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Lancia

Coordinates: 45°01′23″N 7°38′28″E / 45.0230377°N 7.6410842°E / 45.0230377; 7.6410842
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45°01′23″N 7°38′28″E / 45.0230377°N 7.6410842°E / 45.0230377; 7.6410842

Lancia Automobiles S.p.A.
FormerlyLancia & C. Fabbrica Automobili
Company typeSubsidiary (S.p.A.)
IndustryAutomotive
Founded29 November 1906; 117 years ago (1906-11-29)
FounderVincenzo Lancia
HeadquartersTurin, Italy
Key people
John Elkann (President)
Saad Chehab (CEO of Lancia and Chrysler brand)
Antonella Bruno (CEO of Lancia since 23 April 2013)
ProductsCars, Electric vehicles
Production output
48,555 (2018)
OwnerFiat Chrysler Automobiles
ParentFCA Italy
Websitelancia.com

Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. (Italian: [ˈlantʃa]) is an Italian automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., itself the European subsidiary of multinational corporation Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Lancia Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when its corporate parent reorganized its businesses, but its history is traced back to Lancia & C., a manufacturing concern founded in 1906 by Vincenzo Lancia and Claudio Fogolin. It became part of the Fiat Group in 1969.

The brand is known for its strong rallying heritage, and technical innovations such as the unibody chassis of the 1922 Lambda and the five-speed gearbox introduced in the 1948 Ardea.[1] Despite not competing in the World Rally Championship since 1992 Lancia still holds more Manufacturers' Championships than any other brand.

Sales of Lancia-branded vehicles declined from over 300,000 annual units sold in 1990 to less than 100,000 by 2010. After corporate parent Fiat acquired a stake in Chrysler in 2009 the Lancia brand portfolio was revamped to include rebadged Chrysler products, for sale in most European markets. (Lancia vehicles in the UK and Ireland were rebadged as Chryslers instead.) As sales continued to drop the Lancia-badged Chryslers were no longer offered after 2015. Since then the company's only product has been the Ypsilon supermini, and sales outside of Italy ended in 2017. Despite Lancia's much smaller brand presence the Ypsilon continues to be popular in Italy; in fact it was the second best-selling car there in 2019.[2]

Palazzo Lancia

History

Lancia Beta Torpedo (1909)

Foundation and early years

Lancia & C. Fabbrica Automobili was founded on 29 November 1906 in Turin by Fiat racing drivers, Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937) and his friend, Claudio Fogolin (1872-1945). The first car manufactured by Lancia was the "Tipo 51" or "12 HP" (later called "Alfa"), which remained in production from 1907 to 1908. It had a small four-cylinder engine with a power output of 28 PS (21 kW; 28 hp).[3]

In 1910, Lancia components were exported to the United States where they were assembled and sold as SGVs by the SGV Company.[4] In 1915, Lancia also manufactured its first truck, the Jota that continued as a dedicated series. In 1937, Vincenzo died of a heart attack. His wife, Adele Miglietti Lancia, and his son, Gianni Lancia, took over control of the company. They persuaded Vittorio Jano to join as an engineer. Jano had already made a name for himself by designing various Alfa Romeo models, including some of its most successful race cars ever such as the 6C, P2 and P3.

The former Lancia Borgo San Paolo Plant in Turin, where Lancia automobiles were first produced

Lancia is renowned in the automotive world for introducing cars with numerous innovations. These include the Theta of 1913, which was the first European production car to feature a complete electrical system as standard equipment.[5] Lancia's first car adopting a monocoque chassis – the Lambda produced from 1922 to 1931 - featured 'Sliding Pillar' independent front suspension that incorporated the spring and hydraulic damper into a single unit (a feature that would be employed in subsequent Lancias, up to the Appia that was replaced in 1963). In 1948, the first 5-speed gearbox was fitted to a production car (Series 3 Ardea). Lancia premiered the first full-production V6 engine, in the 1950 Aurelia,[6] after earlier industry-leading experiments with V8 and V12 engine configurations. It was also the first manufacturer to produce a V4 engine. Other innovations involved the use of independent suspension in production cars (in an era where live axles were common practice for both the front and rear axles of a car), and rear transaxles, which were first fitted to the Aurelia and Flaminia range. This drive for innovation, constant quest for excellence, fixation of quality, complex construction processes and antiquated production machinery meant that all cars essentially had to be hand-made. With little commonality between the various models, the cost of production continued to rise, while flat demand eventually affected Lancia's viability.[citation needed]

