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"National airline" redirects here. For a list of airline companies named National Airlines, see National Airlines (disambiguation).
This article is about transportation companies having flag carrier status. For a naval ship which carries the flag, see flagship. For a person who carries the flag, see Flag bearer. For other uses, see flag carrier (disambiguation).

A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue.[1][disputed – discuss]

Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[2]

A flag carrier (if it is a certificated airline rather than a holding company, conglomerate, or multinational private equity firm) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries.

Background

An Airbus A330-200 of the Lebanese flag carrier Middle East Airlines.

The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers[3] as they were the "main national airline"[4] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[5][6]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[7] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[8] for nationalist reasons, or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[9]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[10] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[11]

In the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized.[12] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[13] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[14] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[15]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership, or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country or Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
 Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines[16] Majority[17]
 Albania Air Albania[18]
 Algeria Air Algérie[19] State-owned[20]
 Angola TAAG Angola Airlines[21] Majority[22]
 Argentina Aerolíneas Argentinas[23] State-owned[23]
 Australia Qantas[24] None State-owned until 1992.[25]
 Austria Austrian Airlines[26] None – owned by Lufthansa State-owned until 5 December 2008.[27]
 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines[28]
 Bahamas Bahamasair[29] State-owned
 Bahrain Gulf Air[30]
 Bangladesh Biman Bangladesh Airlines[31] Public-limited company State-owned until 23 July 2007.
 Belarus Belavia[32] State-owned[33]
 Belgium Brussels Airlines[34] None – owned by Lufthansa[35] Was state-owned in its original incarnation (SN Brussels Airlines)
 Bhutan Druk Air[36] None
 Bolivia Boliviana de Aviación[37] State-owned[38]
 Botswana Air Botswana State-owned
 Brunei Royal Brunei Airlines[39] State-owned[39]
 Bulgaria Bulgaria Air[40] Minority State-owned (0.01%)[41]
 Burkina Faso Air Burkina
 Burundi Air Burundi State-owned
 Cambodia Cambodia Angkor Air[42] Majority (51%)[43]
 Cameroon Camair-Co[44]
 Canada Air Canada[45] None State-owned until 1989.[46]
 Cape Verde TACV[47]
 Cayman Islands Cayman Airways State-owned (100%)[48]
 Chad Chadian Airlines[49][nb 1] Majority (51%)[50]
 Chile LATAM Chile[51][52] None State-owned until September 1989.[53]
 China Air China[54] Majority (51.7%), in which:[55]
  • 40.98% through CNAHC (100% state-owned)
  • 10.72% through CNACG (100% owned by CNAHC)
 State-owned until 2004, and indirectly control through parent company until now.[56]
 Colombia Avianca[57] None
 Croatia Croatia Airlines[58] Majority (98%)[59]
 Cuba Cubana de Aviación[60]
 Czech Republic Czech Airlines[61] None[61]
 DR Congo Congo Airways[62] State-owned[62]
 Denmark Scandinavian Airlines[63] Joint venture[nb 2]  
 Norway
 Sweden
 Djibouti Air Djibouti[66] Joint venture
 Ecuador TAME[67] State-owned[68]
 Egypt EgyptAir[69] State-owned[70]
 Equatorial Guinea Ecuato Guineana
 Eritrea Eritrean Airlines State-owned
 Estonia Nordica[71] State-owned[72]
 Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines[50] State-owned[73]
 Faroe Islands Atlantic Airways[74]
 Fiji Fiji Airways[75] Majority (51%)[76]
 Finland Finnair[77] Majority (55.8%)[78]
 France Air France[79] 18% share[80]
 French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui[81] Majority[82]
 Georgia Georgian Airways None
 Germany Lufthansa[83] None State-owned until 1994;[84] remaining government shares were sold in 1997.[85]
 Greece Aegean Airlines[86]
 Greenland Air Greenland[87]
 Guernsey Aurigny Air Services[88] State-owned[89]
 Guyana Caribbean Airlines[90] None
 Hong Kong Cathay Pacific[91] None
 Iceland Icelandair[92]
 India Air India[93] State-owned[93]
 Indonesia Garuda Indonesia[94] Majority
 Ireland Aer Lingus[95] None – owned by IAG State-owned until September 2006.[96][97]
