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February 1943

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The following events occurred in February 1943:

February 2, 1943: The Soviet Union retakes Stalingrad as 462 day fight ends
February 13, 1943: The Corsair begins combat operations
February 20, 1943: Volcano appears in Mexico
February 24, 1943: In North Africa, the U.S. Army recovers after being defeated by Germany's Afrika Corps

February 1, 1943 (Monday)

  • Japanese forces on Guadalcanal began the actual withdrawal phase of Operation Ke. The Americans mistakenly believed the naval activity signaled a new offensive and put up little opposition.[1]
Japanese-American soldiers of the 442nd Infantry
  • The 442nd Infantry Regiment, whose soldiers were Nisei, was created by order of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. "No natural citizen of the United States," said the President, "should be denied the democratic right to exercise the responsibilities of his citizenship, regardless of his ancestry." Most Nisei in the mainland United States were still kept in internment camps at the time.[2]
  • Vittorio Ambrosio replaced Ugo Cavallero as supreme commander of Italian forces.[3]
  • The American destroyer De Haven was bombed and sunk east of Savo Island by Japanese aircraft.

February 2, 1943 (Tuesday)

February 3, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • The U.S. troop transport Dorchester, with 904 men on board, was torpedoed 150 miles off of the coast of Greenland by the German submarine U-233. Among the 605 people who died were the "Four Chaplains"— Methodist minister George L. Fox, Reformed Church in America minister Clark V. Poling, Roman Catholic priest John P. Washington, and Rabbi Alexander D. Goode— who helped others evacuate into lifeboats, gave up their lifejackets, and then went down with the ship. Other victims died of hypothermia in the icy waters. Another 299 were saved by the U.S. Coast Guard cutters Escanaba and Comanche. The "retriever" method of rescue was for the first time, as swimmers from the Escanaba donned wet suits to reach those victims who were too exhausted to climb aboard rescue lifeboats.[6]
  • The German submarine U-265 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by a B-17 of No. 220 Squadron RAF.
  • The Howard Hawks-directed war film Air Force premiered in New York City.[7]
  • Born: Blythe Danner, American film, TV and stage actress, in Philadelphia

February 4, 1943 (Thursday)

  • With the British Eighth Army's success in its African campaign, the remaining German forces in modern-day Libya, along with their commander, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, withdrew across the border into French Tunisia, where they would be defeated in May.[8]
  • The German submarine U-187 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British destroyers.
  • Died: Frank Calder, 65, President of the National Hockey League since its founding in 1917

February 5, 1943 (Friday)

  • Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini fired his Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, who was also Mussolini's son-in-law, along with most of the other cabinet ministers. The new Foreign Minister was Mussolini himself, who also held the posts of Interior Minister, War Minister, and Air Minister.[9]
  • U.S. Army Air Forces Lt. General Frank M. Andrews was named as the new commander of all U.S. forces in Europe, taking over a command formerly held by Lt. General Eisenhower, who had also commanded U.S. forces in Europe and North Africa.[10] Lt. General Andrews would be killed in a plane crash less than three months later, on May 3, 1943.[11]
  • At a meeting between shoe manufacturers and U.S. Army generals, Lt. Col. Georges Doriot (who would pioneer the business of venture capital) persuaded General George Marshall to approve the acquisition of a more durable type of combat boot for American soldiers. At the time, the average lifespan of the existing U.S. Army boots was only 13 days.[12]
  • Born:
  • Died: W. S. Van Dyke, 53, American film director

February 6, 1943 (Saturday)

  • The arrest of 600 students was conducted on campuses across the Netherlands by the occupying German forces, after a fatally wounded Nazi officer said that he had been shot by students. The 600 were deported to the Herzogenbusch concentration camp near Vught. Another 1,200 were arrested and deported a few days later.[13]
  • Field Marshal Erich von Manstein flew to see Adolf Hitler seeking permission to fall back on the Eastern Front. Hitler agreed to allow German forces to withdraw to new defensive positions along the Mius River.[1]
  • Lt. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named commander of the Allied armies in the African theater of operations (Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco), based on a decision made by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill at Casablanca. Previously, Eisenhower's command was limited to U.S. forces in North Africa.[14]
  • The Canadian corvette Louisburg was bombed and sunk off Oran, Algeria by Italian aircraft.
  • A Los Angeles court acquitted the movie star Errol Flynn of three rape charges.[15]
  • Born: Fabian (Fabiano Anthony Forte), American singer and teen idol, in Philadelphia

