemitic anti-Zionism: the root of Labour's crisis; A submission to the Labour Party inquiry into antisemitism and other forms of racism, June 2016.[1]
• Lesley Klaff, K (2016). Jeremy Corbyn: Why the British Labour Party is no longer a safe place for Jews. International Relations and Diplomacy, 4 (7), 427–433, 2016.[2]
• Tony Kushner, Antisemitism in Britain: Continuity and the Absence of a Resurgence?, pp. 253–276 [3] Chapter in Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives, McElligott, Anthony, Herf, Jeffrey Herf, Palgrame MacMillan, IBSN: 978-3-319-48866-0, 2017.
• Colin Schindler, From Zionist to Corbynist: The Evolution of Britain's Labour Left, Jewish Quarterly, Volume 63, 2016 – Issue 2, [4]
• A. Sivanandan, Liz Fekete, Jenny Bourne, Submission from the IRR to the Labour Party Inquiry into anti-Semitism and other forms of racism, including Islamophobia, Race & Class, 30 September 2016 [5]