Gianni Lancia, a graduate engineer, was president of Lancia from 1947 to 1955. In 1956, the Pesenti family took over control of Lancia with Carlo Pesenti (1907–1984) in charge of the company.[7]

1969 to present

Entrance of the former Lancia Borgo San Paolo Plant in Turin, repurposed as a civic center

Fiat launched a take-over bid in October 1969. It was accepted by Lancia as the company was losing significant sums of money, with losses in 1969 being £20 million.[8] This was not the end of the distinctive Lancia marque, and new models in the 1970s such as the Stratos, Gamma and Beta proved that Fiat wished to preserve the image of the brand it had acquired. Autobianchi, bought by Fiat Group just a year before, was put under the control of Lancia.[9]

During the 1970s and 1980s, Lancia had great success in rallying, winning many World Rally Championships.

During the 1980s, the company cooperated with Saab Automobile, with the Lancia Delta being sold as the Saab 600 in Sweden. The 1985 Lancia Thema also shared a platform with the Saab 9000, Fiat Croma and the Alfa Romeo 164. During the 1990s, all models were closely related to other Fiat models.

Starting from 1 February 2007, Fiat's automotive operations were reorganised.[10] Fiat Auto became Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat S.p.A.'s branch handling mainstream automotive production. Simultaneously the current company, Lancia Automobiles S.p.A., was created from the pre-existing brand, and controlled 100% by FCA.[10] In 2011, Lancia moved in a new direction and added new models manufactured by Chrysler and sold under the Lancia badge in many European markets. Conversely, Lancia built models began to be sold in right-hand drive markets under the Chrysler badge.

In 2015 Lancia's parent company Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. became FCA Italy S.p.A., reflecting the earlier incorporation of Fiat S.p.A. into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.

1907 Lancia logo
1907 Lancia radiator script
1929 Lancia logo
1929–1957 Lancia logo
1974 Lancia logo
1974–2000 Lancia logo
1907

From 1907 to 1910 Lancia cars didn't bear a true badge, but rather a brass plaque identifying the manufacturer (Lancia & C.) and chassis code; although some models did have a brass Lancia script on the grille.[11]

1911

The original Lancia logo was designed by Count Carlo Biscaretti di Ruffia. In 1910 Vincenzo Lancia asked Biscaretti di Ruffia to design a badge for the company; the Count submitted six watercolour proposal sketches. Vincenzo Lancia chose a round one, composed by a blue lance and flag bearing a Lancia script ("Lancia" means "lance" in Italian) in gold, over a four-spoke steering wheel, with a hand throttle detail on the right spoke.[11] The first car to bear the Lancia logo was the Gamma 20 HP in 1911.[11]

1929

In 1929 the logo acquired its final layout: the previous round badge was superimposed on a blue shield in the shape of a Reuleaux triangle (as found in one of Biscaretti di Ruffia's six original proposals).[11] Though first applied on the 1929 Dikappa, this badge was only used consistently starting with the 1936 Aprilia.[11]

1957

Beginning with the 1957 Flaminia, Lancia cars switched from the traditional vertical split grille to an horizontal, full-width one. The logo was moved inside the grille opening, and changed to a more stylized chromed metal open-work design; shield and steering wheel became chrome frames, the only remaining enameled surface being the blue field of the flag. This new metal logo was used on most models with some exceptions, namely Zagato-bodied Lancia Fulvias and Flavias, the Lancia 2000 Berlina (which reprised the traditional upright grille and the round enameled badge) and the Stratos HF (whose ornaments lacked the triangular shield).

1974

In 1974 the badge was redesigned on Umberto Agnelli's request;[11] it went back to a modernised silver, white and blue version of the 1929 design. Flag and lance were unified in a single shape and dispensed with the earlier minute detailing, the Lancia letters became all of the same size, and the steering wheel became also outlined in blue and lost the hand throttle detail. This logo debuted on the 1979 Lancia Delta,[11] and made its way on the other models as they adopted the split grille introduced by the Delta. Though lightly revised in 2000 with the addition of a chrome shield surround, the 1974 logo was used through four decades, up to 2006.

