1983 Tour de France
Race details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dates | 1–24 July | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stages | 22 + Prologue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distance | 3,809 km (2,367 mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Winning time | 105h 07' 52" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1983 Tour de France was the 70th edition of the Tour de France, run from 1 to 24 July, with 22 stages and a prologue covering a total distance of 3,809 km (2,367 mi) The race was won by French rider Laurent Fignon. Sean Kelly of Ireland won the points classification, and Lucien Van Impe of Belgium won the mountains classification.
Teams
The Tour organisation wanted to globalize cycling by having cyclist from the Eastern Bloc in the Tour. Because they only rode as amateurs, the 1983 Tour was also opened for amateur teams. In the end, only the Colombian and Portuguese national amateur teams applied for a place,[1] and the Portuguese team later withdrew. The 1983 Tour started with 140 cyclists, divided into 14 teams of 10 cyclists.[2]
The teams entering the race were:[2]
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Route and stages
The 1983 Tour de France started on 1 July, and had one rest day, after the finish on the Alpe d'Huez.[3] The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,115 m (6,939 ft) at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet mountain pass on stage 10.[4][5]
Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Winner | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | 1 July | Fontenay-sous-Bois | 6 km (3.7 mi) | Individual time trial | Eric Vanderaerden (BEL) | |
1 | 2 July | Nogent-sur-Marne to Créteil | 163 km (101 mi) | Plain stage | Frits Pirard (NED) | |
2 | 3 July | Soissons to Fontaine-au-Pire | 100 km (62 mi) | Team time trial | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | 4 July | Valenciennes to Roubaix | 152 km (94 mi) | Hilly stage | Rudy Matthijs (BEL) | |
4 | 5 July | Roubaix to Le Havre | 300 km (190 mi) | Plain stage | Serge Demierre (SUI) | |
5 | 6 July | Le Havre to Le Mans | 257 km (160 mi) | Plain stage | Dominique Gaigne (FRA) | |
6 | 7 July | Châteaubriant to Nantes | 58 km (36 mi) | Individual time trial | Bert Oosterbosch (NED) | |
7 | 8 July | Nantes to Île d'Oléron | 216 km (134 mi) | Plain stage | Riccardo Magrini (ITA) | |
8 | 9 July | La Rochelle to Bordeaux | 222 km (138 mi) | Plain stage | Bert Oosterbosch (NED) | |
9 | 10 July | Bordeaux to Pau | 207 km (129 mi) | Plain stage | Philippe Chevallier (FRA) | |
10 | 11 July | Pau to Bagnères-de-Luchon | 201 km (125 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Robert Millar (GBR) | |
11 | 12 July | Bagnères-de-Luchon to Fleurance | 177 km (110 mi) | Plain stage | Régis Clère (FRA) | |
12 | 13 July | Fleurance to Roquefort-sur-Soulzon | 261 km (162 mi) | Plain stage | Kim Andersen (DEN) | |
13 | 14 July | Roquefort-sur-Soulzon to Aurillac | 210 km (130 mi) | Hilly stage | Henk Lubberding (NED) | |
14 | 15 July | Aurillac to Issoire | 149 km (93 mi) | Hilly stage | Pierre Le Bigaut (FRA) | |
15 | 16 July | Clermont-Ferrand to Puy de Dôme | 16 km (9.9 mi) | Individual time trial | Ángel Arroyo (ESP) | |
16 | 17 July | Issoire to Saint-Étienne | 144 km (89 mi) | Hilly stage | Michel Laurent (FRA) | |
17 | 18 July | La Tour-du-Pin to Alpe d'Huez | 223 km (139 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Peter Winnen (NED) | |
19 July | Alpe d'Huez | Rest day | ||||
18 | 20 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Morzine | 247 km (153 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Jacques Michaud (FRA) | |
19 | 21 July | Morzine to Avoriaz | 15 km (9.3 mi) | Individual time trial | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) | |
20 | 22 July | Morzine to Dijon | 291 km (181 mi) | Plain stage | Philippe Leleu (FRA) | |
21 | 23 July | Dijon | 50 km (31 mi) | Individual time trial | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | |
22 | 24 July | Alfortville to Paris (Champs-Élysées) | 195 km (121 mi) | Plain stage | Gilbert Glaus (SUI) | |
Total | 3,809 km (2,367 mi)[9] |
Race overview
In 1983, Fignon was a part of the team that helped Bernard Hinault to win the 1983 Vuelta a España. Guimard did not want to send Fignon to the Tour de France, because two grand tours could be too much for a 22-year-old rider.[10] When Hinault, winner of four of five previous Tours, announced that he would not start due to injury, the Renault team was without a team captain. Fignon was added to the 1983 Tour de France selection for the Renault team, and the team decided to go for stage wins, with hopes of having Fignon or Marc Madiot compete for the young rider classification.[11] After stage nine, the first mountain stage, Fignon was in second place, behind Pascal Simon,[12] and he was allowed to be team leader.[13] In the eleventh stage, Simon crashed and broke his shoulder blade. Simon continued, and only lost little time the next stages. In the fifteenth stage, a mountain time trial, Fignon was able to win back so much time that he was within one minute of Simon.[14]
In the seventeenth stage, Simon had to give up, and Fignon became the new leader. In the next stages, Fignon was able to answer all attacks from his opponents, and he even won the time trial in the 21st stage. At 22 years old, Fignon was the youngest man to win the Tour since 1933.