 Iran Iran Air[98] State-owned[99]
 Iraq Iraqi Airways[100]
 Israel El Al[101] Minority (~1.1%)[102] State-owned until June 2004.
 Italy Alitalia[103] Minority (19.48%)[104] State-owned until 2008, and indirectly control through a state-owned company since 2013.[105][106]
 Ivory Coast Air Côte d'Ivoire[107] Minority (49%)
 Jamaica Caribbean Airlines[108] Minority (16%)
 Japan Japan Airlines[109] None State-owned until 1987.
 Jordan Royal Jordanian[110]
 Kazakhstan Air Astana[111] Majority (51%)[112]
 Kenya Kenya Airways[113] Minority (29.8%)[114]
 Kiribati Air Kiribati
 Kuwait Kuwait Airways[115] State-owned[116]
 Laos Lao Airlines[117] State-owned[118]
 Latvia Air Baltic[119] Majority (99.8%)[120]
 Lebanon Middle East Airlines[121]
 Libya Afriqiyah Airways[122] State-owned[123]
Libyan Airlines[124] State-owned[124]
 Luxembourg Luxair[125] Majority (73.86%) [126]
 Macau Air Macau[127] Minority (5%)
 Madagascar Air Madagascar[128] Majority
 Malawi Malawian Airlines[129] Majority (51%)[129]
 Malaysia Malaysia Airlines[130] State-owned (100 %) through Khazanah Nasional[131]
 Maldives Maldivian
 Malta Air Malta[132] Majority[133]
 Mauritania Mauritania Airlines[134]
 Mauritius Air Mauritius[135]  
 Mexico Aeroméxico[136] None State-owned until 2007.
 Moldova Air Moldova[137]
 Mongolia MIAT Mongolian Airlines[138] State-owned[139]
 Montenegro Montenegro Airlines[140]
 Morocco Royal Air Maroc[141] State-owned
 Mozambique LAM Mozambique Airlines[142] State-owned
 Myanmar Myanmar National Airlines[143] State-owned[144]
 Namibia Air Namibia[145] State-owned (100%)[146]
 Nauru Nauru Airlines[147] State-owned[147]
 Nepal Nepal Airlines[148] State-owned
 Netherlands KLM[149] Minority (6%)[150]
 New Zealand Air New Zealand[151] Majority (53%)[152] State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.[citation needed]
 North Korea Air Koryo[153] State-owned[154]
 Oman Oman Air[155] Majority[156]
 Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines[157] State-owned[158]
 Panama Copa Airlines[159] None
 Papua New Guinea Air Niugini[160]
 Philippines Philippine Airlines[161]
 Poland LOT Polish Airlines[162] Majority (93%)[163]
 Portugal TAP Air Portugal[164] Majority (50%) [165]
 Qatar Qatar Airways State-owned
 Republic of the Congo Equatorial Congo Airlines[166] Majority (70%)[citation needed]
 Réunion Air Austral[167]
 Romania TAROM[168] Majority (95%)[169]
 Russia Aeroflot[170] Majority (51%)[171]
 Rwanda RwandAir[172] State-owned[172]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVG Air
 Samoa Samoa Airways[173] State-owned[174]
 São Tomé and Príncipe STP Airways None
 Saudi Arabia Saudia[175] Majority
 Senegal Air Senegal[176]
 Serbia Air Serbia[177] Majority (51%)[178]
 Seychelles Air Seychelles[179] None
 Solomon Islands Solomon Airlines[180] State-owned (100%)[181]
 Sierra Leone Arik Air None
 Singapore Singapore Airlines[182] 54.5% through Temasek Holdings[183]
 Slovenia Adria Airways[184] None[184]  
 South Africa South African Airways[185] State-owned[186]
 South Korea Korean Air[187] None[188]
 Spain Iberia[189] Minority (5%)[190]
 Sri Lanka SriLankan Airlines[191] State-owned[192]
 Sudan Sudan Airways State-owned[193]
 Suriname Surinam Airways[194] State-owned[195]
 Eswatini Swaziland Airlink Joint venture
 Switzerland Swiss International Air Lines[196] None – owned by Lufthansa[197]
 Syria Syrian Air[198] State-owned
 Taiwan China Airlines[199] None State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[200]
 Tajikistan Tajik Air[201] State-owned
 Tanzania Air Tanzania State-owned
 Thailand Thai Airways International[202] Majority (51%)
 Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Airlines[203] Majority (84%)[204]
 Tunisia Tunisair[205] Majority[205]
 Turkey Turkish Airlines[206] Minority (49%)
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines[207] State-owned
 Uganda Uganda Airlines[208]
 Ukraine Ukraine International Airlines[209]  
 United Arab Emirates Etihad Airways[210] State-owned[211]
Emirates[212] State-owned
 United Kingdom British Airways[213] None State-owned until 1987.[214]
 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Airways[215] Majority
 Vietnam Vietnam Airlines[216] Majority (86.2%)[216]
 Vanuatu Air Vanuatu[217]
 Yemen Yemenia[218] Majority
 Zimbabwe Air Zimbabwe[219] State-owned[219]

Notes

  1. ^ The airline is scheduled to be launched on 1 October 2018 (2018-10-01).[50]
  2. ^ SAS is partly owned by the governments of Denmark and Sweden, and was partly owned by the government of Norway until June 2018. SAS is the flag carrier for all three nations.[63][64][65]