February 7, 1943 (Sunday)

  • Operation Ke was completed when the remaining 10,000 Japanese troops on the island of Guadalcanal were secretly evacuated from to rescuing ships "before U.S. forces realized what had occurred".[16] The "Japanese Dunkirk" during the Guadalcanal Campaign was accomplished by deceiving U.S. intelligence into believing that the ships were arriving to bring in reinforcements for a new attack.[17]
  • German Führer Adolf Hitler brought top-ranking officials of both Germany and the Nazi Party to his headquarters to reassure them despite the devastating defeat suffered on the Russian front. One of Hitler's aides, Nicolaus von Below, would later recall that Hitler's speech was so inspiring that the officials were "obviously relieved" and came away believing that Germany could still win World War II. Records of the meeting showed that Hitler said, "Either we will be the master of Europe, or we will experience a complete liquidation and extermination," and pledged a total war against the remaining Jewish people in Germany, and the "international Jews" who, in his view, forged an alliance between capitalists and Communists.[18]
  • The American troopship USS Henry R. Mallory was torpedoed by the U-402, a German U-boat, killing 272 Americans.[19]
  • The German submarines U-609 and U-624 were both lost in the Atlantic Ocean to enemy action.
  • Born: Gareth Hunt, English television actor, in Battersea (d. 2007)
  • Died: Howard W. Gilmore, 40, American U.S. Navy Commander, in an act for which he posthumously received the Medal of Honor. Gilmore was in the conning tower of the submarine USS Growler when it came under attack from the Japanese gunboat Hayasaki. Wounded by gunfire, and unable to climb down the hatch, Gilmore ordered the submarine to submerge, despite the certainty that he would drown, in order for his shipmates to escape destruction.[20]

February 8, 1943 (Monday)

"An eager schoolboy gets his first experience in using War Ration Book Two. With many parents engaged in war work, children are being taught the facts of point rationing for helping out in family marketing.", 02/1943
  • After touring Germany as a guest of the Third Reich to give anti-British speeches, Indian nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose and his assistant, Abid Hasan, were given safe passage from Kiel by the German submarine U-180.[21]
  • The U.S. Territory of Hawaii, under American military authority since the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, was partially restored to civilian control by its Military Governor, Lt. General Delos Emmons, with the decree taking effect on March 10. The Territorial Legislature, absent its nine Japanese-American members, reassembled on February 17 for the first time in more than a year.[22]
  • German forces, retreating from the Soviet Union, liquidated the remaining Jews in the Byelorussian S.S.R. city of Slutsk. Commander Eduard Strauch directed his soldiers from Minsk to oversee the deportation of the remaining 4,000 Jews[23]
  • Nazi forces in Belarus began Operation Hornung, a counterattack against Belarusan partisans.
  • The 60th Army of the Soviet Voronezh Front captured Kursk.[24]
  • U.S. Economic Stabilization Director James F. Byrnes ordered a temporary ban on the sale of shoes until Tuesday, when rationing would begin. Starting February 10 and at least through June 15, one pair of shoes could be purchased only by using "Stamp No. 17 in war ration book No. 1", which previously applied only to sugar and coffee. House slippers, ballet slippers and baby shoes were exempt from the order because their production was not affected by the limited supply of leather.[25][26]
  • Wiley B. Rutledge was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a new Justice of the United States Supreme Court by voice vote, despite the opposition of Senator William Langer of North Dakota.[27] Rutledge would serve for only six years before dying of a stroke at the age of 55 in 1949.[28]
  • Born: Creed Bratton, American actor and musician, as William Charles Schneider, in Los Angeles

February 9, 1943 (Tuesday)

February 10, 1943 (Wednesday)