2007

The current logo, designed by Robilant Associati, was presented at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show—a couple of months after the creation of Lancia Automobiles.[11] While the traditional chrome-framed blue shield has been retained and made three-dimensional, for the first time since 1911 lance and flag are absent; the steering wheel has been stylized into a chromed circle, from which two spikes converge towards the modern Lancia logotype in the centre.

Lancia family

Vittorio Jano and Gianni Lancia

Cavalier Giuseppe Lancia (1860 (Cuneo) - 1919 (Bordighera)) was an Italian businessman and father of Vincenzo Lancia. When he was sixteen he started a business with food in Italy. Later, for a few years, he made relationships with South America and he created a food industry in Argentina. His efforts and innovations made his company a great success. His company was one of the first food companies in the country and showed new methods in this sector. When he made a fortune, he returned to Italy. By his education, Giuseppe was a translator. In 1875, he married Marianna Orazzi. In 1876, their first son Giovanni was born. In 1879 their daughter Margherita was born. She died in 1894. In 1881 their third child Vincenzo Lancia was born. Their second daughter, Anna Maria (later Anna-Maria-Giacobinni), was born in 1884. The Lancia family at that time was important for Turin. The members of the family liked to go on opera and theatre. In their free time. the Lancias spend their time at a villa near Turin.

Vincenzo Lancia was born on 24 of August 1881 in Fobello near Turin. His father wanted Vincenzo to be a lawyer, but didn't have much interest in the humanities. He met the Battista brothers as well as Giovanni Ceirano and became interested in science and technology, especially automobiles. He saw his first cars in Turin and Milan. One of his friends Carlo Bishareti di Ruffia had a Benz and that was the first important automobile in his life. When FIAT was founded in 1899 Vincenzo was very active in the company and later became one of the most famous test drivers of Italian automobile brands. In 1922, Vincenzo married his secretary - Adele Miglietti. Vincenzo and Adele had three children Gianni, Eleonora and Maria. He died on February 15, 1937.

Gianni Lancia was born on 24 November 1924 in Turin. He finished his education with his sisters at the Technical University of Pisa. From the time he was a little boy Gianni loved sports, but his greatest passion was motor racing. This led him to become a driver for the Lancia team. Gianni became the boss of Lancia in 1950. He invested a lot of money in expensive prototypes and other unprofitable ventures that led him to sell a big part of the company to Carlo Pesenti in 1957. After that he started a business in the food industry. For a few years he lived in Brazil. He had two sons, Mariele and Vincenzo from his first marriage and had one son (Lorenzo Lancia) from his marriage to Jacqueline Sassard. He died on 30 June 2014.

Automotive

Lancia production
1990–2019[12][13]
Year Cars
1990 300,087
1991 265,172
1992 223,127
1993 163,636
1994 163,535
1995 162,416
1996 159,251
1997 176,211
1998 175,215
1999 161,019
2000 170,348
2001 134,812
2002 110,529
2003 108,989
2004 118,201
2005 115,543
2006 122,956
2007 118,036
2008 113,307
2009 113,810
2010 97,757
2011 100,007
2012 98,733
2013 71,223
2014 69,835
2015 61,652
2016 67,059
2017 60,620
2018 48,555
2019 58,759

Current car models

Lancia Ypsilon

Main article: Lancia Ypsilon
2013 Lancia Ypsilon

The Ypsilon is a premium 5-door supermini car produced since 2011. It is based on an updated Fiat 500 platform. It was previously available for sale in many European markets, however since 2017 it has only been available in Italy. In the United Kingdom and Ireland it was previously sold as the Chrysler Ypsilon.[14]

Although it is the only Lancia car in production and only for sale in Italy, the Ypsilon continues to be popular there; it was the second best-selling car in Italy in 2019.[2]

Past car models

Other models

The Lancia Aurelia introduced the front engine rear transmission configuration later used by Ferrari, Alfa Romeo, Porsche, GM, Volvo and Maserati, as well as the V6 engine, which is now common. It had inboard rear brakes, an important way of reducing un-sprung weight.

The Lancia Stratos was a successful rally car during the 1970s, and helped the company to improve its sporting credentials.

The Lancia Thema executive car was a re-branded second generation Chrysler 300 unveiled in 2011 to replace the Thesis. It re–used the name of the Italian made 1984–94 Thema saloon. It used to be available in various European markets, but for the United Kingdom and Ireland it was only sold as the Chrysler 300C. It was discontinued in 2015.