References

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  23. ^ a b "Argentina: Aerolineas Argentinas faces a tough turnaround with government's new liberal mindset". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. At the same time, Argentina's state-owned flag carrier Aerolineas Argentinas is attempting to transition to a more commercially minded airline after years of bleeding cash and being propped by the former Argentinian government. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  33. ^ Moores, Victoria (22 May 2017). "Brussels Airlines to buy seven Airbus A330ceos". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has decided to replace seven of its 10 Airbus A330s, but is sticking with A330ceos for its fleet renewal and long-haul expansion.
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  193. ^ Pilling, Mark (24 December 2008). "Putting Surinam on the map". Flightglobal.com. Airline Business. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. The country's flag carrier is Surinam Airways, a small airline with ambitions to carve out a profitable niche connecting this former Dutch colony with the world. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  194. ^ Kuipers, Ank (20 July 2012). "Suriname state oil company considers share offering". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Suriname is also considering selling shares in telecommunications firm Telesur and Surinam Airways, which are state owned, and bank Hakrinbank, which is partly owned by the government. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  195. ^ Blachly, Linda (17 September 2014). "Lufthansa Group orders 15 A320neos for SWISS subsidiary". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. SWISS, the national airline of Switzerland, has a fleet of A319s, A320s, A321s, A330s and A340s. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  196. ^ "Lufthansa Group Corporate Structure". Lufthansa AG. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  197. ^ "Syrian Arab Airlines". Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
  198. ^ Blachly, Linda (6 October 2014). "Taiwan's China Airlines takes delivery of first Boeing 777-300ER". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Taiwanese flag carrier China Airlines has taken delivery of its first of 10 Boeing 777-300ERs. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  199. ^ 公司治理成效. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013.
  200. ^ "Tajik Air faces increasing pressure as Somon Air expands and new start-up enters the domestic market". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Tajikistan's national carrier Tajik Air faces an uncertain future as privately owned Somon Air expands its share of the Tajikistan market and continues to outperform its government-owned rival. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  201. ^ Montag-Girmes, Polina (16 November 2016). "International airlines increase capacity, frequencies to Russia". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. The Thailand flag carrier ceased Moscow operations in March 2015 because of weak demand. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  202. ^ "Status quo for Caribbean Airlines – chaos surrounds the would-be flag carrier of the region". Centre for Aviation. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. The board of beleaguered carrier Caribbean Airlines, the national airline of Trinidad and Tobago, has reportedly undertaken an evaluation of the airline's routes as its long-haul operation to London continues to underperform.
  203. ^ "Caribbean Airlines: News/PR". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  204. ^ a b "Tunisair's sluggish attitude towards change makes it ill-prepared for Open Skies". Centre for Aviation. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the 1944 Chicago Convention, but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  205. ^ Hofmann, Kurt (12 May 2015). "Turkish Airlines swings to net profit in 1Q". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. The Istanbul-based flag carrier flies to 45 domestic and 226 international destinations in 109 countries and operates 274 aircraft, comprising 62 widebody, 202 narrowbody and 10 cargo aircraft. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  206. ^ Borodina, Polina (26 March 2014). "Turkmenistan Airlines receives first Boeing 777-200LR". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. The flag carrier of Turkmenistan operates scheduled flights on 15 routes in 11 European and Asian countries including Frankfurt, London, Moscow, Beijing and Istanbul.
  207. ^ Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018.
  208. ^ "Ukraine International to double international network as Aerosvit restructures". Centre for Aviation. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. While a relatively large country (both in land mass and population – it has about 45 million people), the Ukrainian market (like many other markets in Eastern Europe) cannot easily sustain two large flag carriers, particularly as low-cost competition continues to increase. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  209. ^ Dron, Alan (17 June 2016). "Etihad, Avianca Brasil ink new codeshare". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. United Arab Emirates (UAE) flag carrier Etihad Airways has signed a codeshare agreement with Avianca Brasil in the Abu Dhabi-based carrier's latest move to increase its penetration in the South American market. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  210. ^ "Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance Aircraft". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  211. ^ "Etihad Suspends Flights To Damascus". Airwise News. Reuters. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to Damascus remain operational. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  212. ^ Flottau, Jens (4 May 2018). "IAG reports strong 1Q as passenger revenues improve". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. UK flag carrier British Airways (BA) continued to be the most profitable unit, with a 9.9% operating margin, followed by Iberia (1%).
  213. ^ "Profile: British Airways". BBC News. 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  214. ^ Montag-Girmes, Polina (31 August 2016). "Uzbekistan Airways takes first Boeing 787". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. The flag carrier of the Republic of Uzbekistan has trained 18 pilots and two pilot-instructors for the new aircraft type. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  215. ^ a b Schofield, Adrian (13 April 2018). "Vietnam Airlines continues to dominate international market". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  216. ^ "All About Air Vanuatu". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  217. ^ Dron, Alan (30 March 2015). "Yemenia suspends services". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. The Yemen national carrier said it was suspending flight operations "until further notice due to the prevalent unfavorable operational situation and restriction imposed on Yemen airspace." {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  218. ^ a b "flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up". Centre for Aviation. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Government-owned flag carrier Air Zimbabwe currently operates only two international routes although it has been trying for some time to resume more international services.

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