Suggested by Vesta Stout
  • Mrs. Vesta Stoudt, an ordnance factory worker from Sterling, Illinois, and the mother of two sons who were in the U.S. Navy, wrote to President Roosevelt with her idea for what would become duct tape, which she described as "a strong cloth tape" that had a waterproof wax coating, designed to seal boxes of ammunition, but that could also be opened quickly. Stoudt had been unable to persuade her supervisors at the Green River Ordnance Plant that it would be an improvement over thin paper tape.[34] Roosevelt liked the idea and on March 26, 1943, the War Production Board would inform Mrs. Stoudt that it had approved the idea.[35]
  • The year-long Battle of Timor ended with a Japanese tactical victory, but an Allied strategic victory.
  • The Battle of Krasny Bor began in the Leningrad sector.
  • The 13th Waffen-SS Division began recruiting troops, primarily from the Bosnian Moslem community in the Nazi German-created Independent State of Croatia. The 13th was the first SS formation to employ non-Germanic men.[36]
  • Mohandas Gandhi, imprisoned in British India, began a hunger strike in protest against the British Empire, particularly the Viceroy, the Marquess of Linlithgow. The British cabinet, deciding that a turning point had been reached in war with Germany and that the risk of rebellion in India was not as great as it had been, "decided that if Gandhi fasted, he would be allowed to die."[21] Gandhi's fast ceased after 21 days, but he remained imprisoned until May 6, 1944.[37]

February 11, 1943 (Thursday)

  • The Soviet Union began its nuclear weapons research program, by State Defense Committee resolution signed by Josef Stalin. Physicist Igor Kurchatov was appointed as the program's director.[38]
  • U.S. Army Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower was promoted to the four-star rank for the first time.[39] Coincidentally, Nikita Khrushchev, who would lead the Soviet Union at the same time that Dwight Eisenhower was President of the U.S., was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in the Soviet Army the next day.[40]
  • Died: Bess Houdini (Wilhelmina Rahner Weiss), 67, wife and stage assistant to magician Harry Houdini

February 12, 1943 (Friday)

  • In a nationwide radio address, U.S. President Roosevelt related the agreements made at the Casablanca Summit, and plans to win the war against the Axis powers. Roosevelt said, in a reference that the Cold War would prove to be true, that "the Axis propagandists are trying all of their old tricks in order ... to create the idea that if we win this war, Russia, England, China, and the United States are going to get into a cat-and-dog fight."[41]
  • The German submarine U-442 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by a Lockheed Hudson of No. 48 Squadron RAF.
  • William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield created the Nuffield Foundation, Britain's largest charitable trust, with a gift of £10 million.[15]

February 13, 1943 (Saturday)

February 13, 1943: The U.S. Marines begin recruiting women

February 14, 1943 (Sunday)

February 15, 1943 (Monday)

February 16, 1943 (Tuesday)

  • Operation Gunnerside, a secret mission for the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), was carried out by six Norwegian paratroopers led by Joachim Ronneburg who were dropped into German-occupied Norway, near Skrykenvann.[49] The location was 30 miles from the Norsk Hydro plant at Vemork, where the Germans were creating heavy water (deuterium oxide) as part of the early stages of a nuclear weapons program. Specially trained for demolition, the six agents carried plastic explosives, a shortwave radio, and skis, which they used to meet with an advance team and then to proceed to Vemork where they would carry out their mission on February 24.[50]
  • Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer of the Nazi SS, ordered that there were to be no further deportations of elderly Jews from the ghetto in Theresienstadt (now Terezín in the Czech Republic), which had been officially declared as a place where "the old could live and die in peace". For the next seven months, no Jews, of any age, in Theresienstadt were taken to concentration camps.[51]
  • Italian soldiers began the two-day Domenikon massacre in Greece, executing a total of 175 male civilians.
  • The American submarine Amberjack was depth charged and sunk off Rabaul by a Japanese aircraft and ships.
  • Mildred Harnack, a 41-year-old American citizen and Milwaukee native who was convicted of espionage against Germany, was executed by guillotine at the Plötzensee Prison, on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler.[52]
  • Born: Akhteruzzaman Elias, Bengali language novelist, in Gotia, Gaibandha District, British India (now in Bangladesh) (d. 1997)
  • Died: George Washington Buckner, 87, former African-American slave who served as U.S. Minister to Liberia from 1913 to 1915.