Fignon later said that he was lucky to have won the 1983 Tour: if Hinault would have been present, Fignon would have helped Hinault, as Hinault was the team leader.[15]
Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1983 Tour de France, four of them awarding jerseys to their leaders.[16] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[17]
Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[18]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[19]
Another classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders that rode the Tour for the first time were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[20]
The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1983, this classification had no associated jersey.[21]
The team classification changed; in 1982 it was calculated with the times of the best four cyclists in every stage, and in 1983 this changed to the times of the best three cyclists.[1] The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps.[21] There was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.[21]
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.[22] Serge Demierre won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.[3] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 10. This prize was won by José Patrocinio Jiménez.[23][24]
Stage | Stage winner | General classification |
Points classification |
Mountains classification |
Young rider classification |
Combination classification | Intermediate sprints classification | Team classifications | Combativity award | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
By time | By points | |||||||||
P | Eric Vanderaerden | Eric Vanderaerden | Eric Vanderaerden | no award | Eric Vanderaerden | Eric Vanderaerden | no award | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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not awarded |
1 | Frits Pirard | Frits Pirard | Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle | Eric Vanderaerden | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Pierre Le Bigaut | ||||
2 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Jean-Louis Gauthier | Claude Moreau | Pascal Jules | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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not awarded | ||||
3 | Rudy Matthijs | Kim Andersen | Eric Vanderaerden | Eric Vanderaerden | Rudy Matthijs | |||||
4 | Serge Demierre | Eric Vanderaerden | Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle | Serge Demierre | ||||||
5 | Dominique Gaigne | Éric Dall'Armelina | ||||||||
6 | Bert Oosterbosch | not awarded | ||||||||
7 | Riccardo Magrini | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Bernard Vallet | |||||||
8 | Bert Oosterbosch | Sean Kelly | Kim Andersen | Sean Kelly | Henk Lubberding | |||||
9 | Philippe Chevallier | Sean Kelly | Stephen Roche | Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle | Philippe Chevallier | |||||
10 | Robert Millar | Pascal Simon | José Patrocinio Jiménez | Laurent Fignon | José Patrocinio Jiménez | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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José Patrocinio Jiménez | |||
11 | Régis Clère | Joaquim Agostinho | ||||||||
12 | Kim Andersen | Adri van der Poel | ||||||||
13 | Henk Lubberding | Robert Millar | Pascal Simon | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Régis Clère | ||||
14 | Pierre Le Bigaut | Sean Kelly | Pierre Le Bigaut | |||||||
15 | Ángel Arroyo | José Patrocinio Jiménez | not awarded | |||||||
16 | Michel Laurent | Michel Laurent | ||||||||
17 | Peter Winnen | Laurent Fignon | Lucien Van Impe | Pedro Delgado | Christian Jourdan | |||||
18 | Jacques Michaud | Lucien Van Impe | Ángel Arroyo | |||||||
19 | Lucien Van Impe | not awarded | ||||||||
20 | Philippe Leleu | Philippe Leleu | ||||||||
21 | Laurent Fignon | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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not awarded | |||||||
22 | Gilbert Glaus | Laurent Fignon | Christian Jourdan | |||||||
Final | Laurent Fignon | Sean Kelly | Lucien Van Impe | Laurent Fignon | Laurent Fignon | Sean Kelly | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Serge Demierre |
Final standings
Legend | |||
---|---|---|---|
Denotes the winner of the general classification | Denotes the winner of the points classification | ||
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification | Denotes the winner of the young rider classification |
General classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Final general classification (11–88)[28] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
11 | Joaquim Agostinho (POR) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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71 | Serge Demierre (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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72 | Johan Lammerts (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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73 | Ludo De Keulenaer (BEL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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74 | Eric Dall'Armelina (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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75 | Enrique Aja (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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76 | Jean-Louis Gauthier (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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77 | Guy Janiszewski (BEL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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78 | Frédéric Brun (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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79 | Laurent Biondi (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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80 | Jan van Houwelingen (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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81 | Henri Manders (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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82 | Marc Dierickx (BEL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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83 | Julius Thalmann (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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84 | Erich Mächler (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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85 | Gilbert Glaus (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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86 | Guy Gallopin (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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87 | Marcel Russenberger (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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88 | Marcel Laurens (BEL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Points classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
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1 | Sean Kelly (IRE) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | Frits Pirard (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | Gilbert Glaus (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | Pierre Le Bigaut (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | Henk Lubberding (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | Phil Anderson (AUS) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | Adrie van der Poel (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | Kim Andersen (DEN) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | Serge Demierre (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Mountains classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