The Lancia Voyager was a large MPV unveiled in 2011, which was based on the Chrysler Town & Country. It was marketed in various European markets, but for the United Kingdom and Ireland it was only sold as the Chrysler Grand Voyager. It was discontinued in 2015.

Concept cars

See also: List of Lancia concept cars
Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept at IAA 2003 designed by Flavio Manzoni

Lancia has shown several concept cars to the public including the Flaminia Loratmo (1958), Stratos Zero (1970), the Megagamma by Italdesign Giugiaro and Sibilo by Bertone in 1978, Hit (1988) by Pininfarina, the Bertone designed Kayak (1995), the Dialogos (1998) and Nea in 2000.[15] The company showed the Granturismo Stilnovo and Fulvia.[16] concepts in 2003.

Special cars

In the end of 1960, Lancia made their first landaulet-limousine for the President of Italy, called the Lancia Flaminia 335 Presidenziale.

In 1989, Lancia made a limousine version of the Thema. 24 examples for Fiat-Group executives.

In 1999, Lancia made a one-off limousine version of the Kappa and at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show, Stola showed a limousine version of the Thesis.

Export markets

In January 2014, in an interview with La Repubblica, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne foreshadowed that Lancia would become an Italy–only brand, and focus only on the Ypsilon supermini range.[17]

United States

While some models had been imported on a small scale during the 1950s to the 1960s, Lancias were sold in the United States from 1975. Sales were comparatively slow, and the range was withdrawn at the same time as Fiat in 1982.

In 2009, following Fiat's acquisition of a stake in United States-based Chrysler and part of Chrysler's restructuring plans, it was stated that Fiat plans for the Chrysler brand and Lancia to co–develop products, with some vehicles being shared. Olivier Francois, Lancia's CEO, took over as CEO of the Chrysler division in October 2009. Fiat has also announced that, depending on the market, some Chrysler cars would be sold as Lancias and vice versa.

Francois' plans to re-establish the Chrysler brand as an upscale brand were somewhat muddied by the discontinuance of the Plymouth brand.[18] At the 2010 Detroit Auto Show, a Chrysler badged Lancia Delta was on display,[19] but this did not result in sales in the United States, with proposals to instead modify an Alfa Romeo for sale by 2013.[20]

United Kingdom

Lancia's reputation was significantly undermined in 1980, when defective Lancia Beta models, suffering from significant suspension sub-frame corrosion problems, were purchased back from owners by the company in a highly publicised campaign. These cars were later crushed.[21] The brand never recovered from the damage inflicted during the Beta recall and, combined with a range of related factors (including poor residual values, which made their range uncompetitive), decided to withdraw from the right-hand drive market in February 1994.[22] The last model be sold in the United Kingdom was the Delta, boosted by its rallying reputation, withdrawn from sale in 1995, although a small number of left-hand drive Lancia models have since reached the UK as personal imports.

After 1995, there were continuous rumours suggesting Lancia's return to the United Kingdom. In November 2005, What Car? reported rumours over the alleged return, to rival "affordable" premium makes, such as Saab and Volvo.[23] In September 2006, What Car? reported that Lancia were returning to the United Kingdom.[24] The relaunch date was set for August 2008. In April 2008, Car reported that Lancia had postponed the relaunch.[25] In June 2009, Autocar reported that the relaunch of Lancia was now “very unlikely”.[26]

These were credible since Lancia models, by that time, shared common parts with Fiat and Alfa Romeo models that were imported, sold and maintained by an existing dealership network. The cost to reestablish the brand were therefore minimal. In December 2008, however, Fiat cancelled relaunch plans, due to financial concerns coinciding with the global financial crisis, and the recession.[27]

In 2011, Lancia Ypsilon and Delta models were eventually re-introduced to the United Kingdom, but were sold under the Chrysler marque. In January 2014, the slow-selling Delta model was dropped from this line up. In March 2015, Fiat Group announced that the Chrysler brand would be discontinued in the United Kingdom in 2017, citing a desire to focus largely on the Jeep brand instead.[28]

Japan

A small number of Lancia models were previously sold in Japan, such as Fulvia, Stratos and Delta. More recently, some models have been sold under the Chrysler brand, such as the Ypsilon.