February 17, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • Hitler flew to Manstein's headquarters in Zaporizhia with the intention of dismissing him over his suggestion to appoint an overall chief of staff, but soon became too engrossed in the crisis facing Army Group South when Manstein argued that it could not possibly defend the entire line. After two days of discussions an agreement was reached for Manstein to draw troops from Army Group A and launch a counterattack on his northern flank, which would result in the Third Battle of Kharkov.[53]
  • Russian pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff gave his last concert, performing in Knoxville, Tennessee, and then cancelled the remainder of his tour of American universities. Too ill to keep a February 22 date in New Orleans, Rachmaninoff, who had become an American citizen on February 1, returned to his Los Angeles home. He was diagnosed with melanoma, and the cancer had spread to his bone marrow, his liver and his lungs. Rachmaninoff would die on March 28.[54]
  • The German Wehrmacht won the Battle of Sidi Bou Zid.
  • The German submarines U-69 and U-201 were both sunk by British destroyers in the Atlantic Ocean, while U-205 was sunk in the Mediterranean by destroyer HMS Paladin.
  • Alexander Mach, the Interior Minister of the Nazi-sponsored Slovak Republic, announced that deportation of the 15,000 remaining Jews, and an additional 10,000 who had converted to Christianity, would begin in March. Deportations had been halted for two years after payment of bribes to SS official Dieter Wisliceny.[55]
  • Major League Baseball star Joe DiMaggio, whose draft eligibility was deferred because of his 3A classification, enlisted in the United States Army. One biographer would note that "unlike fellow major leaguers Bob Feller, Cecil Travis, Warren Spahn and others, he never ventured anywhere near the battlefield" and spent the war playing baseball for the Seventh Army Air Force team.[56]
  • Died: Wiktor Alter, 53, Polish labor activist, was executed in the Soviet Union on false charges of spying for Germany; George Keogan, 52, American college basketball coach and Hall of Fame inductee

February 18, 1943 (Thursday)

  • Core members of the non-violent, intellectual anti-Nazi group, White Rose, are arrested by the Gestapo in Munich.[57]
  • In a speech at the Berlin Sportpalast and on nationwide radio, German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels called on listeners to devote themselves to "Total War" (Der Totalekrieg) against the Allied powers.[58]
  • Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl, two students in the White Rose movement that was secretly distributing anti-Hitler literature, were captured at the University of Munich after a maintenance man saw them throwing leaflets from a campus building. After witnessing the act, Jakob Schmied detained the brother and sister, then called the Gestapo. Four days later, the Scholls, and another White Rose student, were tried, convicted and executed for treason.[59]
  • Soong Mei-ling, popularly known as "Madame Chiang Kai-shek" as the wife of China's President, became the first private citizen (and only the second woman) to address the U.S. Congress. Rather than speaking to a joint session, Madame Chiang gave a prepared speech to the Senate, and then an improvised speech to the House.[60]
  • U.S. President Roosevelt approved the extension of the Lend-Lease Program for the first American financial aid to the oil rich kingdom of Saudi Arabia, after being advised that geologists had concluded that the Saudi kingdom had the largest oil fields in the world.[61]
  • Groundbreaking for the nuclear production facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee took place.[62]
  • Under continued demands from Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire followed the Nazi example of confining Jewish residents to a specific area, and set up the Shanghai ghetto, with a two square mile area in the Hongkou District to house 20,000 refugees from Germany, Austria and Poland. Over the next three months, the European Jews had been relocated to Hongkou, along with Chinese people whom Japan wanted to keep under surveillance.[63]
  • Born: Graeme Garden, Scottish writer, comedian, and actor, in Aberdeen

February 19, 1943 (Friday)

February 20, 1943 (Saturday)

  • At 4:30 pm local time, the Mexican volcano Parícutin broke the surface of a cornfield owned by farmer Dionisio Pulido, and began increasing in size through ash, stone and rock. By the next morning, the volcanic mound was already 30 feet high. At the end of the week, Parícutin— named for a nearby village in the Michoacán state— had reached 400 feet and was sending material half a mile into the sky. Within a year, after the Parícutin village was evacuated, the volcano was 1,100 feet tall and would peak at 2,000 feet.[66] After nine years and five days of smoke and lava flows, Parícutin would suddenly cease on February 25, 1952.[67]
  • The Japanese destroyer Ōshio was torpedoed off Wewak, New Guinea by American submarine Albacore and sank under tow.
  • American movie studio executives agreed to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
  • Born:

February 21, 1943 (Sunday)

  • Having secured Guadalcanal, the United States Marines invaded the Russell Islands, with the 103rd and 169th regiments of the 43rd Infantry, and members of the 11th Defense Battalion, landing on Mbanika Island, and the 3rd Raider Battalion coming ashore on Pavuvu.[68] Although a fierce battle had been expected, the Japanese defenders had already been withdrawn and the islands were taken by the U.S. without a fight.[69]
  • The German submarine U-623 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by a B-24 of No. 120 Squadron RAF.
  • A nationwide day of prayer was held in India for Mahatma Gandhi, whose fasting was putting his life in danger.[15]
  • Born: David Geffen, American record executive and film producer, in Brooklyn