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1 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | José Patrocinio Jiménez (COL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | Robert Millar (GBR) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | Jean-René Bernaudeau (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | Ángel Arroyo (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | Jacques Michaud (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | Edgar Corredor (COL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | Peter Winnen (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Young rider classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
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1 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | Ángel Arroyo (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | Stephen Roche (IRE) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | Robert Millar (GBR) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | Edgar Corredor (COL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | José Patrocinio Jiménez (COL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | Eric Caritoux (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | Bernard Gavillet (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | Philippe Leleu (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Combination classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
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1 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | Sean Kelly (IRE) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | Ángel Arroyo (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | José Patrocinio Jiménez (COL) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | Frits Pirard (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | Robert Millar (GBR) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | Peter Winnen (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | Gilbert Glaus (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Intermediate sprints classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
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1 | Sean Kelly (IRE) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | Pierre Le Bigaut (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | Laurent Fignon (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | Phil Anderson (AUS) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | Frits Pirard (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | Christian Jourdan (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | Henk Lubberding (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | Serge Demierre (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | Adri van der Poel (NED) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Team classification
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1 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Team points classification
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1 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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4 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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5 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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6 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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7 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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8 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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9 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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10 | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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Combativity classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
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1 | Serge Demierre (SUI) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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2 | Christian Jourdan (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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3 | Pierre Le Bigaut (FRA) | You have called {{Contentious topics}} . You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:
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References
- ^ a b "Alleen Portugese en Colombiaanse amateurs in Ronde van Frankrijk". Amigoe (in Dutch). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. 13 January 1983. p. 6. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
- ^ a b "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1983 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Augendre 2016, p. 74.
- ^ Augendre 2016, p. 188.
- ^ "Ronde van Frankrijk" [Tour de France]. Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). 29 June 1983. p. 17 – via Delpher.
- ^ "70ème Tour de France 1983" [70th Tour de France 1983]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC top ten". CVCCBike.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1983 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Augendre 2016, p. 110.
- ^ McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 143–144.
- ^ McGann & McGann 2008, p. 139.
- ^ McGann & McGann 2008, p. 141.
- ^ "Rider biographies: Laurent Fignon". Cycling hall of fame. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ McGann & McGann 2008, p. 142.
- ^ Pickering, Edward (31 August 2010). "Laurent Fignon: My way or the fairway". Cycling Weekly. IPC Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–455.
- ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–453.
- ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 453–454.
- ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454.
- ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 454–455.
- ^ a b c Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 455.
- ^ van den Akker 2018, pp. 211–216.
- ^ Millar, Robert (8 July 2016). "Robert Millar blog: Winning in the Circle of Death". Cyclingnews.com. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Tourrenners gaan minder verdienen" [Tour riders are going to earn less]. Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). 1 July 1983. p. 7 – via De Krant van Toen.
- ^ "Dag na dag" [Day to day]. Gazet van Antwerpen (in Dutch). 25 July 1983. p. 21. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019.
- ^ Martin et al. 1983, p. 125.
- ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1983" [Information about the Tour de France from 1983]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1983 – Stage 22 Alfortville > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Clasificaciones" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 July 1983. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2019.
- ^ a b c "Eindklassement" [Final classification]. Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). 25 July 1983. p. 10. Retrieved 18 July 2013 – via Regionaal Archief Leiden.
- ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Stand in het jongerenklassement – Etappe 22" [Standings in the youth classification – Stage 22]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Combinatieklassement" [Combination classification]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Sprintdoorkomsten in de Tour de France 1983" [Sprint results in the Tour de France 1983]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ^ Martin et al. 1983, p. 124.
- ^ Martin et al. 1983, p. 126.
Bibliography
- Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF) (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
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(help) - Martin, Pierre; Penazzo, Sergio; Schamps, Daniel; Vos, Cor (1983). Tour 83: The Stories of the 1983 Tour of Italy and Tour de France. Keighley, UK: Kennedy Brothers Publishing. OCLC 12476671.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007. Vol. 2. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - van den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)