Lancia in motorsport

Formula One

See also: Lancia Grand Prix results
A Lancia D50A Formula One car

After Vincenzo Lancia's son Gianni became director of the firm, it started to take part more frequently in motorsport, eventually deciding to build a Grand Prix car. Vittorio Jano was the new designer for Lancia and his Lancia D50 was entered into the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix, where Alberto Ascari took the pole position and drove the fastest lap. In the 1955 Monaco Grand Prix Ascari crashed into the harbour after missing a chicane. One week later Ascari was killed in an accident driving a Ferrari sports car at Monza. With Ascari's death and Lancia's financial problems the company withdrew from Grand Prix racing.[29] Altogether Lancia took two victories and ten podiums in Formula One.[30]

Remnants of the Lancia team were transferred to Scuderia Ferrari,[31] where Juan Manuel Fangio won the 1956 championship with a Lancia-Ferrari car.

Rallying

See also: Lancia in rallying
A Lancia Delta S4 Group B rally car

Lancia has been very successful in motorsport over the years, and mostly in the arena of rallying. Prior to the forming of the World Rally Championship, Lancia took the final International Championship for Manufacturers title with the Fulvia in 1972. In the WRC, they remain the most statistically successful marque (despite having withdrawn at the end of the 1993 season), winning constructors' titles with the Stratos (1974, 1975 and 1976), the 037 (1983) and the Delta (six consecutive wins from 1987 to 1992). The Delta is also the most successful individual model designation ever to compete in rallying. All this gave Lancia a total of 11 Championships over the years and 15 European Championship from 1969 to 1992.

Juha Kankkunen and Miki Biasion both won two drivers' titles with the Delta. Among other drivers to take several World Rally Championship wins with Lancia were Markku Alén, Didier Auriol, Sandro Munari, Bernard Darniche, Walter Röhrl, Björn Waldegård and Henri Toivonen. The history of the brand in rallying is also tainted with tragedy, with deaths of Italian driver Attilio Bettega at the 1985 Tour de Corse in a Lancia 037 and then Finnish championship favourite Toivonen in a Lancia Delta S4 at the same rally exactly a year later. These deaths would eventually lead to the end of Group B rallying.

Sports car racing

In 1951 Mille Miglia, Lancia Aurelia B20 GT came second overall. The car was driven by Thornley Kelham.[32].

In 1953, Umberto Maglioli won the Targa Florio at the wheel of the Lancia D20. The same year Lancia introduced the D24 sports racer, which was an evolution of D23 model, but rebodied as a spider by Pinin Farina. Its most significant victories were: the 1953 Carrera Panamericana, the 1954 Mille Miglia and the 1954 Targa Florio.

A Lancia Beta Montecarlo Group 5 car

During Lancia's dominance of rallying, the company also expanded into sports cars in the late 1970s until the mid-1980s. It first ran the Stratos HF in Group 4, and for a brief interlude with a rare Group 5 version. The car was replaced with the successful Beta Montecarlo Turbo winning the FIA's 1980 World Championship for Makes and 1981 World Endurance Championship for Makes and the 1980 Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft.

A Lancia LC2 Group C sports car

In 1982 the team moved up to Group 6 with the LC1 Spyder, followed by the Group C LC2 coupé which featured a Ferrari powerplant in 1983. The LC2 was a match for the standard-setting Porsche 956 in terms of raw speed, securing 13 pole positions over its lifetime, however its results were hampered by poor reliability and fuel economy and it only managed to win three European and World Endurance Championship races. The team's inability to compete against the dominant Porsche 956 and 962 sports cars led it to drop out of sportscar racing at the end of 1986 in order to concentrate on rallying, although private teams continued to enter LC2s with declining results until the early 1990s.

Titles

Commercial vehicles

Lancia produced a wide range of vans, trucks, buses and military vehicles from the beginning, forming Lancia Veicoli Industriali in 1912. Lancia slowly withdrew from the commercial sectors during the late 1960s and production of commercial vehicles ended in the early 1970s, shortly after Fiat's takeover of the company, with some models transferred to Iveco.