February 22, 1943 (Monday)

  • The first three student members of the White Rose resistance group were executed by the Nazi government at the Stadelheim Prison near Munich. Christoph Probst, 23; Hans Scholl, 24; and his sister Sophie Scholl, 21, were all beheaded by guillotine, four days after their arrest for distributing anti-war leaflets at the University of Munich. The article in the Munich newspaperNeuseste Nachrichten later that day reported that "the condemned persons shamelessly committed offenses against the armed security of the nation and the will to fight of the German people by defacing houses with slogans attacking the state, and by distributing treasonous leaflets".[59] [70]
  • Alexander Belev, the Bulgarian Minister of Jewish Affairs, signed an agreement with Gestapo representative Theodor Dannecker to deliver 20,000 Bulgarian Jews to German labor camps. From the recently annexed territories of Western Thrace (Bati Trakya) and Macedonia (Makedoniya), Belev would oversee the removal of 23,000 Jews to the camps at Treblinka and Auschwitz.[71] Arrangements would be made for another 8,555 to be deported from the Kingdom of Bulgaria, a move which was successfully resisted by the Kingdom's parliament.[72]
  • Pan American World Airways Flight 9035, flying from New York City to Lisbon, crashed while attempting to land. Twenty-five of the 39 people on board were killed, most of them on tour for the USO to entertain American troops in Europe, were killed when the Boeing 314A seaplane, nicknamed the "Yankee Clipper", went down into the Tagus River. Jane Froman was one of the fifteen seriously injured survivors.[73]
  • A riot at Featherston prisoner of war camp in New Zealand killed 48 Japanese and 1 New Zealander.
  • The German submarines U-225 and U-606 were both sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Allied warships.
  • The Canadian corvette HMCS Weyburn sank east of Gibraltar after striking a mine.
  • Born: Eduard Limonov, Russian activist who founded the National Bolshevik Party after the fall of the Soviet Union; in Dzerzhinsk
  • Died: Alfred Nossig, 78, Polish sculptor and German sympathizer suspected of supplying reports to Germany about Jewish residents of the Warsaw Ghetto, was shot to death by orders of the underground Jewish resistance group, the ZOB.[74]

February 23, 1943 (Tuesday)

The 1943 steel penny
  • The first "steel pennies" were manufactured in the United States. Because of the need for copper to be used for the war effort, the one cent piece was made of steel with a thin zinc plating to prevent rust. After being put into circulation on February 27, the new pennies were mistaken for dimes, and were not accepted in machines that had magnets to catch slugs. The unpopular coins were discontinued at the end of the year.[75]
  • The German submarine U-443 was depth charged and sunk off Algiers by British destroyers, and the U-522 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British cutter Totland.

February 24, 1943 (Wednesday)

February 25, 1943 (Thursday)

  • The Allies started their new strategy of "round-the-clock bombing" as USAAF planes bombed Germany in the daytime while the RAF struck at night. Over the next two days, over 2,000 sorties would strike German targets.[79]
  • The Latvian SS Volunteer Division was formed, with three infantry regiments in Latvia fighting on the side of Germany in hopes of winning back independence from the Soviet Union.[80]
  • Born: George Harrison, British musician (The Beatles), in Liverpool (d. 2001)

February 26, 1943 (Friday)

February 27, 1943 (Saturday)

Pilot Nancy Harkness Love

February 28, 1943 (Sunday)

  • In Operation Gunnerside, the Norsk Hydro plant at Vermok in Norway, being used by the Nazi German nuclear research program, was successfully sabotaged by Norwegian SOE commandos. The team used skis to reach the plant, entered through a service tunnel, and placed timed explosive charges on the tanks of heavy water and the electrolysis chambers needed to produce the deuterium oxide liquid, and escaped. The blasts destroyed the entire inventory of the heavy water that had been produced by the Germans.[50]
  • A 1,000 bomber RAF and U.S. Army Air Force bombing raid against Saint-Nazaire dropped 4.5 million pounds of explosive and incendiary bombs on the German U-boat bases in Nazi occupied France, and killed 479 people.[86]
  • The Soviet Union won a tactical victory in the Battle of Demyansk.

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  3. ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (2013). Sicily 1943: The Debut of Allied Joint Operations. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-78096-126-2.
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  5. ^ Steven D. Mercatante, Why Germany Nearly Won (ABC-CLIO, Jan 16, 2012) p167
  6. ^ Malcolm Francis Willoughby, The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II (Ayer Publishing, 1980) p104
  7. ^ Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1999). American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1941–1950. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-520-21521-4.
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  10. ^ "Andrews Named U.S. Commander for Europe", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 6, 1943, p1
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  58. ^ "Nation, Rise Up, and Let the Storm Break Loose", Goebbels speech transcript, German Propaganda Archive, Calvin College; Hein A.M. Klemann and Sergei Kudryashov, Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945 (Berg, 2011) p9
  59. ^ a b Inge Scholl, The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943 (Wesleyan University Press, 2011); René Spitz, Hfg Ulm: The View Behind the Foreground (Edition Axel Menges, 2002) p42
  60. ^ K. Scott Wong, Americans First: Chinese Americans and the Second World War (Harvard University Press, 2005) p96
  61. ^ Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power (Simon and Schuster, 2008) p379
  62. ^ F. G. Gosling, The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (Government Printing Office, 1999) p22
  63. ^ David S. Wyman and Charles H. Rosenzveig, The World Reacts to the Holocaust (Johns Hopkins University Press, Sep 30, 1996) p567
  64. ^ "Amos 'n' Andy", in Encyclopedia of Radio, Christopher H. Sterling, ed. (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p128
  65. ^ Barbara Brooks Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (University Press of Kentucky, 2003) p62
  66. ^ Dennis Fradin and Judith Fradin, Witness to Disaster: Volcanoes (National Geographic Books, 2007) pp 7–10
  67. ^ "The Years Between the Wars", by Alfred Newton Richards, in The National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years, 1863–1963 (National Academies, 1978) p507
  68. ^ Gordon Rottman, US Marine Corps Pacific Theater of Operations 1941–43 (Osprey Publishing, 2004) p79
  69. ^ Chuck Thompson, 25 Best World War II Sites Pacific Theater (ASDavis Media Group, 2002) p3
  70. ^ Wittenstein, George J., M.D., "Memories of the White Rose" (Part 4, Trial and Aftermath), 1979
  71. ^ Jack Fischel, The Holocaust (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998) p69
  72. ^ "Bulgaria, Holocaust in", in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution, Richard S. Levy, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2005) p90
  73. ^ "Froman, Jane", in Dictionary of Missouri Biography (University of Missouri Press, 1999) pp 322–323; PlaneCrashInfo.com
  74. ^ Barbara Engelking and Jacek Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City (Yale University Press, 2009) p828
  75. ^ David W. Lange, The Complete Guide To Lincoln Cents (Zyrus Press, 2005) pp 21–22
  76. ^ "35 Orphans Die in Fire", Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, February 24, 1943, p1; "The Cavan Fire", "Scannal!", RTÉ One Television
  77. ^ "The Loss of HM Submarine Vandal (P64) off the Isle of Arran in 1943", ClydeMaritime.co.UK
  78. ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland
  79. ^ "Events occurring on Thursday, February 25, 1943". WW2 Timelines. 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  80. ^ Nigel Thomas, Germany's Eastern Front Allies: Baltic Forces (Osprey Publishing, 2002) p21
  81. ^ Shlomo Venezia, Inside the Gas Chambers: Eight Months in the Sonderkommando of Auschwitz (Polity, 2009) p 176–177
  82. ^ Molly Searl, Montana Disasters: Fires, Floods, and Other Catastrophes (Pruett Publishing, 2001) p56; "Feb 27, 1943: Mine explosion kills 74 in Montana", This Day in History, History.com; "Blast Traps 75 In Montana Mine", Sheboygan (WI) Press, February 27, 1943, p1
  83. ^ David Bankier and Israel Gutman, Nazi Europe and the Final Solution (Berghahn Books, 2009) pp 95–96
  84. ^ Wolf Gruner, Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938–1944 (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p27
  85. ^ Sarah Byrn Rickman, Nancy Love and the WASP Ferry Pilots of World War II (University of North Texas Press, 2008) p112
  86. ^ Randolph Bradham, Hitler's U-Boat Fortresses (Greenwood Publishing, 2003) p53 Bernard Wasserstein, Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time (Oxford University Press, 2007) pp 392–393; "RAF Looses a Torrent of Bombs on St. Nazaire, The Milwaukee Journal, March 1, 1943, p1
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