Lancia Superjolly

Light commercial vehicles

Heavy commercial vehicles

Lancia Triota 1921
Lancia Esadelta C
Lancia Esagamma E
Lancia trolleybus in Athens
Lancia 3RO military truck

Buses

Trolleybuses

Military vehicles

  • 1912 Lancia 1Z (light truck)
  • 1912 Lancia 1ZM (armoured car)
  • 1938 Lancia 3Ro (truck)
  • 1942 Lancia Esaro (truck)
  • 1942 Lancia Lince (armoured car)
  • 1948 Lancia Esatau 6RoM (truck)
  • 1951 Lancia CL51 (Z 20) (troop transporter)
  • 1954 Lancia TL51 (Z 30) (truck)
  • 1960 Lancia 506 (truck)
  • 1975 Lancia ACL 75 (6611 M) (truck)
  • 1990 Lancia ACL 90 (truck, later Iveco) (truck)

Tractor

  • 1947 Lancia 3Ro (based on Fiat)

Other

Engines

Lancia Flavia Flat four

The company has also made industrial engines.[citation needed]

Media and sponsorship

Two Lancia Stratos side by side

In 2009, the British motoring television show Top Gear suggested that Lancia had more 'great' models than any other car company.[33] The presenters went on to test the Gamma Coupé, Fulvia Coupé, Aprilia, Montecarlo, Beta Coupé, HPE, Stratos, 037, Delta Integrale Evo II and Thema 8.32. They also stated during their review that Lancia made the best looking cars, even though they are unreliable.[citation needed]

Lancia sponsored the Venice Film Festival for five years, ending in 2012, with the Lancia Thema used to transport stars to the festival.[34] Lancia was sponsor of ninth and eleventh World Summit of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates.

See also

References

  1. ^ Malan, Andrea (19 October 2019). "Lancia passes Fiat ownership landmark but no celebration for storied brand". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Le auto più vendute in Italia nel 2019". 4 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  3. ^ Vorgers, Marc. "Lancia history". classicargarage.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  4. ^ "Car here negotiating with leading dealers". The Washington Times. October 25, 1910. p. 13. Retrieved June 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  5. ^ "Innovation The First Models". lancia.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  6. ^ 1980; page 2 of: www.ritzsite.nl/Lancia/02_LanciaCC.htm, accessdate: 14. June 2016
  7. ^ Tatra87. "Automotive History: Italian Deadly Sins (Part 3) – The Many Sins Of Lancia". www.curbsideclassic.com. Retrieved 20 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Lancia loss was £20m". The Times. 30 April 1970. p. 24.
  9. ^ Raffaelli, Fabio (2012). Enciclopedia dell'Automobile (in Italian). Script edizioni. ISBN 8866147095.
  10. ^ a b "Fiat auto cambia nome - Sarà "Automobiles group"". lastampa.it. 24 January 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h "Un nuovo marchio per le sfide del futuro". lanciapress.com (in Italian). Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  12. ^ "Lancia production between 1990–2009". oica.net. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  13. ^ "L'AUTO 2018 - Sintesi Statistica UNRAE" (PDF). unrae.it. unrae.it. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Chrysler UK website". Chrysler.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  15. ^ "Lancia Nea". Car and Driver. September 2000. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  16. ^ "Lancia Fulvia is coming". Autocar. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  17. ^ "Marchionne: "Ecco il futuro della Fiat"". La Repubblica (in Italian). 9 January 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Lancia, Chrysler to share products". leftlanenews.com. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  19. ^ Gall, Jared (January 2010). "Chrysler Delta Concept - Auto Shows". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  20. ^ "Caught Testing: 2013 Chrysler 100 - Spy Shots". Road & Track. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  21. ^ Hunston, Hugh (10 April 1980). "Lancia buy back rust-hit Betas". The Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  22. ^ English, Andrew (28 Jun 2011). "Chrysler Ypsilon review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  23. ^ "Lancia tipped for return to UK". What Car?. 29 November 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  24. ^ "Lancia to re-enter UK in 2008". What Car?. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  25. ^ Foxall, James (11 April 2008). "Lancia postpones UK launch". carmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  26. ^ "Lancia UK launch 'very unlikely'". autocar.co.uk. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  27. ^ "Fiat cancels Lancia's UK return". What Car?. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  28. ^ "Chrysler brand to be axed in the UK in 2017". What Car?. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  29. ^ "Formula One timeline". atlasf1.autosport.com. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
  30. ^ "Lancia Formula 1 Team". 4mula1.ro. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
  31. ^ "Lancia D50". ddavid.com. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
  32. ^ "1951 ex-Mille Miglia, ex-Le Mans, Lancia Aurelia B20GT » Thornley Kelham". www.thornleykelham.com. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  33. ^ "Top Gear Loves Lancia part 1". topgear.com. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  34. ^ "Maserati to take over role of Lancia at Film Festival of Venice". Auto Edizione. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
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